Contents

1Introduction to Image Processing

1.1Basic Concepts of Images

1.1.1Images and Digital Images

1.1.2Matrix and Vector Representation

1.1.3Image Display

1.1.4High Dimensional Images

1.2Image Engineering

1.2.1Image Techniques and Image Engineering

1.2.2Three Levels of Image Engineering

1.2.3Related Disciplines and Fields

1.2.4A Survey on Image Engineering

1.3Image Processing System

1.3.1A Block Diagram of System

1.3.2Image Acquisition Equipment

1.3.3Image Display and Printing

1.3.4Image Storage

1.3.5Image Processing

1.4Overview of the Book

1.5Problems and Questions

1.6Further Reading

2Image Acquisition

2.1Spatial Relationship in Image Formation

2.1.1Coordinate System

2.1.2Perspective Transformations

2.1.3Approximate Projection Modes

2.1.4A General Camera Model

2.1.5Common Imaging Model

2.2Stereo Imaging

2.2.1Parallel Horizontal Model

2.2.2Focused Horizontal Model

2.2.3Axis Model

2.3Image Brightness

2.3.1Luminosity

2.3.2A Model of Image Brightness

2.4Sampling and Quantization

2.4.1Spatial Resolution and Amplitude Resolution

2.4.2Image Quality Related to Sampling and Quantization

2.4.3Sampling Considerations

2.5Problems and Questions

2.6Further Reading

3Image Enhancement

3.1Image Operations

3.1.1Arithmetic and Logical Operations

3.1.2Applications of Image Operations

3.2Direct Gray-Level Mapping

3.2.1Gray-Level Mapping

3.2.2Typical Examples of Mapping Functions

3.3Histogram Transformation

3.3.1Histogram Equalization

3.3.2Histogram Specification

3.4Frequency Filtering

3.4.1Low-Pass Filtering

3.4.2High-Pass Filtering

3.5Linear Spatial Filters

3.5.1Technique Classification and Principles

3.5.2Linear Smoothing Filters

3.6NonLinear Spatial Filters

3.6.1Median Filters

3.6.2Order-Statistic Filters

3.7Problems and Questions

3.8Further Reading

4Image Restoration

4.1Degradation and Noise

4.1.1Image Degradation

4.1.2Noise and Representation

4.2Degradation Model and Restoration Computation

4.2.1Degradation Model

4.2.2Computation of the Degradation Model

4.2.3Diagonalization

4.3Techniques for Unconstrained Restoration

4.3.1Unconstrained Restoration

4.3.2Removal of Blur Caused by Uniform Linear Motion

4.4Techniques for Constrained Restoration

4.4.1Constrained Restoration

4.4.2Wiener Filter

4.4.3Constrained Least Square Restoration

4.5Interactive Restoration

4.6Image Repairing

4.6.1The Principle of Image Repairing

4.6.2Image Inpainting with Total Variational Model

4.6.3Image Completion with Sample-Based Approach

4.7Problems and Questions

4.8Further Reading

5Image Reconstruction from Projections

5.1Modes and Principles

5.1.1Various Modes of Reconstruction from Projections

5.1.2The Principle of Reconstruction from Projections

5.2Reconstruction by Fourier Inversion

5.2.1Fundamentals of Fourier Inversion

5.2.2Reconstruction Formulas of the Fourier Inverse Transform

5.2.3Phantom Reconstruction

5.3Convolution and Back-Projection

5.3.1Convolution Back-Projection

5.3.2Filter of the Back-Projections

5.3.3Back-Projection of the Filtered Projections

5.4Algebraic Reconstruction

5.4.1Reconstruction Model

5.4.2Algebraic Reconstruction Technique

5.4.3Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique

5.4.4Some Characteristics of ART

5.5Combined Reconstruction

5.6Problems and Questions

5.7Further Reading

6Image Coding

6.1Fundamentals

6.1.1Data Redundancy

6.1.2Image Quality and Judgment

6.2Variable-Length Coding

6.2.1Huffman Coding

6.2.2Suboptimal Huffman Coding

6.2.3Shannon-Fano Coding

6.2.4Arithmetic Coding

6.3Bit-Plane Coding

6.3.1Bit-Plane Decomposition

6.3.2Bit-Plane Coding

6.4Predictive Coding

6.4.1Lossless Predictive Coding

6.4.2Lossy Predictive Coding

6.5Transform Coding

6.5.1Transform Coding Systems

6.5.2Sub-Image Size Selection

6.5.3Transform Selection

6.5.4Bit Allocation

6.5.5Wavelet Transform Coding

6.5.6Lifting-Based Wavelet Coding

6.6Problems and Questions

6.7Further Reading

7Image Watermarking

7.1Principles and Characteristics

7.1.1Embedding and Detection of Watermarks

7.1.2Characteristics of Watermarks

7.1.3Classification of Watermarks

7.2Image Watermarking in DCT Domain

7.2.1Algorithm for Meaningless Watermark

7.2.2Algorithm for Meaningful Watermark

7.3Image Watermarking in DWT Domain

7.3.1Human Visual Properties

7.3.2Algorithm for Wavelet Watermark

7.4Performance Evaluation of Watermarking

7.4.1Distortion Metrics

7.4.2Benchmarking and Attack

7.4.3Examples of Watermark Performance Test

7.5Information Hiding

7.5.1Watermarking and Information Hiding

7.5.2Images Hiding Based on Iterative Blending

7.6Problems and Questions

7.7Further Reading

8Color Image Processing

8.1Color Vision and Chromaticity Diagram

8.1.1Color Vision Fundamentals

8.1.2Three Primary Colors and Color Matching

8.1.3Chroma and Chromaticity Diagram

8.2Color Models

8.2.1Hardware-Orientated Models

8.2.2Perception-Orientated Models

8.3Pseudo-Color Enhancement

8.3.1Intensity Slicing

8.3.2Gray Level to Color Transformations

8.3.3Frequency Domain Filtering

8.4Full-Color Enhancement

8.4.1Strategy and Principles

8.4.2Single Component Mapping

8.4.3Full-Color Enhancements

8.5Problems and Questions

8.6Further Reading

Answers to Selected Problems and Questions

References

Index