The following is a small example of an if...else block in R. You can play with it by changing the value of a:

> a <- 5
> if(a > 0){print("a is greater than 0")} else
+ { print("a is smaller than 0")}
[1] "a is greater than 0"

With an else...if statement, it would be:

> a <- 10
> if(a < 0 ){
+   print("a is smaller than 0")} else if(a >= 0 & a <= 5)
+     { print("a is between 0 and 5")} else
+   { print("a is greater than 5")}
[1] "a is greater than 5"

The use of while must be well controlled, as it can lead to infinite or large loops, even causing system collapse. An example of this loop is as follows:

> while(a < 4){
+   print(paste("This is iteration",a))
+   a <- a + 1
+ }
[1] "This is iteration 1"
[1] "This is iteration 2"
[1] "This is iteration 3"

The for loop is a special form of control structure as it does not require an explicit condition. However, it is implicitly given in the length of the sequence passed, that is, it will stop when it comes to its last element in the vector that is passed. These vectors can be of any class.

The following is a loop over a character vector:

> vector <- c("aaa","bbb","ccc")
> for(i in vector){
+   
+   print(i)
+   
+ }
[1] "aaa"
[1] "bbb"
[1] "ccc"

The following is a loop over a numeric vector:

> numbers <- 1:3
> for(i in numbers){
+   
+   print(i + 2)
+   
+ }
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5

Here, i replaces the elements of the loop over the iterations during the execution of the code.

Although switch() is not strictly a control structure, it works in the same way as if(). In fact, it is an abbreviation of a chain of if/else...if/else statements where the condition matches an exact value. Switch has different behaviors and logic based on whether the value that is being evaluated matches a string or a number.

In the case of strings, a default value (the else statement) is allowed, while in the case of numbers, it is not. A number in the condition argument implicitly refers to an index. For example, see the following:

if(a == 1)
{ print("a is 1")} else if (a == 2)
{print("a is 2")} else if ( a == 3)
{print ("a is 3")}

This could be rewritten as shown here:

print(switch(a,"a is 1","a is 2","a is 3"))

In the case of characters, each of the cases must be explicit, except for the default, as follows:

> inp <- "b"
> switch(inp,
+        a=print("inp is a"),
+        b=print("inp is b"),
+        c=print("inp is c"))
[1] "inp is b"

The following is an example with a default case:

> inp <- "d"
> 
> switch(inp,
+        a=print("inp is a"),
+        b=print("inp is b"),
+        c=print("inp is c"),
+        print("inp is not a, b, or c"))
[1] "inp is not a, b, or c"