Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures.
A
Acyclic relationships
28[Aligns] relationship
67Allen relationship(s)
47–48, 65–68, 70, 106, 174, 233, 311–348, 346–347see alsospecific Allen relationships
AVF, used by
312completeness check
233–237expression of
346–347four categories
67–68temporal insert transaction and
235V_Allen_Example to illustrate
315–316Allen relationship queries
313–342claims processing example
343–346point in time to period of time
333–341point in time to point in time
341–342time period to time period
316–332Alternative temporal model
41–43Asr-beg
Asr-end
Asserted version table(s)
102–103, 120f, 167, 382, 383Allen relationship queries against
313–342business keys and
116column sequencing for
359columns, role of
120with example
120–125index performance for
357oid in
122query, how to
164query, through views
133sample
131ftemporal extent state transformations to
163update transaction to
113views and
132–137Asserted Versioning
2, 24, 27, 47, 97, 161–162, 261–262, 390Allen relationship taxonomy
66fassertion begin dates
128basic statement of
97beliefs
265as bridge
392–394business key, use of term
174core concepts of
95–118design encapsulation
169as destination
392–394as leaf node
34machinery of
120management
111managing power of
52metadata
173–180non-unique PKs
366–368ontology
394optimize
164–165partitioning strategy for
374pipeline datasets and
308–309practical orientation of
53–54production queries and
115query performance in
390–391relational model and
394row, creation of
125TEI and
123temporal data, approach to
43temporal data management and
52–53temporal transactions
200–211Asserted Versioning databases
167, 173, 186ad hoc queries against
387–388optimizing
349–380production queries against
387Asserted Versioning Framework (AVF)
45, 53, 61, 113, 169–170, 191, 213, 222, 387Allen relationship used by
312API Call to
386constraints, enforcement of
191–192deferred transactions workflow management and
394episode begin date, determining
220TFK and
248–249TRI, enforcement of
109TRI enforcement code
368Asserted Versioning schema
apparent redundancies in
186–188bi-temporal, redundancies in
186–189evolution
104real redundancies in
188–189Assertion(s)
48, 95, 97–104, 300see alsoDeferred assertion(s)
currency flags and
359locked
284past-dated
135–136series of
103vs. statements
263–267terminate
125version, objects, and, relationship between
194fAssertion begin date (Asr-beg)
64, 103–104, 121, 143Asserted Versioning model
128future
65standard temporal model
128Assertion time
64, 87–88, 192, 264–267, 294closed
271–272constraint
194deferred, semantics of
262–267within effective time
192–195effective time and, asymmetry between
136empty
275–278history, example of
157–158movements
284present
298shared
194tag
194withdrawing current assertion into closed, and superceding it
272fB
Balance records
39Balance tables
38–40Basic scenario
48–49, 115, 141–160, 142–143maintaining asserted version table
145–159temporal delete transaction
154–159temporal insert transaction
145–147temporal update transaction
147–154Begin date, time period, (bd)
3, 4in Asserted Versioning temporal model
64clock ticks and
55in standard temporal model
64Beliefs, terminology of
264–265Bi-temporal data
3–7, 3fad hoc queries against
382–383full-range
114–115management methods, taxonomy of
27–46research and development, ongoing
394–396semantic constraints
383–384state
41–46structure
7Bi-temporal match logic
115–116Bi-temporal tables
6f, 64, 355fB-tree index for
353with circa flags
362fconventional table and, RI constraints between
171–173conventional table into, transform
7physical
27query writing against
114–115updates to
7–8view
142view and, non-bi-temporal
111–115view on, assertion table
136Bi-temporal theory
171–172B-tree
Business keys
122, 174asserted version tables and
116conventional tables and
115–116examples
177missing or incomplete
174reliable/unreliable
201uniqueness
177Business rules
384–385C
Circa flag
360, 361–362, 375–376bi-temporal table with
362fpurpose of
364queries and, performance of
364–365uses of
364–366Clock tick(s)
47, 55–56, 216begin date/end date
55box
127convention/constraint
106–108defined
55gap
216limitations
79–80time periods measured in
55Clocks
55–56Clustering
375–376CODASYL network model
24Codd, E. F
24Codd, Ted
22Conventional databases
data volumes
350–351non-temporal and, distinguishing between
350–351response times in
350–351Conventional table(s)
3, 45–46, 75, 142, 262–267, 294assertion time period and
125basic version table and
77–79into bi-temporal table, transform
7bi-temporal tables and, RI constraints between
171–173business keys and
115–116EI with
105vs. logical delete version table
84–85objects inserted into
99surrogate keys and
115–116update transaction, second
81fversioning
43Conventional transactions
143CREATE VIEW statements
296Cube explosion problem
18–19D
Darwen, Hugh
41–42Data Definition Language (DDL)
370Database management systems (DBMS)
12, 22, 24, 55, 127–128, 169–170archives
294–295enforcement of constraints
191–192FK and
248–249limitations
374TFK and
178timestamps
59Date, Chris
41–42Daylight Savings Time
62DB2
62DBMS
DDL
Deferred assertion(s)
44–45, 48, 65, 128–129, 143, 163–164, 192, 261–288, 262–267, 269–279approving
280–284current episode before
269fdelete transaction and
277effective time alignment
275flocking associated with
272–273near future
279–284TRI and
284–285update and, deferred
277use of
53withdrawing
278fDeferred transaction(s)
44–45, 48, 128, 192, 262, 267locking associated with
272–273use of
53workflow management and AVF
394Delete
see alsoEpisode, deleting
cascade
176logical
77physical
77proactive
87retroactive
90–91rule indicator
176to temporal gap version table, applying
87Delete, temporal
195, 196rule used from parent
370scope of
210target range
227target span and
196TRI enforcement
371Delete cascade, temporal
176see alsoDelete options, temporal
row-level analysis of
255–259TRI after
259fDelete options, temporal
252–253Delete transaction
82–83, 82f, 106deferred assertions and
277logical delete version table after
84flogical delete versioning before
83fproactive
89scope of
210sequence of
142temporal to physical mapping
154fDelete transaction, temporal
154–159, 209–211, 226–232see alsospecific transactions
basic scenario
154–159episodes and
155first physical transaction
156format of
209mechanics
210–211objects and
155second physical transaction
157–159after second physical transaction
158fsemantics
210temporal to physical mapping
227fTRI applied to
254–259validity checks
209Developing Time-Oriented Database Applications in SQL (Snodgrass)
44Devlin, Barry
13DI
Domain integrity (DI)
104Duplicate report
101E
Edit checks
201Eff-beg
Effective time
14, 111–112, 162, 192, 294within assertion time
192–195assertion time and, asymmetry between
136containment
194diagram
130fgranularity for
173present
298relationships and temporal integrity constraints
194span
252tag
193–194Effective time versioning
77, 87–91, 93after proactive insert transaction
88fretroactive updates and
89–90scope and limits of
93after three proactive transactions
89ftime period and
87–88Eff-end
EI
Encapsulation concept
53End date, time period, (ed)
3, 4see alsoAssertion end date; Effective end date
clock ticks and
55non-12/31/999
61Enterprise contextualization
391Entity integrity (EI)
104, 146, 191–192see alsoTemporal entity integrity
with conventional table
105vs. TEI
105Epis-beg
Episode
45–46, 48, 51–52, 95–96, 97–104, 143affected by update/delete
196child
368–369closing open
157concept of
315datatype
315expand existing
107"filling in gap" between
147open
204queries about
312–313rows and
99–100shortening backwards
230–231single-version
217temporal delete transactions and
155waking up closed
206Episode, current
before deferred assertion
269fdeferred update, example scenario
269–274effective time alignment
270fEQUALS predicate
357Extracts
268F
Factual claims
294Feeds
268File access methods
22First-order predicate logic (FOPL)
72First-order temporal logic (FOTL)
72FK
seeForeign key
Foreign key, temporal (TFK)
104, 109, 123–124, 147–148, 243–245, 368AVF and
248–249client as
121constraints
247–250date value/function value
249–250DBMS and
178delete indicator for
176existence dependency and
174–175vs. FK
175indexes
371required/not required
175–176at schema level
123TRI enforcement on
370TRI with multiple
251–252Foreign key (FK)
12, 173DBMS and
248–249existence dependency and
248lost information
178relationships/constraints and
247–250temporalized
52vs. TFK
175TRI
71FORL
FOTL
fTRI
249–250G
Gaps, temporal
85getdate()
62GREATER THAN predicate
358I
id
Index(ing)
358, 364, 370advanced strategies
68–69asserted version tables, performance for
357assertion end date in
358bi-temporal tables using, performance tuning
352–371B-tree
353currency flags and
359–360design
353–354methods
68–69objective for
360of parent table
366–367partitioning
374queries, to optimize
354–366temporalized unique
395TFK
371on time periods
70traditional
68tree
355TRI, to optimize
366–371on TRI child
370–371on TRI parents
368–370Indexed Views
376Insert transaction
78f, 79–80, 115–116, 261effective time versioning after proactive
88fintersection of
146physical transaction before/after
146fscope of
204sequence of
142surrogate key and
97temporal to physical mapping
145fvs. update transaction
107versioning, basic
79–80Insert transaction, temporal
107–108, 145–147, 201–206, 214–222see alsospecific transactions
Allen relationship and
235basic scenario
145–147example of
216format of
201mechanics
204–206results in
147semantics
203–204target span and
195–196temporal to physical mapping
215fTRI applied to
253–254validity checks
201–203Integrity constraints
46see alsospecific integrity constraints
effective time relationships and
194encapsulation of
45enforcement of
191–192in relational theory
104simplification of
45–46Integrity constraints, temporal
104–111see alsospecific constraints
AVF enforcement of
191–192effective time relationships and
194IS-A relationship
29L
LDM
Links
29Linnaeus, Carl
28Logic, temporal
72Logical data model (LDM)
167–168, 169–171, 173, 186sample database
170finto temporal physical data model, translating
169–181Loop coding
22–23Lorentzos, Nikos
41–42M
Macro structures
2Management, temporal data
161–162complexities
7–8concepts from Asserted Versioning
52–53history of
11–26in 1980s
13–14in 1990s
14–18in 2000s
18–20Mart
seeData marts
Match columns
355Match predicate flags
360Matching representation
108Materialized Query Tables (MQT)
376–377MAX(dt) predicates
372Metadata
168see alsoBusiness key metadata; Table type metadata
Asserted Versioning
173–180Asserted Versioning database from, generating
181–186FK mapping
177ftables
385temporal
169Metric values of relationships
38Micro-level structures
2“mmmyy” representation
78Murphy, Paul
13N
Non-metric relationships
40Non-temporal data
Non-temporal databases
conventional databases, distinguishing between
350–351data volumes
350–351response times in
350–351Non-temporal tables
O
Object(s)
48, 95–96, 97–104contiguous
106conventional table, inserted into
99vs. events
98existence dependency between
171vs. managed objects
141–142non-contiguous
106queryable
296–307rows and
141same
85static
98temporal delete transactions and
155time period as occupied by
144version, assertions, and, relationship between
194fversions and, relationship between
112ODS
oid
On-line analytical processing (OLAP)
18On-line transaction tables
13–14Open/closed combinations
199–200P
Partitioning
373–375Asserted Versioning strategy for
374by date
373index
374by known field
373–374by random field
374PDM
Performance tuning
351–352, 390–391bi-temporal tables, other techniques
372–378bi-temporal tables using indexes
352–371general considerations
353–354standard techniques
377–378Period 1
316see alsoPoint in time 1
[before] Period 2, inverse of relationship
329[during] Period 2, inverse of relationship
321[excludes] Period 2, inverse of relationship
331[fills] Period 2, inverse of relationship
324–325[intersects] Period 2, inverse of relationship
326–327[occupies] Period 2, inverse of relationship
322[overlaps] Period 2, inverse of relationship
341Physical data model (PDM)
168–169, 180–181Asserted Versioning database from, generating
181–186conventional logical data model into temporal, translating
169–181process by which, is generated
181temporalization process
182–185Pipeline dataset(s)
48, 163, 261–288, 268, 289, 295Asserted Versioning and
308–309inflow
52–53managing
308nine temporal combinations
293foutflow
52–53pending projections
292Posted History
292as queryable objects
296–307Pipeline datasets, internalized
52–53, 267–269, 281, 291, 291f, 292–296, 389–390re-presenting
289–310value of
308–309PK
seePrimary key
Point in time 1
[before] Period 1, inverse of relationship
338–339[before] Point in time 2, inverse of relationship
341[meets] Period 1, inverse of relationship
339–340Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
81Primary key (PK)
3, 77, 173see alsoTemporal primary key
columns
4conventional data
3non-unique
366–368physical/logical
367surrogate keys used as
105Proactive transaction, effective time versioning after three
89fProactive transactions
219Q
Queries
23–24, 301, 311–348, 312–313, 353, 383see alsoAllen relationship queries; Point in time, queries; Production queries; Time period, queries
about episodes
312–313as-is
382–383asserted version tables, how to
164asserted version tables through views
133authors
53–54circa flag and performance of
364–365currency flags to optimize
360–364indexes to optimize
354–366performance
390–391result sets
268R
Range predicate
356Rational reconstruction
1–2Record-at-a-time operations
22–23Referential integrity, temporal (TRI)
46, 48, 96, 104, 108–111, 163, 191–192, 214, 384–385see alsofTRI
checks
371child, indexes on
370–371child table
249child-side
109concept of
385deferred assertions and
284–285after delete cascade
259fdelete enforcement
371dependency
171FK
71indexes to optimize
366–371managed objects and
242parent table
249parents, index on
368–370parent-side
110–111relational rule
108temporal delete transaction, applied to
254–259temporal insert transaction, applied to
253–254temporal transactions, applied to
253–259temporal update transaction, applied to
254TFK, enforcement on
370TFKs, with multiple
251–252validation check
250version table view and
135Referential integrity (RI)
104, 108, 191–192, 244constraints between conventional/bi-temporal tables
171–173dependency
171managed objects and
242parent/child row, relationship between
242parent/child table and
104Regulatory agency
31–32Relational technology
3Reliability of data
33Retroactive transactions
216Root node
35–37Row(s)
12, 95–96see alsoAsserted version rows
with Asserted Versioning, creation of
125assertion tables, representation in
75delete cascade, level analysis of
255–259in empty assertion time
276episode and
99–100inserting
261level versioning
100–102locked
149number
120objects and
141relational model
95state temporal data
40to time, nine relationships of
265fversion tables, representation in
75withdrawn
126–127Row-crt
Row-level warehousing
S
Screens
268Seamless access, temporal data
20–24, 381–383closing in on
22–24objective for
21performance aspect of
21–22usability aspect of
21–22sku
SQL, Temporal (TSQL)
44SQL3
69Staging area views
388Star schema temporal data
396State transformations, temporal extent
198, 199to asserted version tables
163possible scenarios
199–200Statements
264–267of Asserted Versioning, basic
97vs. assertions
263–264CREATE VIEW
296time, assertions and
264–267Stock-keeping unit (sku)
19Stonbraker, Michael
22Stovepipe data
17Stovepipes, data
17Structures and processes of temporal data, encapsulation of
383–389Subtypes, exclusive/non-exclusive
31Superscript
129–130T
Target span
206interpretation of
204temporal delete and
196temporal insert transaction and
195–196for temporal transaction
195temporal update and
196Taxonomy
27, 28–34, 28f, 197biological
28of bi-temporal data management methods
27–46among Information technology professionals
29root node of
35–37Temporal delete transaction
see alsoDelete transaction, temporal
Temporal entity integrity (TEI)
46, 48, 96, 104–108, 191–192, 214Asserted Versioning and
123conflict
146vs. EI
105role of
105version table view and
134–135Temporal extent state transformations
Temporal SQL (TSQL)
44Temporal transactions
113, 123, 137–138, 142, 191, 200f, 265Asserted Versioning
200–211associative tables and
250–252basic, mental model
144edit checks
201introduction to
191–212mental model
195–197on multiple tables
241–260on single tables
213–240target span for
195TRI applied to
253–259TRI constraints and
241–242validity checks
201Temporal upward compatibility
69–70TFK
Time
see alsoAssertion time; Effective time
alignment
271assertions, statements and
264–267logical vs. physical
14rows to, nine relationships of
265fzone
62Time period(s)
47, 56–63clock ticks, measured in
55effective time versioning and
87–88gap in time between
174index on
70non-contiguous
233–234notations
131objects, as occupied by
144reducing
110transaction
145TPK
Transaction
38–39Tree structure
28Triggers
395TSQL
seeTemporal SQL
U
Ubiquitous paradigm
12UDP
Update(s)
performance issue
358in place
76retroactive, effective time versioning and
89–90to uni/bi-temporal tables
7–8Update, temporal
195, 196deferred
270limitations
226target range
223target span and
196vs. temporal extent transformations
222Update transaction
80–81, 80f, 81f, 106to asserted version table
113vs. insert transaction
107proactive
89sequence of
142temporal to physical mapping
149fwith versioning, in place
102Update transaction, first temporal
physical transaction, after first
149fphysical transaction, after second
151fphysical transaction, after third
151fUpdate transaction, second temporal
152–154physical transaction, after second
153fphysical transaction, after third
154fphysical transaction, before/after first
152fphysical transaction, first
152–153physical transaction, second
153physical transaction, third
153–154Update transaction, temporal
147–152, 158, 206–209, 222–226see alsospecific transactions
basic scenario
147–154format of
206mechanics
208–209physical transaction, before first
148fphysical transaction, first
149–150physical transaction, second
150–151physical transaction, third
151–152physical transactions, three types of
148semantics
208target timespan on
208–209temporal to physical mapping
223fTRI applied to
254in updating policy, replacing unaffected version
225fin updating policy, superceding affected versions
225fin updating policy, withdrawing version in target range
224fin updating policy before transaction
223fvalidity checks
206–208V
Valid time
Validity checks
201temporal delete transaction
209temporal insert transaction
201–203temporal update transaction
206–208TRI
250V_Allen_Example
315–316ver_end
86Version(s)
4, 48, 95, 96, 97–104assertions, objects, and, relationship between
194fcurrency flags and
359dates
85objects and, relationship between
112overlapping
7–8replacing unaffected
225fsuperceding affected
225ftables
13–14view, current
388withdraw
224fVersion table, basic
conventional table and
77–79delete transaction
82fupdate transaction
80fupdate transaction, second
81fVersion table view
134–135effective begin date in
134effective end date in
134example
135fsample
314–315TRI/TEI and
134–135Versioning
43, 52, 77see alsoAsserted Versioning; Effective time versioning; Gap versioning, temporal; Logical delete versioning
best practice, scope and limits of
92–93conventional table
43objections to
102row-level vs. column-level
100–102update transaction in place with
102Versioning, basic
77, 79–83delete transaction
82–83insert transaction
79–80scope and limits of
92update transaction
80–81update transaction, second
81–82Views
111, 113, 114, 115see alsospecific views
asserted version tables and
132–137assertion table
135–137benefits provided by
113conventional data
388current version
388Indexed
376mental images and
137–138non-bi-temporal, and bi-temporal tables
111–115query asserted version table through
133semantic logfile
388SQL
135staging area
388transaction file
388X
xref table
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