There are two more settings in postgresql.conf that are quite important to understand to really make use of PostgreSQL. As we have stated already, understanding VACUUM is key to performance:

autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000  
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 400000000 

To understand the overall problem, it is important to understand how PostgreSQL handles concurrency. The PostgreSQL transaction machinery is based on the comparison of transaction IDs and the states transactions are in.

Let's look at an example. If I am transaction ID 4711 and if you happen to be 4712, I won't see you because you are still running. If I am transaction ID 4711 but you are transaction ID 3900, I will see you. If your transaction has failed, I can safely ignore all of the rows that are produced by your failing transaction.

The trouble is as follows: transaction IDs are finite, not unlimited. At some point, they will start to wraparound. In reality, this means that transaction number 5 might actually be after transaction number 800 million. How does PostgreSQL know what was first? It does so by storing a watermark. At some point, those watermarks will be adjusted, and this is exactly when VACUUM starts to be relevant. By running VACUUM (or autovacuum), you can ensure that the watermark is adjusted in a way that there are always enough future transaction IDs left to work with.

The autovacuum_freeze_max_age command defines the maximum number of transactions (age) that a table's pg_class.relfrozenxid field can attain before a VACUUM operation is forced to prevent transaction ID wraparound within the table. This value is fairly low because it also has an impact on clog cleanup (the clog or commit log is a data structure that stores two bits per transaction, which indicates whether a transaction is running, aborted, committed, or still in a subtransaction).

The autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age command configures the maximum age that a table's pg_class.relminmxid field can attain before a VACUUM operation is forced to prevent the multixact ID wraparound within the table. Freezing tuples is an important performance issue, and there will be more on this process in Chapter 6, Optimizing Queries for Good Performance, where we will discuss query optimization.

In general, trying to reduce the VACUUM load while maintaining operational security is a good idea. A VACUUM instance on large tables can be expensive, and therefore keeping an eye on these settings makes perfect sense.