A
- ability, Fogg Behavioral Model 97–8
- addiction
- behavioral, DSM-5 129–30
- criteria for 129
- gaming 65–6
- smartphone 77
- and social media use 128–30
- substance 66
- addictive designs 4, 7, 9, 112, 187–8
- clashing with basic human social traits 130–2
- detrimental effects of 150–1
- notifications 102–3
- ADHD, increased risk of from social media use 128
- adolescents
- bonding, real vs. virtual 88–9
- change in behavior of 144–5
- smartphones/social media use and ADHD 128
- teaching healthy digital habits 172–3
- advertising see online marketing
- Alphabet 22
- Altmann, Dr. Erik 87
- Amazon
- letter to 191
- value of 21–3
- Amdahl's Law 26–7
- anchoring 137
- anthropomorphism 138
- Apple
- human-friendly default settings 189
- letter to 191
- value of 21–3
- artificial intelligence (AI) 20–1
- associative thinking 49
- attachment style 59, 77
- attention
- as a commodity 4, 8–9, 23–4, 90
- diminished span of 9, 12, 82, 152
- and online shopping 4
- audience targeting 103–7, 113–15
- autopilot (unconscious reasoning) 35, 49–50
- availability cascade 137
- avoidant attachment, link to smartphone use 77
B
- Baars, Bernard J. 53–4
- Bandura, Albert, “self-efficacy” 174–6
- bandwagon effect 137
- basic needs 36, 37, 38
- effects of depletion in 74–5
- Bell, Vaughan 66–7
- bias blind spot 137
- biases, cognitive 133–8
- Bias, Randolph 26–7
- “Big 5” model of personality traits 107–8
- Big Data 13, 154
- “body shaming” 43
- bonding
- and oxytocin levels 68
- real-world vs. virtual 88–9
- brain
- adaptability of 45–7
- and consciousness 47–50
- evolution of 31–3
- information processing 82–6
- new brain functions 52–3, 72–3, 140, 142
- old (primitive) brain 34, 52, 72–3, 140
- social brain 56–9
- triune model 33–6, 38
- two modes of thinking 49, 63–4
- “brain hacks” 4, 150–1, 188
- bullying, online 146–8
C
- Cambridge Analytica scandal 109–11
- “captology” 96–7
- Cavanagh, Sarah Rose 145–6
- cellphones see smartphones
- cerebellum 34, 35, 54
- Chalmers, David 55–6
- change
- bad habits, replacing with good 159–60
- technological 19–20
- Chein, Jason M. 76
- children
- coping with stress 43–4
- and cyberbullying 146–8
- effects of technoference on 69–71
- teaching sensible and healthy digital habits 172–3
- cognitive bias 136–7
- cognitive dissonance 138–41
- commitment phobia, link to smartphone addiction 77
- “compassion fatigue” 141
- conditioning 158
- confirmation bias
- and diminished empathy from social media use 141–2
- and the echo chamber effect 133–6
- Google search results promoting 121
- leading to cognitive dissonance 138–41
- confirm shaming, dark pattern 120
- connectivity
- benefits of 157–8
- direct brain-to-internet 20–1
- consciousness 91–2
- Baars' global workspace theory 53–4
- and focus 177
- hard problem of 55–6
- hesitation of 47–9
- Morsella's passive frame theory 51–3
- and two types of thinking 49–50
- continued influence effect 138
- cookies 115–16
- cortisol production, factors triggering 43, 44, 45
- Covey, Stephen R., listening 143
- Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály 177, 178–9, 182
- cultural intelligence hypothesis, Tomasello 31
- “customer journeys” 118–19
- cyberbullying 146–8
D
- dark patterns, online marketing 120–1
- decision making
- and basic biological needs 74–5
- thinking processes used in 49–50
- deliberate practice 179–81
- depression, link to social comparison 42–3
- DFRAG (digital fragmentation) syndrome 4–5, 10–11, 14, 151
- Diener, Ed 36–7
- digital habits, changing 157–60
- deliberate practice 179–81
- diary keeping 164
- identifying triggers and cues 164–7
- learning to focus 177–9
- life story approach 160–4
- solutions to scenarios 167–9
- summary of steps 170–1
- teaching your children 172–3
- troubleshooting 169–70
- underlying psychological principles 174–6
- digital manipulation 5–7
- digital pollution
- categories of 158–9
- effects of extended exposure to 10–14, 151–4
- Digman, J.M. 107
- disguised ads, dark pattern 120
- distraction by technology 86–7, 92, 163
- learning to focus as cure for 178–9
- dopamine 65–7, 69
- drag-along 158
- driving, effect of distraction on reaction time 86–7
- DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) 129–30
- Dunning–Kruger effect 138
E
- echo-chamber effects 133–6
- emails, solution to constant checking of 168
- emotions and smartphones 88–9
- empathy, sharp decline in 141–4
- encoding of information by the brain 84–5
- Ericsson, Dr. K Anders, “deliberate practice” 180–1
- escapism 158
- evolution
- of the brain 31–3
- of sociability 57, 58
- “expectation trigger”, dopamine 65–7, 69, 101, 103
- expertise 179–81
- “extended mind theory” 25
- “extended self”, mobile devices providing 80–2
- extremism, social media groups 134–6
F
- Facebook 22, 23, 24
- addictive design 131–2
- Ads manager store 104–7
- Cambridge Analytica scandal 109–11
- and increased loneliness 40
- letter to 191
- and low self-esteem 126–7
- social comparison 42–3
- and stress 44–5
- typical page from 98–101
- “Facebook Addiction Disorder” 129
- “fake socialization” 37–9
- family time, life story approach 161–2
- fantasy stories, benefits of reading 144
- fast vs. slow thinking, Kahneman 49–50, 54, 63–4, 91
- feelings
- communicating via text messages 39
- use of smartphone to mediate 88–9
- Festinger, Leon 139
- fiction books, benefits of reading 144
- filtering of information 83–4
- FLOW (family life, leisure time, own time and work) 161–2
- focus, learning how to 177–9
- Fogg, B.J., Behavior Model 96–101
- forced continuity, dark pattern 120
- framing effect 137
- free will and consciousness 51–2, 92
- friendships
- real vs. virtual 40, 88–9
- technoference interrupting 70
- frontal lobes 35, 140
G
- Gabriel, Shira 144
- gamblers fallacy 138
- gambling addiction 66–7, 129
- gaming addiction 65–6
- generational differences technology use 144–6
- Gillan, Douglas 26–7
- Gjedde, Dr. Albert 146
- Gladwell, Malcolm 179, 180
- global workspace theory, Baars 53–4
- goal setting, life story approach 164
- Goldberg, Lewis 107
- Google 23, 25
- human-friendly default settings 189
- letter to 191
- personalization, search results 121–2
- gratification, deferral of 72–4
- groups
- and echo chamber effects/cognitive bias 133–8
- targeting audience 105–6
H
- happiness
- from fulfilment of needs 36–7
- as internal state of being 177
- Harari, Yuval 30, 58
- Hastings, Reed, Netflix CEO 24–5
- “hesitation of consciousness” 48–9
- hidden costs, dark pattern 120
- hierarchy of needs 36–7, 38, 41
- hormones 37, 64
- hostile attribution bias 138
- House, Richard 86
- HPA (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal) axis 43–4
I
- identifiable victim effect 137
- iGen (Twenge) 145
- impulse control
- loss of 74–6
- rTPJ linked to 142
- information filtering, limitations of brain 83–4
- information processing
- limitations of 26–8
- mechanisms used by the brain 84–5
- interruptions, increased error rate linked to 87
- “iPhone separation anxiety” 80–1
- isolation, children 43–4
K
- Kahneman, Daniel, slow and fast thinking 49–50
- Kai Chi (Sam) Yam, self-control research 74
- Kenner, Soren 14
- Kosinski, Michal, personality prediction 107–9
L
- language
- emergence of 32–3
- used by advertisers 100
- leisure time, life story approach 162
- Leslie, Ian 96–7
- Lewis, Clayton 26–7
- Libet, Benjamin, subconscious processes 47
- life stories 160–4
- limbic system (“emotional” brain) 34, 37
- literary characters, identifying with 144
- longevity, link to close relationships 10
- “lookalike audiences”, Facebook 106, 110
- “love hormone” (oxytocin) 67–9
M
- MacLean, Paul D. 34
- Manney, P.J., “compassion fatigue” 141
- marketing see online marketing
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs 36–8
- mastery of experiences 175
- McDaniel, Brandon, “technoference” 70–1
- meandering 158
- memory
- computers as extensions of 26
- working memory, limitations of 82–3
- letter to 191
- Middleton, Peter 18
- “mind/brain hacks” 4, 7, 15, 35–6
- mobile phones see smartphones
- models vs. reality 54–5
- Moore's Law 27
- Morsella, Ezequiel 51–3
- motivation 63
- Fogg Behavior Model 97–8
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs 36–8
- multitasking 85
- multivariate testing 113–15
- Musk, Elon 20–1
N
- narrative identities 161, 182
- “naturalistic dualism”, Chalmers 56
- needs, Maslow's hierarchy of 36–8
- “need”, social conditioning of 41–2
- nerve cells in the brain, connections between 46–7
- neuroplasticity 45–6
- neurotransmitters 64
- notifications 102–3
- Nørretranders, Tor 47, 48, 51, 54, 55
O
- Okri, Ben 144
- omission bias 137
- online bullying 146–8
- online marketing 95–6
- behavioral research, Cambridge Analytica 109–11
- cookies and remarketing 115–18
- Facebook Ads manager store 103–7
- Fogg's Behavior Model 96–103
- personality prediction 107
- ploys 118–21
- targeted advertising 111–15
- own time, life story approach 162
- oxytocin and social bonding 67–9
P
- paleoanthropology 32–3, 60
- Palihapitiya, Chamath 131
- parent-child relationships, technology interfering with 69–71
- Parker, Sean, first Facebook CEO 131
- passive frame theory of consciousness 51–3
- Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise (Ericsson) 181
- Peltzman effect 138
- personality prediction 107–9
- personalization, Google search results 121–2
- persuasion techniques 96–101
- physiological symptoms of digital pollution 11, 152
- Pichai, Sundar, Google CEO 25
- polarization, political 134, 136
- practice, deliberate 179–81
- prefiltering 45–6
- price comparison prevention, dark pattern 120
- primitive (old) brain 34, 52, 72, 140
- brain hacks targeting 150–1
- privacy zuckering, dark pattern 120
- profiling information 106, 110–11
- psychological symptoms of digital pollution 12, 152–3
- Psychology of Optimal Experience, The, (Csíkszentmihályi) 177
R
- Rashid, Imran 14
- rational thinking, brain area for 140
- reactance, cognitive bias 138
- “reaction-time switching costs” 86–7
- reason‐based thinking 49
- reasons underlying loss of 74
- effects of depleted 76–7
- influenced by analytical thinking and trust 73
- Stanford Marshmallow Experiment 72–3
- relationships
- child–parent, technoference 69–71
- and longevity 10
- and oxytocin levels 67–9
- using smartphones to manage 39, 88–9
- “remarketing”/“retargeting” 115–18
- rewards
- deferral of 73
- expectation of, role of dopamine 65–7, 69, 101, 103
- “rewiring” of the brain by smart technology 13
- roach motel, dark pattern 120
- road rage 75–6
- Rosen, Larry 88–9
- rTPJ (right temporoparietal junction) 142–3
S
- Sapiens (Harari) 30, 58
- Schultz, Wolfram 65
- search engines see Google
- search results, skewing of 121–2
- self‐actualization, Maslow 36, 37, 38, 41
- self‐efficacy, building 174–6
- self‐esteem 43
- cyberbullying affecting 146–7
- lowered by frequent social media use 127
- self‐fulfilment needs 36–7, 38
- self‐image 43, 44
- self‐preservation, Facebook as threat to 44–5
- sensory input, filtering of 45–6
- Shoelace, retargeting company 116–17
- sleep disturbance 127
- slot machines, reason for addiction to 66, 101–2
- slow vs. fast thinking 49–50, 54, 63, 91, 139–40
- smartphone addiction 77
- smartphones 5–6
- altering the way we walk 1–2
- attachment to 80–1, 85–6
- effect on self‐control 76–7
- as extensions of our minds 25
- and feelings 88–9
- and increased risk of ADHD 128
- surge in data access through 18–19
- sneak into basket, dark pattern 121
- “social brains” 32
- social comparison
- link to depression 42–3
- triggering cortisol response (stress) 43
- social interaction
- in the cafe, initiating 168–9
- effect on mental health 70
- reward for 58
- socialization
- digital “fake socialization” 37
- human need for 133
- social media
- addiction to 103, 128–30
- mimicking social needs 37
- “social media tribalism” 135
- social modeling 175–6
- social needs 37
- social persuasion 176
- social relationships 37, 41, 67, 72
- social self‐preservation theory 44–5
- social status 44
- social symptoms of digital pollution 12, 153
- “sponsored content” 99–100
- Stanford Marshmallow Experiment 72–3
- Stanford Persuasion Lab 96–8
- “stickiness” 9, 70, 101, 149
- Stillwell, David, personality prediction 107–8
- stories
- fiction books, benefits of reading 144
- life story approach 160–4
- stress
- cortisol hormone 43–4
- and social media use 126
- subconscious processes 47–8, 49, 53–4
- substance addiction 66
- “switching costs”, reaction time 86, 92
- symbolic thinking 32, 33
T
- targeting by companies 103–7, 115–18
- “technoference” 69–71, 188
- technology
- careful use of 10–15, 55
- costs of distraction by 92
- effect on child–parent relations 70
- future of 20–1, 25, 153–4
- human‐centric 15, 189
- impact on relationships 88–9
- reliance on 25
- transformation 17–19
- temporal lobe 35
- texting, negative effect on romantic relationships 39
- Thinking, Fast and Slow, (Kahneman) 49
- thinking, two modes of 49, 63–4
- three layers of the brain 33–45
- time, life stories 161–4
- Tomasello, Michael 31
- tracking cookies and pixels (images) 115–17
- transactive memory 26
- triggers
- digital habits, identifying 164–7
- Fogg Behavior Model 97–8
- triggers and cues, digital habits, identifying 164–7
- triune brain model 33–45
- Trump, Donald 110, 133, 134–5
- trust, link to deferral of gratification 73
- Tversky, Amos 49
- Twenge, Jean M. 89, 144–5
U
- Unbounce, online marketing platform 111–12
- User Illusion—Cutting Consciousness Down to Size (Nørretranders) 47
V
- Vincent, Jane 88
- Vrticka, Dr. Pascal 59
W
- walking behavior, smartphones changing 1–2
- Wegner, Daniel 25–6
- Wilmer, Henry H. 76
- working memory 82–3
- work time, life story approach 162
Y
- Young, Ariana F. 144
- young people
- changing attitudes and values 144–6
- cyberbullying 146–8
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