- Cover Image
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Important Notice
- Dedication
- Foreword
- Preface to the Third Edition
- Chapter 1. The Op Amp's Place in the World
- 1.1. The Problem
- 1.2. The Solution
- 1.3. The Birth of the Op Amp
- 1.4. The Vacuum Tube Era
- 1.5. The Transistor Era
- 1.6. The IC Era
- Chapter 2. Review of Circuit Theory
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Laws of Physics
- 2.3. Voltage Divider Rule
- 2.4. Current Divider Rule
- 2.5. Thevenin's Theorem
- 2.6. Superposition
- 2.7. Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit
- 2.8. Transistor Amplifier
- Chapter 3. Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations
- 3.1. Ideal Op Amp Assumptions
- 3.2. The Noninverting Op Amp
- 3.3. The Inverting Op Amp
- 3.4. The Adder
- 3.5. The Differential Amplifier
- 3.6. Complex Feedback Networks
- 3.7. Video Amplifiers
- 3.8. Capacitors
- 3.9. Why an Ideal Op Amp Would Destroy the Known Universe
- 3.10. Summary
- Chapter 4. Single Supply Op Amp Design Techniques
- 4.1. Single Supply versus Dual Supply
- 4.2. Circuit Analysis
- 4.3. Simultaneous Equations
- 4.4. Summary
- Chapter 5. Beyond Case 4
- 5.1. A Continuum of Applications
- 5.2. Noninverting Attenuator with Zero Offset
- 5.3. Noninverting Attenuation with Positive Offset
- 5.4. Noninverting Attenuation with Negative Offset
- 5.5. Inverting Attenuation with Zero Offset
- 5.6. Inverting Attenuation with Positive Offset
- 5.7. Inverting Attenuation with Negative Offset
- 5.8. Conclusion
- Chapter 6. Feedback and Stability Theory
- 6.1. Why Study Feedback Theory?
- 6.2. Block Diagram Math and Manipulations
- 6.3. Feedback Equation and Stability
- 6.4. Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits
- 6.5. Loop Gain Plots Are the Key to Understanding Stability
- 6.6. The Second Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions
- Chapter 7. Development of the Nonideal Op Amp Equations
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Review of the Canonical Equations
- 7.3. Noninverting Op Amps
- 7.4. Inverting Op Amps
- 7.5. Differential Op Amps
- Chapter 8. Voltage Feedback Op Amp Compensation
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Internal Compensation
- 8.3. External Compensation, Stability, and Performance
- 8.4. Dominant Pole Compensation
- 8.5. Gain Compensation
- 8.6. Lead Compensation
- 8.7. Compensated Attenuator Applied to Op Amp
- 8.8. Lead/Lag Compensation
- 8.9. Comparison of Compensation Schemes
- 8.10. Conclusions
- Chapter 9. Current Feedback Op Amp Analysis
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.2. CFA Model
- 9.3. Development of the Stability Equation
- 9.4. The Noninverting CFA
- 9.5. The Inverting CFA
- 9.6. Stability Analysis
- 9.7. Selection of the Feedback Resistor
- 9.8. Stability and Input Capacitance
- 9.9. Stability and Feedback Capacitance
- 9.10. Compensation of CF and CG
- 9.11. Summary
- Chapter 10. Voltage and Current Feedback Op Amp Comparison
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Precision
- 10.3. Bandwidth
- 10.4. Stability
- 10.5. Impedance
- 10.6. Equation Comparison
- Chapter 11. Fully Differential Op Amps
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. What Does Fully Differential Mean?
- 11.3. How Is the Second Output Used?
- 11.4. Differential Gain Stages
- 11.5. Single Ended to Differential Conversion
- 11.6. Working with Terminated Inputs
- 11.7. A New Function
- 11.8. Conceptualizing the VOCM Input
- 11.9. Instrumentation
- 11.10. Filter Circuits
- Chapter 12. Op Amp Noise Theory and Applications
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. Characterization
- 12.3. Types of Noise
- 12.4. Noise Colors
- 12.5. Op Amp Noise
- 12.6. Putting It All Together
- Chapter 13. Understanding Op Amp Parameters
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Temperature Coefficient of the Input Offset Current, αIIO
- 13.3. Temperature Coefficient of Input Offset Voltage, αVIO or αVIO
- 13.4. Differential Gain Error, AD
- 13.5. Gain Margin Parameter, Am
- 13.6. Open Loop Voltage Gain Parameter, AOL
- 13.7. Large Signal Voltage Amplification Gain Condition, AV
- 13.8. Differential Large Signal Voltage Amplification Parameter, AVD
- 13.9. Unity Gain Bandwidth Parameter, B1
- 13.10. Maximum Output Swing Bandwidth Parameter, BOM
- 13.11. Bandwidth Parameter, BW
- 13.12. Input Capacitance Parameter, CI
- 13.13. Common Mode Input Capacitance Parameter, Cic or Ci(c)
- 13.14. Differential Input Capacitance Parameter, Cid
- 13.15. Load Capacitance Condition, CL
- 13.16. Supply Voltage Sensitivity, ΔVDD±(or CC±)/ΔVIO or kSVS
- 13.17. Common Mode Rejection Ratio Parameter, CMRR or kCMR
- 13.18. Frequency Condition, f
- 13.19. Op Amp Gain Bandwidth Product Parameter, GBW
- 13.20. Supply Current (Shutdown) Parameter, ICC(SHDN) or IDD(SHDN)
- 13.21. Supply Current Parameter, ICC or IDD
- 13.22. Input Current Range Parameter, II
- 13.23. Input Bias Current Parameter, IIB
- 13.24. Input Offset Current Parameter, IIO
- 13.25. Input Noise Current Parameter, In
- 13.26. Output Current Parameter, IO
- 13.27. Low Level Output Current Condition, IOL
- 13.28. Short Circuit Output Current Parameter, IOS or ISC
- 13.29. Supply Rejection Ratio Parameter, kSVR
- 13.30. Power Dissipation Parameter, PD
- 13.31. Power Supply Rejection Ratio Parameter, PSRR
- 13.32. Junction to Ambient Thermal Resistance Parameter, θJA
- 13.33. Junction to Case Thermal Resistance Parameter, θJC
- 13.34. Input Resistance Parameter, ri
- 13.35. Differential Input Resistance Parameter (rid or ri(d))
- 13.36. Load Resistance Condition, RL
- 13.37. Null Resistance Condition, Rnull
- 13.38. Output Resistance Parameters, ro
- 13.39. Signal Source Condition, RS
- 13.40. Open Loop Transresistance Parameters, Rt
- 13.41. Op Amp Slew Rate Parameter, SR
- 13.42. Operating Free Air Temperature Condition, TA
- 13.43. Turn off Time (Shutdown) Parameter, tDIS or t(off)
- 13.44. Turn on Time (Shutdown) Parameter, tEN
- 13.45. Fall Time Parameter, tf
- 13.46. Total Harmonic Distortion Parameter, THD
- 13.47. Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise Parameter, THD + N
- 13.48. Maximum Junction Temperature Parameter, TJ
- 13.49. Rise Time Parameter, tr
- 13.50. Settling Time Parameter, ts
- 13.51. Storage Temperature Parameter, TS or Tstg
- 13.52. Supply Voltage Condition, VCC or VDD
- 13.53. Input Voltage Range Condition or Parameter, VI
- 13.54. Common Mode Input Voltage Condition, VIC
- 13.55. Common Mode Input Voltage Range Parameter, VICR
- 13.56. Differential Input Voltage Parameter, VID
- 13.57. Differential Input Voltage Range Parameter, VDIR
- 13.58. Turn on Voltage (Shutdown) Parameter, VIH-SHDN or V(ON)
- 13.59. Turn off Voltage (Shutdown) Parameter, VIL-SHDN or V(OFF)
- 13.60. Input Voltage Condition, VIN
- 13.61. Input Offset Voltage Parameter, VIO or VOS
- 13.62. Equivalent Input Noise Voltage Parameter, Vn
- 13.63. Broadband Noise Parameter (VN(PP))
- 13.64. High Level Output Voltage Condition or Parameter, VOH
- 13.65. Low Level Output Voltage Condition or Parameter, VOL
- 13.66. Maximum Peak to Peak Output Voltage Swing Parameter, VOM±
- 13.67. Peak to Peak Output Voltage Swing Condition or Parameter, VO(PP)
- 13.68. Step Voltage Peak to Peak Condition, V(STEP)PP
- 13.69. Crosstalk Parameter, XT
- 13.70. Output Impedance Parameter, Zo
- 13.71. Open Loop Transimpedance Parameter, Zt
- 13.72. Differential Phase Error Parameter, ΦD
- 13.73. Phase Margin Parameter, Φm
- 13.74. Bandwidth for 0.1 dB Flatness
- 13.75. Case Temperature for 60 Seconds
- 13.76. Continuous Total Dissipation Parameter
- 13.77. Duration of Short Circuit Current
- 13.78. Input Offset Voltage Long Term Drift Parameter
- 13.79. Lead Temperature for 10 or 60 Seconds
- Chapter 14. Instrumentation
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Transducer Types
- 14.3. Design Procedure
- 14.4. Review of the System Specifications
- 14.5. Reference Voltage Characterization
- 14.6. Transducer Characterization
- 14.7. ADC Characterization
- 14.8. Op Amp Selection
- 14.9. Amplifier Circuit Design
- 14.10. Test
- 14.11. Summary
- Chapter 15. Interfacing an Op Amp to an Analog to Digital Converter
- 15.1. Introduction
- 15.2. System Information
- 15.3. Power Supply Information
- 15.4. Input Signal Characteristics
- 15.5. Analog to Digital Converter Characteristics
- 15.6. Operational Amplifier Characteristics
- 15.7. Architectural Decisions
- Chapter 16. Wireless Communication
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Wireless Systems
- 16.3. Selection of ADCs/DACs
- 16.4. Factors Influencing the Choice of Op Amps
- 16.5. Antialiasing Filters
- 16.6. Communication D/A Converter Reconstruction Filter
- 16.7. External VREF Circuits for ADCs/DACs
- 16.8. High Speed Analog Input Drive Circuits
- Chapter 17. Using Op Amps for RF Design
- 17.1. Introduction
- 17.2. Advantages
- 17.3. Disadvantages
- 17.4. Voltage Feedback or Current Feedback?
- 17.5. A Review of Traditional RF Amplifiers
- 17.6. Amplifier Gain Revisited
- 17.7. Scattering Parameters
- 17.8. Phase Linearity
- 17.9. Frequency Response Peaking
- 17.10. −1 dB Compression Point
- 17.11. Two Tone, Third Order Intermodulation Intercept
- 17.12. Noise Figure
- 17.13. Conclusions
- Chapter 18. Interfacing DACs to Loads
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. Load Characteristics
- 18.3. Understanding the DAC and Its Specifications
- 18.4. DAC Error Budget
- 18.5. DAC Errors and Parameters
- 18.6. Compensating for DAC Capacitance
- 18.7. Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier Current and Voltage
- Chapter 19. Sine Wave Oscillators
- 19.1. What Is a Sine Wave Oscillator?
- 19.2. Requirements for Oscillation
- 19.3. Phase Shift in the Oscillator
- 19.4. Gain in the Oscillator
- 19.5. Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on the Oscillator
- 19.6. Analysis of the Oscillator Operation (Circuit)
- 19.7. Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits
- 19.8. Conclusion
- Chapter 20. Active Filter Design Techniques
- 20.1. Introduction
- 20.2. Fundamentals of Low Pass Filters
- 20.3. Low Pass Filter Design
- 20.4. High Pass Filter Design
- 20.5. Bandpass Filter Design
- 20.6. Band Rejection Filter Design
- 20.7. All Pass Filter Design
- 20.8. Practical Design Hints
- 20.9. Filter Coefficient Tables
- Chapter 21. Fast, Practical Filter Design for Beginners
- 21.1. Introduction
- 21.2. Picking the Response
- 21.3. Low Pass Filter
- 21.4. High Pass Filter
- 21.5. Narrow (Single Frequency) Bandpass Filter
- 21.6. Wide Bandpass Filter
- 21.7. Notch (Single Frequency Rejection) Filter
- 21.8. Band Reject Filter
- 21.9. Summary of Filter Characteristics
- Chapter 22. High Speed Filter Design
- 22.1. Introduction
- 22.2. High Speed, Low Pass Filters
- 22.3. High Speed, High Pass Filters
- 22.4. High Speed Bandpass Filters
- 22.5. High Speed Notch Filter
- 22.6. Conclusions
- Chapter 23. Circuit Board Layout Techniques
- 23.1. General Considerations
- 23.2. PCB Mechanical Construction
- 23.3. Grounding
- 23.4. The Frequency Characteristics of Passive Components
- 23.5. Decoupling
- 23.6. Input and Output Isolation
- 23.7. Packages
- 23.8. Summary
- Chapter 24. Designing Low Voltage Op Amp Circuits
- 24.1. Introduction
- 24.2. Dynamic Range
- 24.3. Signal to Noise Ratio
- 24.4. Input Common Mode Range
- 24.5. Output Voltage Swing
- 24.6. Shutdown and Low Current Drain
- 24.7. Single Supply Circuit Design
- 24.8. Transducer to ADC Analog Interface
- 24.9. DAC to Actuator Analog Interface
- 24.10. Comparison of Op Amps
- 24.11. Summary
- Chapter 25. Common Application Mistakes
- 25.1. Introduction
- 25.2. Op Amp Operated at Less than Unity (or Specified) Gain
- 25.3. Op Amp Used as a Comparator
- 25.4. Improper Termination of Unused Sections
- 25.5. DC Gain
- 25.6. Current Source
- 25.7. Current Feedback Amplifier: Shorted Feedback Resistor
- 25.8. Current Feedback Amplifier: Capacitor in the Feedback Loop
- 25.9. Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect Single Ended Termination
- 25.10. Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect DC Operating Point
- 25.11. Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect Common Mode Range
- 25.12. The Number 1 Design Mistake
- Appendix A. Single Supply Circuit Collection
- Appendix B. Terminating Differential Amplifiers
- Index
Dedication
I dedicate this edition to Erin Sanders, whose television portrayal of teenage scientist Quinn Pensky encourages young women not to abandon scientific study but to embrace it instead.
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