Index

A

Abietic acid (C₁₉H₂₉COOH), 535

Absorbers

Aspen Plus, 520–525, 1048

cocurrent, 736–738

column diameters, 501–502

dilute multisolute, 502–504

homework, 511–520

HTU-NTU analysis, 731–736

matrix solution, 504–508

references, 510–511

transfer through stagnant films, 660–661

Absorption, 481–482

analytical solutions, 490–495

concentrated systems, 497–501

efficiencies, 496

equilibrium, 483–485

irreversible, 508–510

McCabe-Thiele solution, 485–489, 605

simulations, 520–525

SO₂, 735–736

Absorption factor in dilute systems, 492

Acetate membranes in gas permeation, 846

Acetic acid

adsorption equilibrium constant, 926

chemical reaction, 306–308

countercurrent extraction, 567–568

dilute systems, 534–536

NRTL parameters, 599

recovery from water, 528

solid-liquid equilibrium, 782–783

water-distillation, calculated diameters, 396–397

Acetonaphthalene (AN)

adsorption equilibrium constant, 926

linear chromatography, 992–993

Acetone

antisolvent, 825

azeotropic distillation, 303

extractive distillation, 301

HETP Pall rings, 410

partially miscible single-stage systems, 559–561

total reflux curve, 289–290

Acetone-ethanol VLE, 168

Acetyl cellulose membranes, 849

Acetone-chloroform-benzene maximum boiling azeotrope, 289–290

Acrylic acid, 970

Activated alumina (Al₂O₃)

diffuse waves, 963

elution chromatography, 934–936

properties, 921

shock waves, 967–969

uses, 923

Activated carbon

adsorption isotherms, 924

carbon dioxide isotherm, 961–962

equilibrium data, 927–928

LUB approach, 996–998

overview, 922

packed bed fires, 983

porosities, 920

pressure-swing processes, 951–956

properties, 921

solvent recovery, 945–947

temperature swing adsorption, 946–947

Activity coefficients

chemical potential, 686

Fickian diffusion model, 682, 688–690

K values, 298

liquid-phase, 36

Maxwell-Stefan diffusion model, 686, 688–690

pervaporation, 892, 894

solubility product, 826

ternary systems, 556, 697

van Laar equation, 689–690

Vignes correlation, 653, 689

Additives

crystallization, 770

gasoline, 308

solubility in supercritical systems, 616

Adiabatic flashing

efficiencies, 496

multicomponent convergence, 42–43

simulations, 73

Adjustable weirs, 425

ADSIM simulator, 984

Adsorbates

description, 922

elution chromatography, 934–935

equilibrium constants, 926

pressure-swing processes, 948–951

shock waves, 969

simultaneous adsorption, 925

superposition, 987

surface tension, 980

temperature swing adsorption, 939, 941, 946–947

Adsorption, 917–918

definitions, 919–922

equilibrium behavior, 924–929

flow reversal, 1031–1036

homework, 1003–1018

practical design and operation, 998–1000

references, 1000–1003

simulated moving beds, 956–961

temperature swing adsorption, 938–961

AIChE correlation for distillation, 755

Air

diffusivity for gases, 648

diffusivity for liquids, 652

Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649

Air cooling, 445

Alcohol. See also Ethanol, Methanol

batch distillation, 340

esters formation, 306

multicomponent distillation, 199, 463–466

polarity, 301

Alcohol dehydrogenase extraction, 544–547

Alcohol-water diffusivity, 633–636

Aldehydes polarity, 301

Aluminosilicates, 923

Aluminum trihydrate (Al(OH)₃), 923

Ambivalent region in mixer-settler operation, 575

Amine group in ion exchange, 970

Ammonia

absorption in water, 485–486

azeotropic distillation, 302–303

diffusivity for gases, 648

diffusivity for liquids, 652

ideal ternary systems, 693–695

Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649

stripping analysis, 494–495

Ammonium bromide (NH₄Br) solubility in water, 775

Ammonium chloride(NH₄Cl) solubility in water, 775

Ammonium iodide (NH₄I) solubility in water, 775

Ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) solubility in water, 775

Ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂ SO₄)

precipitation, 828

solubility in water, 775

Analogies, mass transfer coefficients based on, 680–682. See also Heat transfer

Analytical methods

cross-flow extraction, 546

dilute systems, 490–495

gas permeation, 851–854, 896

vs. graphical, 161–162

HTU-NTU, 742

limiting cases, 254, 346

MSMPR crystallizers, 799–800

Anhydrous compounds in crystallization, 773–774, 778, 817

Aniline-Methylcyclohexane–heptane equilibrium data, 593

Anion exchange resins in ion exchange, 970

Anisotropic (asymmetric) membranes, 845–846

Anthracene

adsorption equilibrium constant, 926, 1006

diffuse waves, 963–965

elution chromatography, 934–936

shock waves, 967, 969

Antisolvent addition in precipitation, 825–826

Antisolvent crystallization, 823–825

Antoine equation. See Vapor pressure

Approach temperature in heat exchanger design, 443

Aqueous two-phase extraction, 544–547

Aramids, 862

Argon

equilibrium in liquid ammonia, 515

production from air, 462

Arrhenius relation

absorption and stripping equilibria, 484–485

adsorbents, 925, 927–929

temperature dependence, 651

temperature swing adsorption, 939

Artificial kidneys, 838

Aspen Chromatography

Cycle Organizer, 1028–1031

DAEs, 984

flow reversal, 1031–1036

integration, 1021

introduction, 1019–1023

ion exchange, 1036–1038

labs, 1019–1046

linear isotherms convergence, 1023–1025

nonlinear isotherms convergence, 1025–1027

plot setup, 1021–1022

simulator description, 1046

SMB and TMB, 1038–1042

thermal systems, 1042–1046

Aspen Custom Modeler, 984

Aspen Plus, 8

absorption and stripping, 520–525

binary analysis menu, 71

binary column distillation, 179–183

chemical reaction, 308

complex distillation methods, 326–336

extractive distillation, 298

flash distillation, 67–76

flowsheets, 68–70

formulas, 67

heterogeneous, binary azeotropic distillation processes, 329–333

HTU-NTU analysis, 764

liquid-liquid extraction, 598–602

material input, 69–70

material streams, 69

methods Assistant, 68

model palette, 68–69

molar flows, 1047

mole fractions, 1047

multicomponent distillation, 241–248

nonideal ternary systems, 468–470

pervaporation, 894–895

physical properties for drum size calculations, 63

property analysis, 68, 179–180

purity, 1048–1049

RadFac absorption, 521

rate-based analysis of distillation, 755, 765–768

regression of LLE correlations to fit data, 602

results summary, 72

startup, 67

stream specifications, 1047

strippers, 520–525

tray and downcomer design, 433–435

troubleshooting guide, 1047–1049

two-pressure distillation, 326–329

valid phases menu, 70–71

VLE and LLE data, regression of, 1051

Atmospheric pressure operation costs, 446

Auxiliary lines

enthalpy-composition diagrams, 31

VLE, 21, 23

Average distillate concentration

mixed distillate product, 343

simple binary batch distillation, 344, 346

Avogadro’s number, 629

Axial dispersion

column mass balances, 981

elution chromatography, 936–937

energy balances, 983

linear chromatography, 990–991

local equilibrium with dispersion, 986

pressure swing adsorption, 951

shock waves, 969

simulated moving beds, 959

solute movement, 983

zone spreading, 985

Azeotropes

added solvents, 302–306

binary flash distillation, 28

binary heterogeneous processes, 273–282

breaking, 272

complex ternary systems, 287–289, 292–293

distillation cascades, 87–88

eutectic systems, 782

extractive distillation, 296–297, 300–301

heterogeneous, 329–332

membrane separation processes, 902

multicomponent distillation simulation, 245

nonideal ternary systems, 467–468

pervaporation, 886

pressure-swing processes, 286–287, 326–329

VLE, 24–25

B

Baffles

mixer tanks, 574, 576–578, 749, 752

settler design, 579

staged column design, 380–381, 383

Balance points in valve tray design, 404–406

Balances. See Energy balances; Mass balances

Balancing calculated diameters, 396–397

Bare module costs, 439, 442–443, 446, 453

Barium black ash, 623

Barium chloride (BaCl₂)

continuous cooling crystallizers, 781–782

evaporative crystallizers, 789

solubility in water, 775

Barker and Self correlation, 756

Batch crystallization, 776, 820

antisolvent crystallization, 823–825

temperature control, 820–823

Batch distillation, 339

constant-mole, 349–350

distillate product fractions, 343–344

homework, 362–372

introduction, 339–341

mixed distillate product, 342–343

multicomponent, 357–360

multistage, 352–357

operating time, 361–362

Rayleigh equation, 341–344

references, 362–363

simple system, 344–349

steam, 350–352

Batch extraction, 551–553

Batch washing, 620

Bed capacity

nonlinear sorption systems, 995

temperature swing adsorption, 946

Beer stills, 425

Benzene

azeotropic distillation, 303

dilute systems, 534

distillation tray efficiency, 740–741

drying, 279–282

Fenske equation, 253–254

gas diffusivity, 648

Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649

multicomponent batch distillation, 359–360

multicomponent distillation profiles, 195–199

oil extraction, 613

petroleum processing, 528

total reflux, 289–290, 293

Underwood equation, 258

Benzene-acetone-chloroform maximum boiling azeotrope, 289–290

Benzene-sulfonic acid groups, 970

Benzene-toluene VLE, 64

Benzoic acid (C₆H₃COOH)

distribution coefficient between toluene and water, 582, 748

mixer-settler design, 582–586

mixer stage efficiency, 746–748

solubility in water, 775

BET isotherms, 925

Binary batch distillation

multistage, 352–357

simple, 344–349

Binary column distillation, 105

analytical vs. graphical methods, 161–162

azeotrope separation, 329–333

efficiencies, 154–156

enriching columns, 150–151

feed lines, 120–128

homework, 163–178

intermediate reboilers and condensers, 149–151

internal balances, 106–110

limiting operating conditions, 151–154

McCabe-Thiele method, 116–120, 128–132, 138–145

new uses for old columns, 158–159

open steam heating, 132–138

partial condensers, 146

profiles, 132

references, 162–163

side streams, 148–149

simulations, 156–158, 179–183

spreadsheets, 178, 183–188

stage-by-stage solution methods, 110–116

stripping columns, 150–151

subcooled reflux and superheated boilup, 159–161

total reboilers, 148

Binary equilibrium in crystallization, 772–776

Binary Fickian diffusion

steady-state, 633–638, 640–647

unsteady, 638–639

Binary flash distillation, 25–26

enthalpy-composition diagram, 31–32

sequential solution procedure, 26–30

simultaneous solution procedure, 30–32

spreadsheets, 77–78

Binary heterogeneous azeotropic distillation processes, 273

drying organic compounds, 277–282

single-column systems, 273–274

two-column systems, 274–277

Binary mass transfer

to expanding and contracting objects, 661–664

Fickian model, 628

Binary Maxwell-Stefan diffusion, 683–691

Binary mixtures for gas permeation, 847–848

Binary permeation in perfectly mixed systems, 848–858

Binary systems, mass transfer for, 656–670

Binary VLE, 20–25

Blowdown step in pressure swing adsorption, 948–952, 954–956

Boiling points

isobutane, 34–35

simulations, 76

Boilup

distillation cascades, 84–85

stripping columns, 151

superheated, 160–161

Bolles and Fair correlation, 723–729

Bolles design for valve trays, 404

Boltzmann’s constant, 649

Bonded chromatography packing, 923

Bootstrap equation, 686

Bottom operating lines

azeotropic processes, 274, 281

feed lines, 124

McCabe-Thiele method, 117–118, 140–142, 145

open steam heating, 135–137

stripping columns, 151

Boundary conditions

distillation tray efficiency, 739

extraction mixers, 745

falling laminar liquid film, 675–676

local equilibrium with dispersion, 985

Maxwell-Stefan model, 689

reverse osmosis, 872

simulated moving beds, 958

steady-state binary Fickian diffusion, 634–635, 645, 647

ultrafiltration, 880

unsteady binary Fickian diffusion, 638–639

variable binary diffusivity, 655

Boundary curves in complex ternary systems, 289

Bovine serum albumin, 926

Breaking azeotropes, 272

Breakthrough

Aspen Chromatography, 1022–1023

ion exchange, 975–976

linear systems, 986–987, 989

LUB approach, 995–997

pressure-swing processes, 956

shock waves, 969

solute movement, 933, 984

temperature swing adsorption, 942, 944

Brunschwig, Hieronymus, 340

Bubble-cap trays

column diameter calculations, 390

efficiencies, 386–387

staged column design, 376–378

Bubble-point calculations

complex ternary systems, 288, 292

extractive distillation, 298

Goal Seek, 215

matrix solutions, 220–221, 298

multicomponent distillation, 34, 40, 200–204, 208, 225–229, 360

simulations, 76

Bubble regime, 88

Bubbles, oxygen, shrinking diameter of, 664–669

Bulk density in sorption systems, 920–921

Bulk flow pattern effects, 895–899

Butadiene in azeotropic distillation, 302–303

Butane

diffusivity, 648

K values, 33–35

Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649

removal by absorption, 481

Butanol

diffusivity for gases, 648

diffusivity for liquids, 652

dilute systems, 534

Butanol (n-)-water VLE, 312

Butyl rubber membranes permeability, 849

Butylenes in azeotropic distillation, 302–303

C

Caffeine extraction, 616

Calcium acetate hydrates, 775–776

Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solubility, 775

Calcium ion in ion exchange, 970, 972–973

Capacity factor for flooding, 390–391, 419–420

Capital costs

design changes, 448–450

determining, 438–443

energy conservation, 455

ideal multicomponent distillation, 460–462

packed column design, 417

plant operating rate changes, 454–455

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

climate change, 519, 615

diffusivity for gases, 648, 650

diffusivity for liquids, 652–653

Henry’s law constants, 484

hole effects, 861–862

Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649

nonlinear solute movement, 961–962

perfectly mixed gas permeation, 859–860

permeability, 849

removal by absorption, 481–482

supercritical fluids, 615–616

temperature swing adsorption, 946

well-mixed gas permeation, 851–857

Carbon molecular sieves (CMS), 922

Carbon monoxide (CO), Henry’s law constant, 484

Carbon-tetrachloride

Henry’s law constant, 485

NRTL parameters, 599

Carbonated beverages, 484

Carbons for sorbents, 922

Carboxylic acid in esters formation, 306

Cascades

cocurrent, 508–510

column distillation, 82–88

countercurrent, 83–84, 561–569, 611–612

cross-flow, 514, 543–547, 552, 558–561, 602

multieffect, 462

Catalytic distillation, 308

Cation exchange resins, 970

Cellulose membranes

gas permeation, 846

membrane separation processes, 843–844

permeability, 849

reverse osmosis, 862

ultrafiltration, 878

Center cuts in extraction, 540–541

Centrifugal extractors and separators, 529–530

Ceramic packings, 412–413

Chan and Fair correlation, 755

Chapman-Enskog equation

Fickian binary gas diffusivities, 649

Maxwell-Stefan model, 694

Characteristic diagram for solute movement, 932

Check step in in problem solving, 6

Chemical absorption, 481

Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index (CEPCI), 439

Chemical potential equilibrium, 3

Chemical reaction, distillation with, 306–308

Chen and Chuang correlation, 755

Chilton-Colburn analogy

mass transfer coefficients, 681–682

rate-based analysis of distillation, 754

Chimney trays, 382

Chloride ions in ion exchange, 970, 973

Chlorinated solvents

environmental concerns, 531

Henry’s law constants, 485

Chlorine

diffusivity for gases, 648

mass transfer coefficient estimation, 679–680

removal from water, 947

Chlorobenzene

concentrated immiscible extraction, 548–550

diffusivity for liquids, 652

equilibrium data with water and pyridine, 548

Chloroform

Henry’s law constant, 485

partially miscible single-stage systems, 559–561

total reflux, 289–290

Chloroform-benzene-acetone maximum boiling azeotrope, 289–290

Chloro-heptane, Henry’s law constant, 485

Chloro-naphthalene, Henry’s law constant, 485

Christmas-tree pattern in reverse osmosis, 863

Chromatography, 917–918. See also Aspen Chromatography

adsorbents, 923

definitions, 919–922

elution, 934–938

homework, 1003–1018

linear, 989–993

practical design and operation, 998–1000

references, 1000–1003

simulated moving beds, 958

simulations, 1019–1023

solute movement analysis, 930–938

Chung and Wen correlation

local equilibrium with dispersion, 986

lumped parameter mass transfer, 982

Circular pipe downcomers in staged column design, 379, 381

Citric acid (C₃H₄OH(COOH)₃), solubility in water, 775

Clay distillation pots, 339

Climate change

CO₂ capture, 481, 519

solvent concerns, 531

CMO. See Constant molal overflow (CMO) conditions

Co-ions in ion exchange, 974–975

Coalescence in mixer-settler design, 585–586

Cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) solubility in water, 775

Cocurrent absorbers in HTU-NTU analysis, 736–738

Cocurrent cascades, 508–510

Cocurrent flow patterns, 895–896

Coffee beans, caffeine extraction, 616

Coffee production, 610

Cohn equation, 828

Coke formation, 419

Colburn equations

cocurrent absorbers, 737

concentrated absorbers and strippers, 734–735

extraction mass transfer equations, 742

HETP and HTU relationship, 722

Collisions

crystallization, 801

Fickian binary gas diffusivities, 649

Colloidal silica (SiO₂), 923

Column diameters

absorbers and strippers, 501–502

multicomponent distillation simulation, 244–245

packed beds, 411–417

staged column design, 390–396

Column distillation, 81

binary. See Binary column distillation

cascades, 82–88

equipment, 88–90

external column balances, 94–97

homework, 98–104

references, 98

specifications, 90–93

Column mass balances

binary column distillation, 109

diffusion, 981

LUB approach, 994

multicomponent distillation, 256

Column sequences, synthesis of, 460–466

Columns, solute movement in, 930–932

Complex distillation methods, 271

azeotropic distillation with added solvents, 302–306

binary heterogeneous azeotropic, 273–282

breaking azeotropes, 272

with chemical reaction, 306–308

extractive, 296–302

homework, 310–326

pressure-swing, 286–287

references, 309–310

simulations, 326–336

steam, 282–285

ternary systems, 287–296

Complex ternary distillation systems, 287–288

distillation curves, 288–291

residue curves, 291–296

Component mass balances

absorption and stripping, 506

matrix solutions, 221–225

mixed distillate product, 342

multicomponent distillation, 36, 226, 232

residue curves, 291

three-phase flash calculations, 47

Component transfer velocities

independent fluxes, 687

steady-state binary Fickian diffusion, 640–641

Composition profiles

azeotropic distillation, 305

binary distillation, 132

chemical reaction, 308

extractive distillation, 299

multicomponent distillation, 194–196, 198–199

Computers and computer simulations. See Aspen Chromatography, Aspen Plus, Simulations

Concentrated absorbers and strippers

HTU-NTU analysis, 731–736

matrix solution, 504–508

McCabe-Thiele analysis, 497–501

Concentrated immiscible extraction, 547–551

Concentrated liquids, dissolving solid particles in, 668–669

Concentrated systems, liquid drop evaporation in, 666–667

Concentration polarization

mass transfer, 872–876

reverse osmosis, 866–868

ultrafiltration, 878, 880, 882

Concentration polarization modulus, 866

Concentration profiles

binary column distillation, 153

binary mass transfers, 663

diffuse waves, 964

diffusivity in dilute binary mixture, 635–636

extractive distillation, 298–299

linear chromatography, 989–991

linear solute movement, 937

multicomponent distillation, 194–199

nonlinear solute movement, 963–966

nonlinear sorption systems, 994–995

pressure swing adsorption, 953

shock waves, 965, 967–969

steady-state diffusion, 633

Condensation and condensation temperature. See also Dew point calculations

azeotropic distillation, 304

batch distillation, 349

distillation cascades, 85–86, 90

energy conservation, 458

flash distillation, 16–17

heat exchanger design, 444–445

vapor permeation, 838

Condensers

azeotropic distillation, 304

balancing calculated diameters, 397

binary batch distillation, 344

binary column distillation, 146, 149–151, 154

chemical reaction, 308

column distillation, 91, 95

cooling water, 447

costs, 438, 443, 449–450, 453–454

energy conservation, 457–459

flash distillation, 16

heat exchanger design, 445

heat transfer coefficients, 444–445

matrix solutions, 223

multicomponent distillation calculations, 229–231

multicomponent distillation profiles, 195

partial, 101, 146

size, 443

tray efficiencies, 385

Condensing vapor in feed lines, 127

Conduction in Fickian model, 631

Congruent melting points in eutectic systems, 783

Conjugate lines

leaching, 613

partially miscible ternary systems, 555

Constant diffusivity in Fickian diffusion, 645

Constant flow rates

cooling crystallizers, 821

HTU-NTU analysis, 731

leaching, 610–612

McCabe-Thiele and Kremser procedures, 605

single-solute analysis, 502

stage-by-stage solution methods, 111, 114

washing, 608

Constant molal overflow (CMO) conditions

benzene drying, example, 279

feed lines, 121, 128

Fenske equation, 253

matrix solutions, 220–221

McCabe-Thiele method, 117, 139, 140, 161, 604

multicomponent distillation, 199–206, 225

multistage binary batch distillation, 353

open steam heating, 134–135, 137–138

packed distillation columns, 712

stage-by-stage methods, 111–116

stripping columns, 151

subcooled reflux, 159

Underwood equations, 256, 258

Constant-mole batch distillation, 349–350

Constant pattern waves

nonlinear solute movement, 961, 965, 969

sorption systems, 993–994

Constant reflux ratio, 353–357

Continuous crystallizers, 776–777

CSD analysis on seeds, 815–818

equilibrium and mass balances, 777–782

eutectic systems, 782–785

Continuous distillation, 339–341

Continuous water addition batch washing, 624

Contracting objects

binary mass transfer to, 661–664

Maxwell-Stefan model, 695–697

Convection

description, 627

Fickian diffusion, 632–633, 640–647

Convective flux, 640, 646–647

Convergence

absorbers and strippers, 506–507

Aspen Chromatography, 1023–1025, 1025–1027

Aspen Plus problems, 1047–1048

multicomponent flash distillation, 39–40

Naphtali-Sandholm method, 232–233

Newtonian, 39–45, 232–233, 506–507

simultaneous multicomponent flash, 42–47

temperature, 225–229

Conversion of units, 1053–1054

Cooling

adiabatic flashing, 42

ammonia recovery, 302

batch crystallization, 821–822

condensers, 444–445

distillation cascades, 85

feed lines, 127–128

temperature swing adsorption, 939

water costs, 447–449, 451

Cooling crystallizers, 776–777

equilibrium and mass balances, 777–782

eutectic systems, 782–785

Copper concentration in ion exchange, 976–977

Copper ores, leaching, 611

Copper sulfate (CuSO₄)

crystallization, 773

solubility in water, 775

Correction factors in valve tray design, 406

Correlations

mass transfer coefficients, 670–682

random packings, 729–730

Costs

capital. See Capital costs

design and operating effects, 445–454

equipment, 438–443

heat exchanger design, 443–445

plant operating rates changes, 454–455

Counter-ions in ion exchange, 970

Countercurrent cascades

distillation cascades, 83–84

leaching, 611–612

Countercurrent extraction cascades

difference points, 563–567

external mass balances, 561–563

partially miscible systems, 561–569

stage-by-stage calculations, 563–567

Countercurrent immiscible extraction

batch, 552

description, 532

McCabe-Thiele method, 535–538

Countercurrent in membrane separation processes, 895–897

Counterflow

adsorption, 1031–1036

solute movement, 934

Crashouts, 823

Cross-flow permeation, 896–898, 914–916

Cross-flow systems

extraction, 543–547

partially miscible systems, 558–561

Cross-sectional area in drum size calculations, 49–50, 52

Crossflow trays, 378

Crystal size distribution (CSD). See also Mixed suspension, mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizers

batch crystallization, 820–824

continuous cooling crystallizers, 780

crystallization, 793, 798

seeding for, 815–818

Crystallization, 769–770

batch and semibatch, 820–825

binary equilibrium, 772–776

continuous cooling crystallizers, 776–785

crystal size control, 818–819

crystal size distributions, 800–814

dilute liquids, 667–668

evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 785–793

homework, 830–836

population balances, 798–799

precipitation, 825–828

processes, 770–772

references, 828–829

seeding, 814–819

sieve analysis, 793–798

spreadsheets, 835–836

submerged objects, 663

CSD. See Crystal size distribution (CSD)

Cumene

multicomponent batch distillation, 359–360

multicomponent distillation profiles, 195–199

total reflux, 289

Cumulative surface area/volume in MSMPR crystallizers, 808

Cut parameter

gas permeation, 851

pervaporation, 889–890

Cycle Organizer. See Aspen Chromatography

Cyclohexane

azeotropic distillation, 303

diffuse waves, 963–964

elution chromatography, 934–936

equilibrium data for anthracene-cyclohexane-activated alumina, 967

D

DAEs (differential, algebraic equations), 984

Dalton’s law, 35

Damping factor in multicomponent distillation, 205, 226

Das New gross Distiller Buch, 340

Debottlenecking, 158

Decane

K values, 33–35

vapor pressure, 284

Decanters. See also Settlers

design, 578–581

simulations, 600–602

DECHEMA method, 599–601

Defining problem step in problem solving, 5

Degrees of freedom. See also Gibbs phase rule

absorption and stripping equilibria, 483

binary column distillation, 107

crystallization, 772

dilute systems, 532

enriching column, 151

equilibrium data, 19–20

flash distillation, 16–17

multicomponent distillation, 189–190

multisolute absorption and stripping, 502

partially miscible ternary systems, 554

steam distillation, 285

stripping column, 151

Deicing, 783

Demisters

drum size calculations, 49

flash distillation, 16

staged column design, 382

Density unit conversions, 1053

DePriester charts, 32–35

Design effects on costs, 445–454

Design problems in column distillation, 91–92, 478–479

Design problems in membrane separators, 897–898, 912–913

Desorbents

displacement cycles, 938

simulated moving beds, 958–959

Desorption

packed beds, 978

solute movement, 961–962

Dew-point calculations

multicomponent, 34, 205, 208–209

simulations, 76

Dew-point temperatures with Goal Seek, 215

Dextran, 544–547

Dialysis, 838

Diameters

absorber and stripper columns, 501–502

drum size calculations, 49–52

multicomponent distillation, 244–245

oxygen bubbles, 664–669

packed column design, 411–417

settlers, 585

staged column design, 390–396

vacuum columns, 446

Dichloroethane, 182–183

Dichloromethane, Henry’s Law constant, 485

Diethyl ether, 303

Difference equations in Maxwell-Stefan model, 687–688

Difference points in countercurrent extraction cascades, 563–567

Differential, algebraic equations (DAEs), 984

Differential condensation, 349

Differential equations

extraction mixers, 744, 746–747

Fickian diffusion, 635

mass transfer, 661, 665

MSMPR crystallizers, 804

pressure-swing processes, 951

Differential mass balance

Rayleigh equation, 342

reverse osmosis, 872

Differential mass distribution in MSMPR crystallizers, 809–810

Diffuse waves

ion exchange, 974

nonlinear solute movement, 961–965

Diffuser plates, 585

Diffusers, 579

Diffusion and diffusion models

advantages and disadvantages, 698

Fickian model. See Fickian diffusion

homework, 700–706

Maxwell-Stefan model, 683–698

molecular, 630

overview, 627–629

packed beds, 978–984

references, 698–700

spreadsheets, 707–709

Diffusive flux, 640–641, 645–646

Diffusivities

description, 628

dilute binary mixture, 633–636

gases, 647–650

liquids, 651–653

unit conversions, 1053

Dilute absorption, McCabe-Thiele solution, 485–489

Dilute binary mixture diffusivity, 633–636

Dilute fractional extraction, 539–543

Dilute gas bubbles, 664

Dilute liquids, dissolving solid particles in, 667–668

Dilute systems

absorbers and strippers, 502–504, 733–734

analytical solutions, 490–495

evaporating liquid drops, 665–666

film theory, 657–660

Kremser equation, 538–539

McCabe-Thiele method, 532–538

reverse osmosis, 864

stripping analysis, 489–490

Dimensionless groups

mass transfer coefficients, 671–672, 682

mixer-settler design, 583

Dinitronaphthalene (DN), 992–993

Direct (open) steam heating, 132–138

Dispersed phase

extraction mixers, 743–747

mixer design, 574–576

mixer mass transfer coefficients, 751–752

resident time, 581

transfer rate, 741–742

Dispersion, local equilibrium with, 985–986

Dispersion bands in settler design, 580–581

Displacement chromatography, 938

Dissolution solid particles, 667–670

Distillation

binary column. See Binary column distillation

column. See Column distillation

complex. See Complex distillation methods

flash. See Flash distillation

multicomponent. See Multicomponent distillation

rate-based analysis, 753–756

simulations, 764–768. See also Aspen Plus

tray efficiency, 385–390, 738–741

Distillation cascades, 82–88

Distillation column costs, 446

Distribution ratio for dilute systems, 534

Divalent ion exchange, 972–973

Divalent-monovalent ion exchange, 974–978

Divided-wall columns, 460–462

Divinylbenzene (DVB), 970

Do it step in in problem solving, 6

Do loops in VBA. See Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)

Donnan exclusion, 972–973

Double-pass trays, 378

Down time in batch distillation, 361

Downcomers

column distillation, 88–90

flooding, 398–399, 401

sieve trays, 398–403

staged column design, 378–380, 433–436

tapouts, 382

Drinking water treatment, 947

Drip points in packed column design, 408

Driving force

description, 631

dialysis, 838

diffusion, 979

Fickian model, 632

linear models, 656–670

mass transfer rate, 4–5

membrane separation processes, 845

packed distillation columns, 714

pervaporation, 883–884

reverse osmosis, 863

Drops and drop size

extraction mixers, 749

mixer mass transfer coefficients, 750–753

mixer-settler design, 580–581, 584

Drums

flash distillation, 16–17

size calculation, 48–53

Drying

organic compounds, 277–282

solvents, 947–948

Dump points in sieve tray layout, 401

E

Economics, 437

design and operating effects, 445–455

equipment costs, 438–443

homework, 472–479

ideal multicomponent distillation, 460–466

nonideal ternary systems, 466–470

packed column design, 417–418

references, 470–472

Economy of scale in capital costs, 438

Efficiencies

absorption, 481, 496, 508–509

column diameter calculations, 394

column distillation, 90, 154–156

dilute systems, 494

energy conservation, 455–456

extraction mixers, 743–745, 748

mixer-settler design, 578

mixer stage, 746–748

stripping analysis, 489

trays, 376–377, 385–390, 738–741

Electricity costs, 447–449

Electrodialysis (ED), 838, 840

Elution chromatography

analytical applications solution, 989–993

Lapidus and Amundson solution, 988–989

solute movement, 934–938

Empirical mass transfer coefficients, 677–679

Energy

costs, 447–449

unit conversions, 1053

Energy balances

absorbers and strippers, 504

batch distillation, 361

binary flash distillation, 26, 29–30

chemical reaction, 307

column distillation, 96–97, 106–112

condenser and reboiler size, 443

continuous cooling crystallizers, 781

dilute systems, 532

evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 789–793

external column distillation, 94–97

heat transfer in sorption columns, 983

intermediate reboilers, 149

leaching, 611

matrix form, 229–231

matrix solutions, 220–221

McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 604

multicomponent distillation, 190–191

multistage binary batch distillation, 353

Naphtali-Sandholm simultaneous convergence method, 232–233

pervaporation, 888–890

prerequisites, 8

rate-based analysis of distillation, 753

reboilers, 149

simultaneous multicomponent convergence, 43

solute movement theory, 984

Energy conservation in distillation, 437

homework, 472–479

ideal multicomponent distillation, 460–466

nonideal multicomponent distillation, 466–470

overview, 455–459

references, 470–472

Energy transfer

packed beds for sorption systems, 978–984

rate-based distillation, 753–754

Enriching (rectifying) columns, 150–151

Enriching sections

binary column distillation, 150–151

distillation cascades, 86

multicomponent distillation, 204, 460–461

packed distillation columns, 715, 718–720

simulated moving beds, 958

Enthalpy calculation

binary column distillation, 95–96

binary flash distillation, 26

continuous cooling crystallizers, 781

feed lines, 128

multicomponent distillation, 230–231

multicomponent flash distillation, 39

Enthalpy-composition diagrams

binary flash distillation, 31–32

column distillation, 95, 97

evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 790–791

feed lines, 127

stage-by-stage methods, 111

VLE, 20–24

Entrainment

azeotropic distillation, 302–305

batch steam distillation, 352

column diameter calculations, 390, 394

column distillation, 88

extractive distillation, 300

flash distillation, 16

leaching, 612

sieve tray layout, 401

staged column design, 381, 384

supercritical fluids, 616

washing, 606

Environmental effects of solvents, 301, 531

Equilateral triangular pitch for sieve trays, 398

Equilibrium

absorption ammonia in water, 486

absorption, irreversible, 508–509

adsorption, 924–929

binary VLE data, 18, 21–23, 57, 168, 273, 312, 320

binary VLE, graphical representation, 20–25

binary heterogeneous azeotrope, 273, 312, 320

bubble-point calculation, 200–204, 208

concept, 3–4

crystallization, 772–776, 782–785, 790

dew point calculation, 205, 208–209

eutectic systems, 782–784

evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 790–793

extraction, immiscible, 534–535

extraction, partially miscible, 548, 553–556, 568, 593, 599

form and sources VLE data, 17–20

Henry’s law, 483–485, 496

ion exchange, 972–973

immiscible liquid VLE, 278–280

leaching, 613

multicomponent VLE, 32–37

relative volatilities, 30, 360

residue curves, 3-component VLE, 291–297

solid solutions, 784–785

steam distillation, 282–285

supercritical fluid, 616

three-phase VLLE, 47

washing, 607

Equilibrium stages

concept, 2

binary column distillation, 107

flash distillation, 16

multicomponent column distillation, 200

steam distillation, 351

Equimolar counter diffusion, 642–643, 687, 689

Equimolar transfer systems, 657–660

Equipment

column distillation, 88–90

costs, 438–443

evaporative and vacuum crystallizers, 785–787

flash distillation, 16

liquid-liquid extraction, 527–531

membrane separation processes, 840–843

staged column design, 376–385

Error functions

falling laminar liquid film, 675

Fickian diffusion, 639

Lapidus and Amundson solution, 985–986

values of, 986

Esters

formation, 306–308

polarity, 301

Ethane

adsorption isotherm, 924

K values, 33–35

Ethanol

antisolvent, 825

chemical reaction, 308

column distillation, 114–116

diffusivity for gases, 648

diffusivity for liquids, 652

Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649

nonideal binary diffusion, 689–691

packed distillation columns, 717–720

Ethanol-water

azeotropic distillation, 303, 305

binary column distillation, 140–146

binary flash distillation, 27–30

distillation column diameter, 396–397

extractive distillation, 296–297

pervaporation, 887–895

VLE, 18, 20–25

Ethanol-water-benzene residue curves, 293

Ethers, polarity, 301

Ethyl cellulose membranes, 849

Ethylene

adsorption isotherm, 924

K values, 33–35

Euler method, 292, 358

Eutectic systems, 782–785

Evaporating drops

concentrated systems, 666–667

dilute systems, 665–666

Maxwell-Stefan model, 695–697

ternary transfer from, 696–697

Evaporation

diffusion in high-temperature, 644–647

diffusion in low-temperature, 636–638

in pervaporation, 884, 893–895

Evaporative crystallizers, 776, 785

equipment, 785–787

semibatch, 820

simultaneous calculations, 790–793

single-solute systems, 787–789

Excel spreadsheets. See Spreadsheets

Existing drums in flash distillation, 53

Expanding objects

binary mass transfer to, 661–664

Maxwell-Stefan model, 695–697

Explore and think step in problem solving, 5

Extensive variables and Gibbs phase rule, 19

External column balances, 94–97

External mass balances

azeotropic processes, 281

column distillation, 96–97

concentrated immiscible extraction, 549

condenser and reboiler size, 443

countercurrent extraction cascades, 561–563

dilute fractional extraction, 541

extractive distillation, 298

flash distillation, 25, 36

gas permeation, 850

multicomponent distillation, 191–194, 290

pervap, 887–888

pressure-swing processes, 286–287

reverse osmosis, 867

External porosity, 919

External reflux ratio, 95

Extraction. See also Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)

mass transfer analysis, 741–753

mass transfer coefficients, 752–753

mass transfer equations, 741–743

McCabe-Thiele and Kremser procedures, 605

Extraction equilibrium in partially miscible ternary systems, 553–556

Extraction mixers

drop size, 749

stage efficiency, 743–749

Extractive distillation

overview, 296–302

simulation, 332–336

F

F values in packed column design, 411–413, 417

Fair’s method

sieve tray column diameter calculations, 390–396

sieve tray entrainment, 394

sieve tray weeping, 402

Falling liquid film

laminar, flat, 673–677

laminar, ripples, 677

turbulent, 678–680

Feed-and-bleed mode

membrane separation processes, 843

ultrafiltration, 880–881

Feed and feed systems

azeotropic distillation, 304

balances, mass and energy, 112–113

balancing calculated diameters, 397

column distillation, 90–91, 120–128

dilute fractional extraction, 541

elution chromatography, 935

extractive distillation, 300

flash distillation, 15–17, 30

Gilliland correlation, 260

McCabe-Thiele method, 118–128, 140–145

multicomponent distillation, 194, 200, 204

partially miscible single-stage extraction systems, 558

preheating, 473

stripping columns, 151

temperature swing adsorption, 946–947

two-enthalpy feed, 397

Feed flow rate

binary column distillation, 90, 115

flash distillation, 16–17

multicomponent convergence, 42–43, 46

multicomponent distillation calculation procedures, 226

multicomponent flash distillation, 36–42

operating costs, 454

Feed mole fractions

binary flash distillation, 28

eutectic systems, 782

Feed plate locations, 120, 204–205, 260–261

Feedback loops

crystallization seeding, 816

MSMPR crystallizers, 813

Fenske equation, 250–254

Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland (FUG) approach, 249–262

example, 452

extractive distillation, 300

multicomponent batch distillation, 360

Fick, Adolph, 631

Fickian binary diffusivities

binary gas, 647–650

binary liquid, 651–653

variable, 653–656

Fickian diffusion

difficulties, 682

Fick’s law, 631–633

film theory, 657–658

packed beds, 980

reverse osmosis, 872

steady-state, 633–638, 640–647

unsteady, 638–639

Fick’s law, 631–633, 657–658

Fick’s second law, 638–639

Film mass transfer

crystallization, 802

diffusion, 979–980

Films. See also Falling liquid film

dilute and equimolar transfer systems, 657–660

stagnant, 660–661, 673

Finite reflux

distillation curves, 288–289

Gilliland correlation, 259–262

Fires. See also Safety

packed bed, 983

structured packing, 419

temperature swing adsorption, 946–947

Flash distillation, 15

basic method, 15–17

binary, 25–32

drum size calculation, 48–53

equilibrium data, 17–20

existing flash drums, 53

homework, 55–66

multicomponent, 36–42

multicomponent convergence, 42–47

references, 54–55

simulation, 67–76

spreadsheets, 77–79

three-phase calculations, 47–48

VLE, binary, graphical representation, 20–25

VLE, multicomponent, 32–36

Flooding

column diameter calculations, 390–395

column distillation, 88

HETP method, 410

packed columns, 411–417

packed towers, 725–728

sieve tray layout, 398–399, 401–402

valve tray design, 406

Flooding curves, 413–414

Flow parameter (FP)

column diameters, 390, 395

column type choices, 419–420

rate-based analysis of distillation, 754

Flow patterns

flash distillation, 51

gas permeation, 847

membrane separation processes, 843, 895–899

trays, 378–379, 385, 387, 389

Flow programming, 938

Flow rates

absorbers and strippers, column diameter, 501–502

absorbers and strippers, concentrated, 504–506, 731

azeotropic processes, 276

batch distillation, 361

binary flash distillation, 30

column diameter calculations, 390

column distillation, 90, 93–95, 108, 110–114

concentrated immiscible extraction, 550–551

cooling crystallizers, 821

countercurrent extraction cascades, 561, 564

cross-flow extraction, 544

dilute systems, 533, 538

energy conservation, 455

extractive distillation, 298, 300

feed lines, 121–122

gas permeation, 845–862

Kremser method, 538

leaching, 610–615

matrix solutions, 220–222

McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 604

membrane separation processes, 845, 897–898

mixer-settler design, 575

multicomponent distillation calculation procedures, 225–230

multicomponent distillation profiles, 194–195

multistage binary batch distillation, 353

Naphtali-Sandholm method, 232

partially miscible systems, 559, 569

pressure swing adsorption, 955

profiles, 132

settler design, 582

simulated moving beds, 960

trays, 376–379, 403

Underwood equations, 255–256

Flow reversal in adsorption, 1031–1036

Fluxes

diffusion, 980

Fickian model of diffusivity, 632, 634–635, 640–642, 645–647

film theory, 657

gas permeation, 846, 851, 855–856

linear driving-force model, 656–657

Maxwell-Stefan model, 683, 685–687

membranes, 844–845

pervaporation, 892

reverse osmosis, 863, 865–866

transfer to expanding and contracting objects, 662

ultrafiltration, 878–882

Foam regime in column distillation, 88

Foaming

Oldershaw columns, 390

sieve tray layout, 401

Food industry

membrane separation processes, 840

supercritical fluids, 616

For...Next loops in VBA. See Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)

Forward osmosis (FO), 865

Fouling in ultrafiltration, 878

Fraction feed in binary flash distillation, 26–27

Fraction of energy change in temperature swing adsorption, 941

Fractional bed use, 995–997

Fractional contacts in dilute absorption, 488

Fractional crystallization, 815

Fractional entrainment, 394

Fractional extraction in dilute systems, 534, 539–543

Fractional recoveries

column distillation, 94–95

Fenske equation, 252

HNK, 205

multicomponent distillation, 190–194, 200

Underwood equation, 258–259

Fractional stages

liquid-liquid extraction, 567

McCabe-Thiele method, 119, 140, 145

open steam heating, 137

Fractionation Research Institute (FRI), 386–387

Fractions

McCabe-Thiele diagrams, 604

multicomponent simple batch distillation, 360

Fracturing crystals, 799

Freezing point depression in crystallization, 776

Friction factor

mass transfer coefficients, 681

Maxwell-Stefan model, 684–685

Frictional loss in sieve tray layout, 400

Frits, 919

Froth regime

column distillation, 88–90

rate-based analysis of distillation, 754–755

Fructose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

adsorption equilibrium constant, 926

solubility in water, 775

FUG (Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland) approach, 249–262

equilibrium stages, 452

extractive distillation, 300

multicomponent distillation, 360

Fundamental equation of chromatography, 991–992

Furfural

dilute systems, 535

extractive distillation, 300–301

Furfural-water 3-phase system, 74–75

G

Gas bubbles in binary mass transfer, 664

Gas diffusivities, 647–650

Gas flow rates

absorber and stripper column diameter, 501

binary column distillation efficiency, 154

Gas permeation, 845–847

binary mixtures, 847–848

binary crossflow, 896–898, 914–916

flow patterns, 895–899

holes in membrane, 860–862

perfectly mixed systems, binary, 848–858

perfectly mixed systems, multicomponent, 858–860

spreadsheets, 914–916

Gas plant absorption and stripping, 481–482, 523–525

Gaussian solution for linear chromatography, 989–991

Gear’s method, 292

Gel

diffusivity, 651

sorbents, 923

ultrafiltration, 879–883

General empirical form for costs, 440

Generalize step in in problem solving, 6

Geometric average relative volatility in Fenske equation, 251

Gibbs phase rule

absorption and stripping, 483, 502

binary column distillation, 107

crystallization, 772

dilute systems, 532

equilibrium data, 19–20

ternary systems, 554

Gilliland correlation

equilibrium stages, 452

finite reflux ratios, 259–262

Global water crisis, 862

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

adsorption equilibrium constant, 926

solubility in water, 775

Glycols polarity, 301

Goal Seek

crystallization seeding, 816–817

flash distillation, 42, 77–79

gas permeation, 854–855

ion exchange, 973

mixer-settler design, 583

packed column design, 416

stage-by-stage calculations, 213, 215

Underwood equations, 257

gPROMS solver, 984

Gradients

sieve tray layout, 400

solute movement, 938

valve tray design, 406

Grafted polymers membranes, 844

Gram mole, 629

Graphical analysis prerequisites, 8

Graphical representation

binary column distillation, 161–162

binary VLE, 20–25

Green processes, 531

Growth of MSMPR crystallizers, 800–805

Growth rate dispersion, 804

H

Heat capacities

binary flash distillation, 26

simultaneous multicomponent convergence, 43, 45

Heat exchangers

azeotrope separation, 335–336

balancing calculated diameters, 397

costs, 440–441

design, 443–445

distillation cascades, 83–86

energy conservation, 456–457

multicomponent distillation, 462

pervaporation, 886

Heat pumps, 459

Heat transfer

analogy with mass transfer, 631–632, 651, 672, 680–682, 754

batch crystallization, 821

continuous cooling crystallizers, 776

dimensionless groups, 672

energy balances, 983

Fourier’s model of thermal diffusivity, 631

heat exchanger design, 443–445

linear driving-force model, 657–658

mass transfer coefficients, 681–682

rate-based analysis of distillation, 753–754

temperature swing adsorption, 941

tray efficiencies, 386–387

Heavy key (HK)

definition, 190

extractive distillation, 300

multicomponent distillation, 190, 192–193

n-pentane, in example, 197–198

toluene, in example, 195–198

Heavy non-key (HNK)

cumene, in example, 195–199

definition, 190

Fenske equation, 253

multicomponent distillation, 190, 193, 225

Underwood equations, 254

Height of equipment

drum size calculations, 49–50

packing, 409–410

staged column design, 446

Height of equivalent theoretical plate (HETP)

Bolles and Fair correlation, 723

column type choices, 418–419

HTU relationship, 720–722

linear chromatography, 990

packed towers, 728–729

packing height, 409–410

Height of transfer unit (HTU)

Bolles and Fair correlation, 723

HETP relationship, 720–722

mass transfer coefficients, 671

Helium (He)

diffusivity in gases, 648

diffusivity in liquids, 652

molecule movement, 630

permeability, 849

Hemodialysis, 838

Hemoglobin diffusivity, 652

Henry’s law

absorber efficiencies, 496

absorption and stripping equilibria, 483–485

azeotropic processes, 278

binary mass transfer, 664

film theory, 660

oxygen bubbles, 664

Heptane

dilute system equilibrium data, 535

equilibrium data, methylcyclohexane-heptane-aniline, 593

extractive distillation, 298–300

K values, 33–35

Heterogeneous, binary azeotropic distillation processes

Aspen Plus, 329–333

drying organic compounds, 277–282

single-column systems, 273–274

two-column systems, 274–277

Heterogeneous nucleation, 801

HETP. See Height of equivalent theoretical plate (HETP)

Heuristics

column distillation, 90–91

liquid-liquid extraction, 529, 581

synthesis ideal multicomponent distillation, 463–466

synthesis nonideal multicomponent distillation (operational suggestions), 466–470

problem-solving, 6–7

Hexane

azeotropic distillation, 303

column diameter calculations, 395

diffusivity in gases, 648

heat capacity, latent heat and boiling point data, 45

K values, 33–35

H_G estimation, 725–730

High-velocity liquid feeds, 381

H_L estimation, 725–730

Hofmeister series, 827

Holes

gas permeation membranes, 860–862

membrane separation processes, 845

trays, 376–378, 398–399

Hollow-fiber modules and systems

gas permeation, 846

membrane separation processes, 840–841

reverse osmosis, 862–863

Horizontal flash drums, 50–53

HTU (height of transfer unit)

Bolles and Fair correlation, 723

HETP relationship, 720–722

mass transfer coefficients, 671

HTU-NTU analysis, 711

Aspen Plus, 764

cocurrent absorbers, 736–738

concentrated absorbers and strippers, 731–736

extraction mass transfer equations, 741–743

packed distillation columns, 712–720

Human serum albumin, adsorption equilibrium constant, 926

Hybrid systems

gas permeation, 857

pervaporation, 886

Hydrates

continuous cooling crystallizers, 779–782

crystallization, 773

eutectic systems, 783

evaporative crystallizers, 789

Hydraulics

settlers, 579, 581

tray, 398–404

Hydrocarbons

azeotropic distillation, 303

column type choices, 419

environmental concerns, 531

extractive distillation, 301

petroleum processing, 528

polarity, 301

Hydrochloric acid in ion exchange, 970

Hydrodynamic flow properties in binary column distillation efficiency, 154

Hydrogen (H)

adsorption isotherm, 924

diffusivity for gases, 648

diffusivity for liquids, 652

LUB approach, 996–998

permeability, 849

pressure swing adsorption, 951–956

purge gas systems, 934

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)

Henry’s law constants, 484

removal by absorption, 481–482

Hydrophilic membranes

pervaporation, 884

ultrafiltration, 878

Hydrophobic membranes

pervaporation, 884

ultrafiltration, 878

I

IAS (ideal adsorbed solution) theory, 927

Ice, deicing, 783

Ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory, 927

Ideal gas values, 1054

Ideal Model simulations, 72

Ideal multicomponent distillation, 460–466

Ideal ternary systems, 691–695

Immiscible extraction

batch, 551–553

concentrated, 547–551

McCabe-Thiele method, 532–538

single-stage, 543–547

Impellers

crystallization, 799, 801

drop swarms in mixers, 751–752

mixer-settler design, 576–578

Impurity removal step in crystallization, 771

Incongruent melting points, 783–784

independent fluxes in Maxwell-Stefan model, 686–687

Index of Learning Styles, 9

Indexes, CEPCI, 439

Indirect cooling in continuous cooling crystallizers, 776–777

Infinite dilution coefficients, 36

Inherent rejection

reverse osmosis, 868

ultrafiltration, 879

Inlets in staged column design, 380–384

Inputs in simulations, 72–73

Instantaneous breakthrough in solute movement, 984

Integration

batch steam distillation, 351–352

cocurrent absorbers, 737–738

concentrated absorbers and strippers, 732–735

constant-mole batch distillation, 350

crystal nucleation, 803–804

diffusivity, 634–635, 655

distillation columns, 457, 713–716, 718–720

extraction mixers, 745

immiscible extraction, 553

mass transfer, 663, 667–671, 742

mixed distillate product, 342

MSMPR, 804, 806, 808

multicomponent distillation, 358–359

multistage binary batch distillation, 352–353, 355–356

population balances, 799

pressure swing adsorption, 955–956

residue curves, 291–292

simple binary batch distillation, 344–348

tray efficiencies, 739

Intensive variables in Gibbs phase rule, 19

Intercrystal porosity, 920

Interfacial concentration in MSMPR crystallizers, 803

Interfacial mole fractions

binary mass transfer, 662, 664–666

concentrated absorbers and strippers, 732–733

equimolar transfer systems, 658–659

packed distillation columns, 714–716

ternary mass transfer, 696

Interfacial tensions

mixer mass transfer, 751

settler design, 578, 580

Intermediate condensers, 149–151

Intermediate product streams, 82–83, 85–86

Intermediate reboilers, 149–151

Internal balances in binary column distillation, 106–110

Internal porosity in sorption systems, 919

Interstitial velocity

elution chromatography, 936

local equilibrium with dispersion, 985

pressure-swing processes, 954

shock waves, 967

simulated moving beds, 959

solute movement, 930, 932, 984

sorption systems, 920

temperature swing adsorption, 939

Intracrystal porosity, 920

Inversion of matrices, 224–225

Inverted batch distillation, 340

Inverted sequences in multicomponent distillation, 460–461

Ion exchange, 917–918

Aspen Chromatography, 1036–1038

definitions, 919–922

equilibrium, 972–973

homework, 1003–1018

ion movement, 973–978

overview, 970–972

practical design and operation, 998–1000

references, 1000–1003

Ion waves, 974

Ionic liquids, 531

Ions in reverse osmosis, 863

Iron sulfide (FeS) precipitation on structured packing, 419

Irreversible absorption, 481, 508–510

Isobaric periods in pressure swing adsorption, 951

Isobutane

boiling point, 34–35

diffusivity, 648

K values, 33–35

Isobutylene, MTBE from, 308

Isooctane-toluene HETP values for Pall rings, 410

Isomers in extractive distillation, 302

Isopentane K values, 33–35

Isopropanol-water VLE data, 1052

Isopropyl acetate distribution ratio, 534

Isopropyl ether in countercurrent extraction, 567–568

Isotherms

adsorbents, 924–929

binary flash distillation, 31

convergence, 1023–1027

enthalpy-composition diagrams, 31–32

linear chromatography, 989–990, 992–993

local equilibrium with dispersion, 986–987

pressure swing adsorption, 951

solute movement, 930–934, 961–969, 983–984

thermal regeneration, 942–944

VLE, 21–25

Isotropic membranes, 845

K

K values

extractive distillation, 298

matrix solutions, 220–221

multicomponent distillation, 36–42, 201–204, 228

multicomponent hydrocarbon VLE, 32–35

selection guide for correlations, 37

simultaneous method, 45, 232

three-phase flash calculations, 47

Kettle-type reboilers, 381

Key components

definition, 190

extractive distillation, 300

Fenske equation, 253

multicomponent distillation, 190, 192–193, 225

Underwood equations, 254

Kidneys, artificial, 838

Kinetic adsorption processes, 922

Kinetic theory of gases, 647–650

Kinetic transfer steps in crystallization, 800–801

Kirkbride’s method, 260, 262

Knudsen diffusion, 980

Kremser equation

applications, 604–605

concentrated immiscible extraction, 549–551

dilute systems, 490–495, 538–539, 543

generalized, 603–604

HETP and HTU relationship, 720, 722

leaching, 612

miscellaneous separations, 617–618

multisolute absorption and stripping, 502–504

relative volatility, 512

washing, 609

L

Labor costs, 447, 454

Laminar flow in reverse osmosis, 873–874

Lang factor for capital costs, 438

Langmuir isotherms

adsorbents, 924–929

nonlinear solute movement, 962–963, 965–969

Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms, 925

Lapidus and Amundson solution

elution, 988–989

linear chromatography, 989

local equilibrium with dispersion, 985–986

Latent heat of evaporation in batch distillation, 361

Latent heat of steam in temperature swing adsorption, 946

Latent heat of vaporization

binary flash distillation, 26

column distillation, 95–96, 111

cost effects, 447–449

energy balances, 231

open steam heating, 134

pervaporation, 889–891

solvent selection factor, 531

vacuum crystallizers, 790

Latex particles in ultrafiltration, 881–883

Leaching

constant flow rates, 610–612

homework, 619–627

McCabe-Thiele and Kremser procedures, 605

references, 618

supercritical fluids, 615–617

variable flow rates, 612–615

Lead iodide (PbI2) in precipitation, 826–828

Leaning towers, 425

Length/diameter ratio in drum size calculations, 49

Length of unused bed (LUB) approach, 993–999

Length unit conversions, 1053–1054

Lennard-Jones potential parameters, 649

Less volatile component (LVC)

binary flash distillation, 25

distillation cascades, 83, 87

equilibrium data, 18

multicomponent distillation profiles, 195–197

packed distillation columns, 712

Lever-arm rule

countercurrent extraction cascades, 566

liquid-liquid extraction, 556–558

Lewis method, 111, 114–116, 161–162

Liber de arte distillandi, 340

Light key (LK)

benzene, in example 195–199

definition, 190

multicomponent distillation, 190

n-butane, 193

Light non-key (LNK)

definition, 190

Fenske equation, 253

multicomponent distillation, 190, 192, 225

propane, in example, 197–199

Underwood equations, 254

Limiting operating conditions in distillation, 151–154

Linear chromatography

isotherms, 992–993

overview, 989–993

Linear driving-force model

film theory, 657–660

mass transfer coefficients, 673

mass transfer for binary systems, 656–670

mass transfer through stagnant films, 660–661

mass transfer to expanding and contracting objects, 661–664

shrinking diameter of oxygen bubble, 664–669

Linear growth rate

batch crystallization, 821

crystallization seeding, 818

Linear isotherms

convergence, 1023–1025

linear chromatography, 992–993

pressure swing adsorption, 951

solute movement, 932–934

thermal regeneration, 942–944

Linear-Langmuir isotherms, 925

Linear solute movement analysis, 934–938

Linear systems

mass transfer, 985–993

solute movement analysis, chromatography applications, 930–938

solute movement analysis, temperature and pressure swing adsorption, 938–961

superposition, 986–989

Linoleic acid, 535

Liquefied oxygen in multieffect systems, 459

Liquid ammonia in azeotropic distillation, 302

Liquid density in drum size calculations, 51–52

Liquid diffusivities, 651–653

Liquid distributors in packed column design, 408

Liquid drops, evaporating, 665–667

Liquid feed in flash distillation, 16

Liquid-liquid chromatography, 990

Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE), 572

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), 527

Aspen Plus, 1051

dilute fractional extraction, 539–543

homework, 588–598

immiscible extraction, batch, 551–553

immiscible extraction, concentrated, 547–551

immiscible extraction, single-stage and cross-flow, 543–547

Kremser method, 538–539

McCabe-Thiele method, 532–538, 569–570

mixer-settler design, 573–586

mixing calculations and lever-arm rule, 556–558

nomenclature, 533

partially miscible systems, countercurrent extraction cascades, 561–569

partially miscible systems, McCabe-Thiele and triangular diagrams, 569–570

partially miscible systems, minimum solvent rate, 570–572

partially miscible systems, single-stage and cross-flow, 558–561

partially miscible systems, ternary, 553–556

processes and equipment, 527–531

references, 586–588

simulations, 572–573, 598–602

Liquid-liquid settlers. See Decanters, Settlers

Liquid-liquid-vapor systems, 47–48

Liquid membranes, 838

Liquid-phase activity coefficients. See Activity coefficients

Liquid volume in drum size calculations, 50

Lithium chloride (LiCl) solubility in water, 775

LLE. See Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)

Local equilibrium with dispersion, 985–986

Local mass transfer coefficient, 676

Low-velocity liquid feeds in staged column design, 381

LUB (length of unused bed) approach, 993–999

Lumped parameter mass transfer in sorption columns, 981–983

LVC. See Less volatile component (LVC)