NOTES

This book draws on our learning and experience working with leaders for more than three decades and interviews conducted for this book. In some cases, individuals preferred that we exclude their names and business names. For all others, we cited them and our conversations in the text.

I took the liberty of updating the wording of Chuang Tzu’s quote in the front of the book with no intention of changing the meaning. The original quote reads: “To act with the minimum of effort and obtain the maximum results, such is the way of the wise leader.”

Chapter One: Introducing the Pause Principle

“VUCA world” was introduced by the Army War College and by Bob Johansen in his book, Get There Early (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2007), pages 45–46.

The reference to Daniel Kahneman and his work identifying two systems of thinking comes from Time, December 15, 2011, page 1, www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2099712,00.html. To read more, see Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011). The comment on what scientists know about creativity and “Aha!” moments was made by Dr. Erick Kandel, Charlie Rose Brain Series 2, Consciousness, December 5, 2011. Jonah Lehrer’s remarks were extracted from an interview published online by Barnes & Noble, March 27, 2012, pages 1–5. http://bnreview.barnesandnoble.com/t5/Interview/quot-The-residue-of-time-wasted-quot-Jonah-Lehrer-Talks/ba-p/7283.

Neal Maillet, Berrett-Koehler editorial director, brought to our attention the valuable research by Barton and Sutcliffe. Michelle A. Barton and Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, “Learning to Stop Momentum,” MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 51, no. 3 (Spring 2010), pages 69–76.

A reference to a “pause moment” was made by Richard Leider, The Power of Purpose (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2010), page 3. During our interview, Leider cited his annual expedition to Africa as a big pause. The reference to an article on the need for more space was by David Allen, “When Technology Overwhelms, It’s Time to Get Organized,” New York Times, March 18, 2012, SR pages 1 and 4. The Theory U/Presencing concepts are from the book, C. Otto Scharmer, Theory U (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2011), pages 31–34. Scharmer references a discussion he and Joseph Jaworski had with W. Brian Arthur about changing economic foundations. Arthur discusses two levels of cognition or “knowing.” An excellent article on how executive careers plateau if they do not develop interpersonal skills and other higher-order competencies and strategies is Kenneth R. Brousseau, Michael J. Driver, Gary Hourihan, and Rikard Larsson, “The Seasoned Executive’s Decision-Making Style,” Harvard Business Review (February 2006). All the examples of pragmatic pause come from our interviews.

We first heard about São Paulo’s ban on print advertising in the 2011 documentary/comedy by Morgan Spurlock and Jeremy Chilnick, The Greatest Movie Ever Sold. Curious, we explored online sources, including “Billboard Ban in São Paulo Angers Advertisers,” New York Times, December 12, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/world/americas/12iht-brazil.html, and Patrick Burgoyne, “São Paulo: The City That Said No to Advertising,” Businessweek, www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/jun2007/id20070618_505580.htm.

During our interview with Dr. Thomas Morgan, Augsburg College, he referred us to Eric E. Vogt, Juanita Brown, and David Isaacs, The Art of Powerful Questions (Mill Valley, CA: Whole Systems Associates, 2003), pages 2 and 1. We found that the significance of continuous questioning bears out in the research on innovators by Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s DNA (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011), pages 23–40.

During the final weeks of writing the manuscript, we had the privilege of reading part of Paul Laudicina’s new book in draft form and discussing it with him. To read more, look for Paul Laudicina, Beating the Global Odds (New York: Wiley, 2012). For research on the demand for leaders who can deal with ambiguity and complex challenges, see M. M. Lombardo and R. W. Eichinger, The Leadership Machine, researched by Lominger International (Minneapolis: Lominger International, 2001). Center for Creative Leadership research presented at Conference Board Executive Coaching Conference, February 2008.

Terry Bacon, my colleague, has researched and written extensively on power and influence. In a conversation, we talked about drive and credibility. For more on aspects of influence, see Terry Bacon, The Elements of Influence (New York: AMACOM, 2011).

I had the privilege of meeting and talking with Warren Bennis. The following book and his other writings have been important influences. Warren Bennis, On Becoming a Leader (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990).

Chapter Two: Pause to Grow Personal Leadership

The research referenced on the relationship between self-awareness and successful leadership comes from: J. P. Flaum, “When It Comes to Business Leadership, Nice Guys Finish First,” Green Peak Partners, pages 4 and 6. The article was based on the study, “What Predicts Executive Success,” done in collaboration with Cornell University. The article on managerial self-awareness is Allan H. Church and W. Warner Burke Associates, “Managerial Self-Awareness in High-Performing Individuals in Organizations,” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 82, no. 2 (1997), pages 281–92. To read more on the research basis for self-awareness, see Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam, 1995); Jim Collins, Good to Great (New York: HarperCollins, 2001); John H. Zenger and Joseph Folkman, The Extraordinary Leader (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002). The reference to “three abilities” comes from an interview with Daniel Goleman by Dan Schawbel, “Daniel Goleman on Leadership and The Power of Emotional Intelligence,” Forbes, page 2. Additional references supporting whole-person development: Daniel Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam, 1998), pages 26–27. Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, Primal Leadership (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004), page 94. The quote by Bill George is from: Bill George, True North (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007), page 65. The full reference to Brooks’s brilliant book is David Brooks, The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character and Achievement (New York: Random House, 2011), pages 39 and 45.

Emerson’s essay, “Character,” is available in various collections. One source is Brooks Atkinson, The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Modern Library, 2000), pages 327–40. For more on “The Study of Character,” see the work by Terry Bacon, The Elements of Power (New York: AMACOM, 2011), pages 3, 127, 115–119. The reference to Hamlet is in Act IV, Scene V, William Shakespeare, Hamlet (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1958). Our source for the description of the Character Foundation Assessment^TM is Grant Peirce, The Peirce Group. Someone sent me the “thousand tiny surrenders . . .” quote. The author gave us permission to use it but preferred not to be identified because we extracted it from its fuller context.

Insights about Steve Jobs through interviews from people who knew him and especially by Walter Isaacson were enlightening. For a more complete understanding, read: Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011). The reference to Howard Schultz’s comments on purpose come from an online interview: Gagen Mac Donald, “Connecting with Purpose and Meaning,” Let Go & Lead Series Four, conversation with Howard Schultz; www.letgoandlead.com/2011/08/howard-schultz-connecting-with-purpose-meaning/.

Reference to the benefits of walking and taking a nap are from “31 Ways to Get Smarter Faster,” Newsweek, January 9, 2012, page 29. Another source on the beneficial connection between sleep and innovation is Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s DNA (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011), page 57.

Walter Isaacson’s biography on Albert Einstein is fascinating. Walter Isaacson, Einstein (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), pages 113–33. The reference to the important connection Steve Jobs made between his knowledge of calligraphy and the creation of fonts is a widely told story, one he related in his speech to graduates of Stanford University. For the text, see the following link: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html.

Reference to research on meditation showing improvements in brain activity and intelligence, as well as metabolic functions, include M. C. Dillbeck et al., “Frontal EEG Coherence, H-Reflex Recovery, Concept Learning, and the TM-Sidhi Program,” International Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 15 (1981), pages 151–57; M. C. Dillbeck, “Meditation and Flexibility of Visual Perception and Verbal Problem-Solving,” Memory & Cognition 10, (1982), pages 207–15. M. C. Dillbeck et al., “Longitudinal Effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program on Cognitive Ability and Cognitive Style,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 62 (1986), pages 731–38. S. Yamamoto et al., “Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulated Cortex in the Generation of Alpha Activity Induced by Transcendental Meditation: A Magnetoencephalographic Study,” Acta Medica Okayama Vol. 60, no. 1 (2006), pages 51–58. J. Anderson et al., “Blood Pressure Response to Transcendental Meditation: A Meta-analysis,” American Journal of Hypertension Vol. 21, no. 3 (2008), pages 310–16. V. A. Barnes et al., “Stress, Stress Reduction, and Hypertension in African Americans,” Journal of the National Medical Association Vol. 89 (1997), pages 464–76.

To see considerable research on the benefits of mindfulness meditation and other mindfulness practices, go to University of Massachusetts, Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society, www.umassmed.edu/Content.aspx?id=42426. The reference to the PBS, Healing and the Mind program can be found in Bill Moyers, Healing and the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 1993), pages 122–23.

To read more about Maslow and his work on peak experiences and Csikszentimihalyi’s work on flow, see Abraham Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being (New York: Van Nostrand-Rheinhold, 1968), or Mihaly Csikszentimihalyi, Flow (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991). For more on presencing, we recommend C. Otto Scharmer, Theory U (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2009), pages 8, 29–30, 38–47, 49–52; Peter Senge, C. Otto Scharmer, Joseph Jaworski, and Betty Sue Flowers, Presence (New York: Doubleday, 2004), pages 13–15, 213–34.

Kabat-Zinn’s quote on “the interior landscape” is from Jon Kabat-Zinn, Coming to Our Senses (New York: Hyperion, 2006), page 23.

References to the modern whole-brain theory and intelligent memory are from William Duggan, “How Aha! Really Happens,” strategy+business, no. 61 (November 23, 2010), pages 1–2. Additional references he cites are B. Milner, L. R. Squire, E. R. Kandel, Neuron, Vol. 20, no. 3 (March 1998), pages 445–68; Barry Gordon and Lisa Berger, Intelligent Memory (New York: Viking, 2003); Timothy Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), pages 6 and 24. References to the conscious and unconscious mind come from Charlie Rose Brain Series 2, Consciousness, December 5, 2011. For Daniel Pink’s reference to Betty Edwards’s insight about drawing, see Daniel Pink, A Whole New Mind (New York: Penguin, 2005), page 15.

Chapter Three: Pause to Grow Others

Ram Charan has made significant contributions to our understanding of business strategy and the importance of identifying and developing talent for organizational growth and contribution. Ram Charan and Bill Conaty, The Talent Masters (New York: Crown, 2010), page 1.

For more on Level V Leaders, read Jim Collins, Good to Great (New York: Harper Collins, 2001), pages 25–40.

In 1997, we attended a spectacular exhibit of Dale Chihuly’s glass sculptures at the Minneapolis Institute of Art. We were as impressed with the videos and writing on his team process and the abundance mentality that is a part of it as we were with the exceptional pieces on exhibit. To learn more, go to Dale Chihuly’s website, www.chihuly.com/chihuly-biography. aspx, Writings about the Artist.

To see the research supporting the business case for developing leaders, go to Corporate Executive Board, “A Senior Leader’s Guide to Leader-Led Development: Understanding Your Role in the Nest Generation of Leaders” (Washington, DC: Corporate Executive Board, 2007), page 6.

For more on the significance of questions, see Eric Vogt, Juanita Brown, and David Isaacs, The Art of Powerful Questions (Mill Valley, CA: Whole Systems Associates, 2003), page 1. Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s DNA (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011), pages 23 and 65–88.

The listening research is eye opening. To read more, go to Kelly E. See, Elizabeth Wolfe Morrison, Naomi B. Rothman, and Jack B. Soll, “The Detrimental Effects of Power on Confidence, Advice Taking, and Accuracy,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (2011), pages 1–12. Steve Nguyen, “Bosses and Powerful People Do Not Listen,” Workplace Psychology (2011), http://workplacepsychology.net/?s=Bosses+and+Powerful+People+Do+Not+Listen.

Michelle A. Barton and Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, “Learning to Stop Momentum,” MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 51, no. 3 (Spring 2010), pages 71–76. We heard Peter Senge’s “eye of the needle” story in his audiobook: Peter Senge, The Power of Presence (Sounds True, 2008). The insight by Senge is from Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook (New York: Crown, 1994). The op-ed piece by Thomas Friedman, “Help Wanted,” New York Times, December 18, 2011, pages 1–3, includes the quotes by Dov Seidman. Noel Tichy and Warren Bennis, “Wise Leaders Cultivate Two Traits,” Leadership Excellence (June 2007), page 3. Daniel Coyle, The Talent Code (New York: Bantam, 2009), pages 32–33, 38–45, 44, and 18.

For more on the Novartis case study, see the whitepaper: Kevin Cashman, Janet Feldman, Katie Cooney, and George Hallenbeck, “Accelerated Leadership Development and Succession: Korn/Ferry’s Impact at Novartis” (Korn/Ferry Institute, 2010), pages 1–7. It is available at www.CashmanLeadership.com.

To read more on generativity and the other life cycle stages, see Erik H. Erikson and Joan M. Erikson, The Life Cycle Complete (New York: Norton, 1997), pages 55–109.

Chapter Four: Pause to Grow Cultures of Innovation

The description by Banesh Hoffman of Albert Einstein was translated from a Spanish edition of Einstein by Banesh Hoffman (Editorial Salvat de Grandes Biografias). The other references to Einstein come from Walter Isaacson, Einstein (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), pages 113–33; Walter Isaacson, American Sketches (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), pages 129, 143–45. Walter Isaacson’s statement about the similarities between Albert Einstein and Steve Jobs are from a live interview Isaacson did with Charlie Rose after Steve Jobs’s death in October 2011.

Otto Scharmer’s Theory U is a comprehensive, pragmatic approach for fostering new thinking and innovative solutions. C. Otto Scharmer, Theory U (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2009), pages 22, 15, 17, and 14.

Sources for Ray Anderson and Interface, Inc.: Ray Anderson with Robin White, Confessions of a Radical Industrialist (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009); Ray Anderson, A Call for Systemic Change (Population Press, 2004), www.populationpress.org/publication/2004-2-anderson.html. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Ray Anderson, on the business logic of sustainability, TED, February 2009, www.ted.com/talks/ray_anderson_on_the_business_logic_of_sustainability.html. TED refers to Technology, Entertainment and Design. Talks are on topics that may have a positive influence on the world. For more about TED, to view talks or learn how to apply to give one, go to www.ted.com/. Interface website: History, Culture, Mission/Vision and Values: www.interfaceglobal.com/Sustainability/Interface-Story.aspx. Retrieved January 12, 2012. Editor, “Ray Anderson Leads Business Down a Sustainable Path,” Sustainable Living, pages 1–3. Retrieved December 27, 2011, www.sustainablelivingmagazine.org/business/eco-business/74-ray-anderson-leads-the-way.

Jane Stevenson and Bilal Kaafarani, Breaking Away (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011), pages 15–26.

Sources on Steve Piersanti and Berrett-Koehler Publishers are accessible on the Berrett-Koehler website, www.bkconnection.com. There is a video of Steve and links to feature articles, news, press releases, the Bill of Rights and Responsibilities, a discussion guide for Peter Block, Stewardship (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1998). Articles include “Taking a Page from Its Books,” Motto Media (March/April 2007), pages 39–41. Lucas Conley, “Getting on the Same Page,” Fast Company.com, November 1, 2005, pages 1–2. Hua-Ching Ni, The Complete Works of Lao-Tzu (Santa Monica, CA: Seven Star Communications, 1995), page 59. “TED in the head” comes from Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s DNA (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011), page 47. The term “The Medici Effect” is from Frans Joseph, The Medici Effect (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006), page 20.