INDEX

absorption

due to dust, 85–86, 103, 173

due to metals, 27, 39, 85, 103, 116–120, 126, 131, 175, 185, 189

extrinsic, 86

photoelectric, 52, 75, 86, 98

X-ray, 78–80, 114

accretion, 65, 231

efficiency of, 65, 66

accretion disk, 38, 65, 139–141, 149, 153, 221

afterglows

bumps and wiggles, 103

discovery of, 26

dust absorption of, 85–86, 103

flares in, 76–78, 84, 103, 163

inverse Compton (IC)

scattering, 102

neutrinos, 194

plateau phase, 76–78, 83–84, 103

reverse shock origin of, 101–102

synchrotron blastwave theory of, 91–92, 98, 100, 103

theory of, 91

Amati, Lorenzo, 199

American Astronomical Society, 7

Amsterdam University, 26

angular momentum, 149–150

anomalous X-ray pulsars, 16, 136

ASCA, 75

Astrophysical Journal, 6

asymptotic giant branch (AGB), 174, 175

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 213

Atteia, Jean-Luc, 228

Band Function, 44–46, 56, 207

Band, David, 207

BATSE, 18, 20–24, 41–44, 46, 48, 49, 81, 164, 206, 207

BeppoSAX, 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 41, 72, 74, 75, 80, 211

Big Bang, 30, 37, 128–130, 181, 183–184

black hole (BH), 22, 34, 38, 40, 57, 64, 66, 105, 106, 122, 135, 139–141, 149–151, 153–155, 157, 163, 165, 166, 185, 192, 210, 222

blastwave, 58, 63, 71, 73, 88, 90–96, 99–103, 107, 108, 111, 114, 214, 215

California Institute of

Technology (Caltech), 27, 30, 40

Cambridge University, England, 73, 206

celestial sphere, 5, 6, 18, 21, 204

central engine, 38, 58, 62–67, 103, 135, 139, 140, 151–154

Chandra, 75, 78

circumburst medium (CBM), 61, 62, 80, 95–97, 99, 104, 108, 114, 116, 138, 222

classification, 50–51, 165–168

long-soft bursts (LSBs), 35, 50

short-Hard bursts (SHBs), 50

XRFs, 48

XRRs, 48

Colgate, Sterling, 204

collapsar, 34–36, 137, 141, 143, 149, 154–156, 158, 163, 165–167, 221

collimation.See jetting collisionless shocks, 61, 68, 69, 91

compactness problem, 55, 57

Compton Gamma-Ray

Observatory (CGRO), 20, 44, 45

Copenhagen University, 33

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), 181, 183

cosmological constant, 148, 196

Costa, Enrico, 228

Curtis, Herber, 22

dark energy, 196, 200

degeneracy pressure, 13, 138, 151, 219

electron, 138, 151, 219

neutron, 151

dirty fireball, 60, 139

Doppler shift, 28, 56, 119, 141–142

Duration

T₉₀, 43

dust, 73, 85, 86, 103, 173–178, 180, 189, 213, 215, 216, 223

gray, 216

dwarf galaxy, 124, 173, 221

E = mc², 30

Einstein, Albert, 148, 196

Elba, Italy, 29

expanded VLA (eVLA), 213

external-shock scenario, 58, 61, 62, 70, 91, 95, 106, 156, 222

Fenimore, Edward E., xi

Fermi, 41, 81, 132

fireball, 58–62, 68, 73, 139, 194, 209

dirty, 60, 139

matter-dominated phase of, 59

radiation-dominated phase of, 59

fluence, 14, 43, 55

fluorescence, 80

forward shock, 91

Fox, Derek B., 228

Frail, Dale A., xi, 213, 214

Frontera, Filippo, 228

Galama, Titus, 31

Gehrels, Neil, 228

General Relativity, 28, 128, 153, 170, 193, 195–198, 200

Ginga, 44, 46, 211

gravitational waves, 37, 153, 154, 157, 158, 165, 167, 168, 191, 192, 195, 196, 201, 223, 224

as smoking gun of a progenitor, 36, 158, 192

detectors of, 161, 165, 192

event, 37, 158, 161

GRB, individual

041219b, 83

050509b, 36, 125, 127, 160, 217

060502b, 159, 160

060904b, 84

070201A, 164, 165

080319b, 83, 172, 212

011121, 75, 115, 143, 215

011211, 76

020813, 216

021004, 101, 216

030329, 33, 90, 126, 127, 144, 145, 220

030418, 216

050709, 78, 135, 163

050801, 84

050904, 172, 187

050906, 222

051103, 164

060218, 31, 121, 147

060418, 216

060505, 121, 146, 147, 149, 167

060614, 146, 147, 149, 167

060729, 84

061007, 76, 84, 110

061126, 216

070125, 99

070610, 167

071003, 98

071025, 174, 176

080320, 224

080503, 161, 162

080607, 117, 118, 180

090423, 39, 134, 187, 224

090510, 197

100316D, 31

670702, 3, 4

920723, 81

970228, 29, 74, 75, 81, 91, 143, 206

970508, 28, 29, 39, 75, 87–90

980326, 32, 143

980329, 87, 88, 111

980425, 31, 33, 42, 121, 128, 141–142, 145, 147, 164

980923, 81

990123, 45, 82, 101, 125, 172

990510, 108, 109

GRBs

central engine of, 38, 58, 62–67, 103, 135, 139, 140, 151–154

classical, 16, 24, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 43, 48

cosmological origin of, 28, 29, 31–33, 55, 57, 142, 206

fluence, 14, 43, 55

Galactic origin of, 15, 17, 22, 23, 27, 57, 72, 167

hard-to-soft evolution, 44, 47

isotropy of, 19–22

neutrinos from, 194, 195

progenitors, 37, 38

massive stars, 33, 34, 137

NS–BH mergers, 38, 153, 155, 161, 163, 192

NS–NS mergers, 32, 38, 127, 150–155, 159–163

supernova connection to, 32, 33, 137

Great Debate, 22, 23, 87

gray dust, 216

Grindlay, Josh, xi

hard-to-soft evolution, 44, 47

Harvard University, 33, 83, 144

HETE, 24

HETE-2, 25, 35, 41

Hjorth, Jens, 228

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 26, 80, 122, 125, 217

Hughes, Scott, 192

Hurley, Kevin, 203

hypernova, 142

IceCube, 195

inflation (early universe), 196

Institute for Advanced Study, 193

Integral, 41, 83, 207

internal-shock scenario, 57, 58, 62, 75, 91, 93, 106, 141, 222

interstellar scintillation, 88–90

inverse Compton (IC) scattering, 70, 102

IPN, 10, 12, 24, 25, 73, 164, 206

isotropy, 19, 22

Jakobsson, Páll, 179

JEM-EUSO, 195

jetting, 31, 57, 77, 105, 107–109, 131, 140, 141, 149

Katz, Jonathan, 227

Keck Observatory, 27

kilonova, 157, 161, 162

Kirshner, Robert, 230

Klebesadel, Ray, 3, 6, 7, 11, 33, 72, 204

Konus-Wind, 41

Kouveliotou, Chryssa, 48

Kulkarni, Shrinivas R., xi, 30

La Palma Observatory, 26

Lamb, Donald Q., 22, 228

Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 193

Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), 13, 14, 18, 124

light travel time, 55, 204

Lorentz Factor, 56–60, 62, 67–69, 71, 93–96, 103, 140, 214

dynamics of, 58

terminal, 59

Lorentz Invariance Violation

(LIV), 197

Los Alamos National

Laboratory, 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24

M81, 164

Mészáros, Peter, 73, 90, 91, 229

MacFadyen, Andrew, 140, 143

magnetar, 16, 51, 164, 222

extragalactic, 38, 164

March 5th Event, 12–16, 18, 23, 26, 31, 163, 164

Marshall Space Flight Center, 20

mass loss, 114, 116, 149, 171

Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, 24, 192

Matheson, Tom, 144

metallicity, 120, 134, 171, 173, 180–182, 184, 188, 189

Milky Way, 15–18, 21, 23, 27, 51, 79, 89, 96, 117, 118, 123–125, 134, 138, 150, 153, 154, 167, 174, 205, 221

neutrinos, 65, 67, 139, 167, 168, 194, 195, 209, 224

neutron star (NS), x, 13–17, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 64, 66, 67, 135, 136, 138, 139, 151–153, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 191–193, 211, 220

Newton, Isaac, 152

NFI, 26

NRAO, 213

Observatories

BATSE, 18, 20–24, 41–44, 46, 48, 49, 81, 164, 207

BeppoSAX, 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 41, 72, 74, 75, 80, 211

Compton Gamma-Ray

Observatory (CGRO), 20, 44, 45

Fermi, 41, 81, 132

Ginga, 44, 46, 211

HETE-2, 25, 35, 41

Integral, 41, 83, 207

Konus-Wind, 41

Suzaku, 41

Ulysses, 41

Occam’s Razor, 57

Olson, Roy, 4, 6

optical depth, 52–56, 79, 99

Pacini, Franco, 29

Paczyski, Bohdan, 22, 23, 73, 157, 228

parallax, 9

Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), 1

Pennsylvania State University, 73

photoelectric absorption, 75, 79, 86, 98, 103

Piran, Tsvi, 229

polarization, 47

Population II stars, 225

Population III stars, 190, 225

Princeton University, 22, 73

prompt counterparts, 72, 73

prompt emission, 37, 52, 78, 91, 163, 222

Ptolemaic model, 214

pulsar, 205

pulse

lag, 47

width, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 61

quasar, 22, 37, 39, 89, 105, 168, 170, 172, 174, 184, 185, 223

isotropy of, 22

Quataert, Eliot, 157

radioactive fission, 2, 52

Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, 228

redshift, 28, 51, 56, 85

cosmological, 27–29, 34, 38, 39, 47, 51, 85, 87, 127–132, 134, 143–144, 147–148, 160–162, 175, 177, 180–190, 197–200, 217–219

due to Doppler motion, 28, 56, 107, 119

gravitational, 28

Rees, Martin J., xi, 72, 73, 90, 91, 210

Relativistic Doppler beaming, 131

relativistic expansion, 29, 55, 90

Relativity, theory of, 28, 30, 107, 128, 153, 170, 193, 195–198, 200

reverse shock, 101, 102, 194

Rhoads, James E., 73

Robotic Optical Transient

Search Experiment (ROTSE), 82–83

Ruderman, Mal, 29

Sagan, Carl, 169, 197

Schilling, Govert, 227

serendipity, 1

SFR, 134, 178, 181, 182

SGR 1806–20, 164, 165

SGR 0525–66, 163

Shapley, Harlow, 22, 205

shocks, 178

shockwave, 138

Sloan Digital Sky Survey

(SDSS), 172

Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), 124, 174, 176, 177

SN, individual

1987A, 195

1998bw, 31–33, 121, 141–147, 157

2002ap, 146, 147

2003dh, 33, 145, 220

2006aj, 146, 147

2006gy, 172

Soft Gamma-ray Repeater

(SGR), 16–18, 35, 136, 163, 164, 205

flares, 35, 43

Giant Flare, 16, 164

March 5th Event, 12–16, 31, 163

Space Sciences Laboratory, 203

Stanek, Krzysztof, 144

Strong, Ian, 4, 6

supernova (SN), 8, 14, 31, 32–37, 60, 69, 96, 104, 115, 134, 138, 141, 148, 152, 178

“failed” Ib, 31, 139, 141, 148

as a dirty fireball, 60, 64

broad-lined type Ic (Ic-BL), 142, 144, 147

collapsars, 138

naming convention, 31

progenitors of, 138, 149

Type Ia, 219

Type Ib, 134, 138, 139

Type Ic, 33, 138, 142, 144, 147

supernova remnant, 13, 14, 73, 111, 136, 165, 193, 205

Suzaku, 41

Swift, 35, 36, 41, 50, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88, 110, 123, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 144, 147, 151, 164, 179, 182, 185, 207

Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), 35

X-ray Telescope (XRT), 36, 76

synchrotron blastwave theory, 71, 91, 92, 100, 102, 103, 107

τ, optical depth, 52–56, 79, 99

Tanvir, Nial, 26, 206

time dilation

cosmological, 47, 83, 145, 218

Twitter, 119

Ulysses, 41

Università di Roma, 194

University of California, 24, 36, 139, 157, 218

University of Chicago, 22

van Paradijs, Jan, 26

Vedrenne, Gilbert, 228

Very Large Array (VLA), 24, 213

Vietri, Mario, 194

Waxman, Eli, 193

weak equivalence principle, 195

Weiler, Kurt Walter, 229

Weinberg, Steven, 229

Wheeler, J. Craig, 229

white dwarf (WD), 8, 13, 64, 66, 138, 151, 222

Wijers, Ralph A. M. J., xi, 91

Wolf-Rayet star, 138, 149

Woosley, Stan, 34, 139, 140, 142, 143, 148, 229

X-ray Flashes, 48

X-ray Rich GRBs (XRRs), 48

XMM-Newton, 75

Zodiacal light, 213