Index

A

Academic research, 38
Accumulated value, 22
Active nanodevices, 263
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 106
Advanced Technology Centre (ATC), 249
Aerospace, and automotive industries, 75, 125
Agile manufacturing, 53
Aim-oriented empiricism (AOE), 274
Alkali Inspectorate, 225
“Alternative model”, 17–19, 24, 25, 201
Amplification, 33
“Anti-graffiti” paint, 127
APS (average particle size), 147, 154
Architecture and construction, 127
Atom-by-atom assembly, 5, 20, 108, 129, 155
Atomic force microscope (AFM), 4, 5, 155–158, 236
Atomically precise technologies, corollary of, 129
Automatic diagnosis, diseases, 91
Automotive industries, aerospace and, 125
Average annual growth rate (AAGR), 73

B

Bayh-Dole Act, 30
Benign dictatorship, 166, 167
Bionanotechnology, 10, 54
Biotechnology, 53, 187, 189, 261
Business environment, patents, 165

C

Cambridge Display Technology (CDT), 240
Capture of value, 163, 235
Carbon nanotube arrays, 110, 121
Carbon-based materials, 37
Catalysis, 98, 240
Caveat emptor, principle of, 97, 207, 230
Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 247
Civilization, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 114, 143, 217, 251, 262, 269, 270, 274, 284
Civilization Index (CI), 250
Classification, labelling and packaging (CLP), 227, 228
Climate change, 29, 82, 258, 269, 270
CNTs, 64–66, 75, 76, 115, 136, 240, 241
Commercial readiness levels, see CRL
Commercialization, costs of, 164
Companies, new, 35, 36, 188, 240
Complementary metal oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), 120
Complex machines, 263
Composite films, 131
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR), 74, 77
Computer modeling, 175
Concept of regulation, 225
Conceptual nanotechnology, 9, 12, 81
Conditional knowledge, 15
Consumer products, 68–70, 72, 130, 141, 162, 163, 170, 213
“Core-shell” particles, 212
CRL (Commercial readiness levels), 171, 172, 174
Crowdsourcing, 38, 144

D

Data storage technologies, 121
Decree-driven model, 17
Demography, 270, 273
Department of Energy (DoE), 29, 113, 249
Depletion, of resources, 271
Design, improvements in, 47
Design algorithm, 142, 143
Development, technological, 23, 24, 119, 206, 245
Diagnostic imaging applications, 84
Direct nanotechnology, 8, 86, 162
Dispassionate observer, 207
Display technologies, 122
Double counting, 72
Downstream audit sequencing (DAS), 228–230

E

Economic forecasting, traditional methods of, 257
Electrical cabling, 135
Electrical storage devices, 111
Elevation of society, 262, 281, 282
Enact pharma, 237
Energetic materials, 134
Energy, 21, 22, 29, 38, 66, 74, 86, 88, 105–115, 117, 128, 129, 132, 134, 146, 148, 263–265
efficiency, 105, 106, 114, 129
electrical cabling, 115
localized manufacture, 117
production, 96, 105, 114, 132, 260, 261
fuel cells, 106
solar energy, 107
storage, 66, 105, 107, 109, 111–113, 156, 241
electrical storage devices, 111
hydrogen storage, 113
Energy densities, 66, 110–112, 134
Energy efficiency, 105, 129
Energy harvesting, 105, 241
Engineering, vs. science, 258
ENIAC computer, 21
Environment, 10, 40, 85, 86, 93, 94, 96, 98, 128–130, 132, 135, 171, 172, 200, 226–228, 230, 261, 262, 283, 284
Environmental degradation, 129, 271, 273
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 226, 227
Ethics, 279–283
nanoethics, 282
European Union (EU), 54, 68, 99, 177, 182, 193, 200–202, 227–229
European Union “Framework” research, 182, 193
Eutactic environment, 10, 51, 264
Exchange, 22, 34, 168, 188, 198–200, 228, 234, 250
Exposure, 69, 205–215, 229
Extracellular matrix (ECM), 89

F

Fabrication, 11, 37, 48, 50, 51, 66, 107–109, 120, 129, 131, 134, 142, 147, 157, 175, 205, 206
performance, 37, 50, 51, 120, 142
Fast ion bombardment (FIB), 156
Field Studies Council (FSC), 262
Field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), 241, 242
Fiscal environment, 38, 200
endogenous funding, 198
government funding, 194, 198
Fiscal environment of nanotechnology, 187, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202
Food, 16, 54, 69, 93–97, 123, 125, 126, 130, 163, 171, 175, 199, 206, 226, 229, 272, 273
farming, 93
nano-additives, 96
packaging, 93–96
sensors, 96, 126
Food chains, 130
Forward selling products, 189
Fuel cells, 106–112, 156, 240
Funding, 30, 42, 167, 190, 192, 195, 197, 201, 202, 242

G

Generic business models, 178
Genetic algorithms, 142
Genetic engineering, 282
Genetic programming, 142
Genetically modified (GM) plants, 39
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR), 121
Global market value, 73
Global nanotechnology, 245, 246, 250, 252
Globalization, 25, 38, 200, 245, 259, 269, 275
Gold nanoparticles, 82
Government, 16, 17, 20, 30, 38, 55, 165, 191, 192, 195, 201, 202, 207, 229, 247, 251, 252
Government funds, 189, 196
Graphene, 7, 9, 62, 64–68, 74, 87, 157, 226

H

Hazard, 208, 209, 211, 212, 215, 218, 219, 229, 280, 281
Health, 10, 22, 54, 69, 70, 81, 82, 91–93, 97, 125, 127, 155, 175, 200, 205–207, 226–228, 273
Heat management, 120, 121
Homeland security, 135
Hydrogen economy, 109
Hydrogen storage, 112, 113
Hyperion, 66, 239, 240
Hyperion Catalysis International, 240

I

Indirect nanotechnology, 8, 20, 86
Information technology, 53, 91, 123, 125, 162
heat management, 121
silicon microelectronics, 120
Innovation, 
classification of, 34
creative destruction, 30, 35
development of, 18, 30, 32, 34, 178
disruptive, 34–37
management, 29, 38
maturity, effect of, 39
Integrated approach, 276
Integrated Nano Science and Commodity Exchange (INSCX), 250
Internal funds, of company, 189
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 195, 253
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 3, 10
Investment, 55, 148, 164, 169, 190–192, 196, 198, 199, 202, 236, 237, 241, 242
Iron-containing nanoparticles, 128
ITRS, 37

K

K-limited régime, 21, 31, 32, 34, 274
Key enabling technologies (KETs), 227

L

Large companies, 38, 187, 190, 191, 233, 249
Life quality index, 170, 217, 218
Lighting, 98, 114, 115, 208, 239, 242
Lightweight refractory nanocomposites, 110
Linear Baconian model, 165
“Linear model”, 17, 20, 30, 201
Lithotrophic prokaryotes, 132
“Living proof of principle”, 147
Long-term implants, 88
Low-friction coating, 131
Lubricants, 130, 131, 234

M

Machines, 5, 16, 41, 49, 50, 54, 63, 123, 259, 261, 262
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia, 85
Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), 122
Manufacturability, 51, 174
Market pull, 31, 32, 34, 35
Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 226
Materials, known, 64, 65, 144
Materials selection, 38, 144
Matrix, 7, 61, 65, 67, 68, 120, 127, 145, 146, 205, 206, 210
Mechanical movement, 106
Merging materials research, 38
MesoPhotonics Ltd., 236, 237
Metrology, 4, 7, 61, 155–158, 168, 213
Micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), 106
Microsystems technologies (MST), 106
Miniature processor-enabled personal computer, 49
Miniaturization, 47–51, 108, 115, 120–122, 134, 163, 164, 174, 261, 265
dramatic progress in, 48
enabled personal computer, 49
of manufacturing systems, 49
Modern economy, 62, 64, 66, 68, 74
Molecular detection efficiency, 87
Molecular electronics, 86, 265
Moore's law, 5, 20, 33, 50, 74, 119, 174, 263, 265

N

Nano revolution, 64, 175, 283
Nano-engineered “artificial kidneys”, 132
Nano-objects, 7, 37, 55, 61, 62, 67, 68, 75, 76, 78, 84, 85, 94, 95, 130, 131, 135, 136, 145–147, 154, 210–216, 229
Nanobiotechnology, 10, 72, 73
NanoCo Technologies Ltd., 238
Nanofacture, 6, 9, 11, 55, 61, 62, 180, 205, 206, 263
NanoMagnetics Ltd., 235, 236
Nanomaterials market, 73, 75, 76
Nanomaterials segment, 74
Nanomedicine, 10, 37, 54, 74, 81, 82, 84, 99, 100, 156, 226, 273
Nanometrology, 4, 9, 11, 55, 62, 81, 109, 147, 156
Nanoparticles, 7, 8, 67–69, 73–75, 82, 84–86, 93–95, 126–131, 133, 135, 136, 163, 205–208, 210–217, 226–229, 234, 281
biological effects, 165, 206, 208
conferring, 136
silver, 74, 86, 129, 135, 228, 281
Nanoscale devices, 105, 161
Nanoscale metal oxide nanoparticles, 74
Nanoscience, 11, 12, 194, 236
Nanoscopic robots, 85
Nanostructured coatings, 114
Nanostructured materials, 61, 62, 82, 148, 161, 178, 210
Nanotechnologists, 5, 11, 39, 132, 148, 156, 157, 230
Nanotechnology, 3–12, 52–55, 61–64, 71–74, 93–98, 105–115, 126–136, 161–165, 168–182, 187–190, 192–195, 198–202, 245–253, 257–262, 269–273
and bionanotechnology, 54
application of, 10, 54, 81
as process, 7
conceptual, 9, 12, 81
definition, 10, 11, 81, 82, 93, 164
definitions, 62, 71–73, 82, 155
evolution of, 4, 20, 21, 72, 108, 178–180
indirect, 8, 20, 86
main application for, 127
nanoscale, 4, 5, 8–12, 50, 54, 73, 74, 81, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94, 105, 106, 110, 111, 141, 147, 157, 161–163
nanoscience, 11, 12
specific challenges, 275
Nanotechnology applications, 69, 175
Nanotechnology availability level (NAL), 172–174
Nanotechnology companies, 178–180, 187–190, 192, 249
CDT, 240
generic business models, 178
Hyperion, 66, 239, 240
MesoPhotonics Ltd., 237
NanoCo Technologies Ltd., 238, 239
NanoMagnetics Ltd., 235, 236
Owlstone, 241, 242
Oxonica, 237, 238
Q-Flo, 241
Nanotechnology industry, 71, 147, 161, 218, 250
Nanotechnology market, 71, 72, 74, 77
Nanotechnology products, 62, 74, 95, 188
design of, 
crowdsourcing, 143, 144
enhancing traditional design routes, 142
Nanotechnology research, 194, 249
Nanotechnology-enabled products global market for, 74
Nanotechnology-specific challenges, 275
Nanotools, 73–75
Nanotubes, 7, 62, 65, 67, 74, 75, 115, 117, 200, 210, 212, 229
Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 235
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), 175, 193
Natural philosophy, 17
Natural photosynthesis, 106, 107
“Near-frictionless carbon” (NFC), 131
“New model”, 19, 20, 25, 30, 201, 258
Noncarbon materials, 62

O

Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA), 226
Operating system, 33, 35
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED), 122, 240
Original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 162
Outsourcing, 144, 237, 242
Owlstone, 241, 242
Oxides, tin-doped indium, 120
Oxonica, 237, 238

P

Paper, 26, 41, 42, 94, 111, 122, 132, 133, 195, 210, 243, 245
Parallelization, 48–50, 90
Particle sensing technologies, 123
Pervasiveness, 49, 282
Polymer manufacturer, 200
Precision, 4, 10, 11, 48, 50, 53, 61, 67, 84, 87, 126, 131, 134, 158, 263
Prey (Crichton, Michael), 261, 262
Private investors, 189, 195
Productive nanosystems (PN), 53, 107, 129, 130, 144, 155, 171, 258, 259, 261–263, 272, 275, 276, 283
social impacts, 260
technology, 107, 171, 259, 261, 262, 276
carbon-based feedstock, 259
localized production, 259
production on demand, 259
ultralow-cost production, 259
timescales, 262
Prokaryotic microbes, 132
Punctuated equilibrium, 36

Q

Q-Flo, 241
Quantitative indicators, 72
Quantum computing, 179, 265
Qubit, 265

R

r-limited régime, 31, 32, 273
Registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals (REACH), 227
Regulation, 32, 130, 164, 225–229, 282
Reliability, 15, 21, 51, 52, 71, 169, 174, 210, 243, 263
Reproducibility, 51, 156
Research councils, 42, 166, 193
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 31
Risk analysis, 280, 281
Royal National Lifeboat Institution, 196

S

Safety, 94, 155, 200, 206, 207, 217, 218, 226, 227, 229, 230
health, and environment (SHE), 200
Safety of nanofacture and nanomaterials, 205, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218
Scaling, 49, 51, 179, 180
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), 156
Scanning ion current microscopy (SICM), 156
Scanning probe microscope (SPM), 4, 5, 11, 156, 157, 262
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM), 4, 155, 158
Science, 12, 16–20, 24, 25, 30, 32, 165, 166, 172, 175, 176, 195, 196, 235–237, 245, 246, 250, 252, 253, 258, 259, 274
engineering vs, 258
social value of, 24
technology emerging from, 30
Scientific research, 20, 24, 30, 42, 195, 197, 250
Scientists, 4, 18, 19, 24, 31, 38, 39, 42, 165–167, 193, 195, 197, 228, 251, 276
Second World War, 257, 279
Security, 133, 135, 153, 238, 261, 273, 276
Seiko-Epson Corporation (SEC), 240
Self-assembly, 6, 9, 133, 261, 263, 264
Selfridge, 167
Semiconductor industry, 6, 199
Sensorization, 86, 92, 95
Shapers, 283
Silicon microelectronics, 120
Small companies, 31, 119, 153, 167, 181, 182, 189, 228, 233, 240
Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher), 261
Soil remediation, 128
Solar energy, 107, 239
Specific surface area, see SSA
Spin transistor, 266
Spintronics, 121, 265
SSA (Specific surface area), 66, 147, 154
Standard empiricism (SE), 253, 274
Standardized items, 198
Storing energy, 109
“Subnano” technologies, 131
Substance-sensing devices, 87
Supercapacitors, 66, 109–111, 239, 241
Surfaces, 4, 5, 7, 66, 68, 86–88, 98, 120, 121, 127, 131, 134, 135, 154, 155, 158, 212, 213, 215, 263, 264

T

Technical specification (TS), 3, 141, 155
Technological infrastructure, 247
Technology, 
evolution of, 20
universal, 161, 162, 164, 269
Technology push, 32, 34, 35, 119
Technology readiness level (TRL), 171, 172, 174
Terrorism, 272
Textiles, 76, 129, 135, 228, 241
The Advancement of Learning (Bacon, Francis), 16, 24
Thermal interface materials, 121
Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), 66, 122
Topografiner, 4
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 226
Traceability, 130
Traditional technology, 261
Traditional tribopairs, 88
Trend ranking, 257
Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR), 122

U

UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), 29, 166
Ultraprecision engineering, 4, 12, 54, 63, 87, 181
Ultrathin film coatings, 127
Unconditional knowledge, 15
Uniformity, 51, 74, 276
Universal technologies, 162, 164
Universities, 17, 22, 29, 30, 38, 39, 165–168, 174, 175, 187, 188, 190, 201, 237, 249
Unsourcing, 144
US Federal Food, Medicine, and Cosmetic Act, 226

V

“Value in use”, 22

W

Wealth, 17–19, 22, 24, 25, 30, 31, 165, 272, 275
Wear, 50, 88, 114, 130, 131, 135, 213
Woodrow Wilson Center, 68
..................Content has been hidden....................

You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.
Reset