A
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
106
Advanced Technology Centre (ATC),
249
Aerospace, and automotive industries,
75,
125
Aim-oriented empiricism (AOE),
274
“Anti-graffiti” paint,
127
APS (average particle size),
147,
154
Architecture and construction,
127
Atomically precise technologies, corollary of,
129
Automatic diagnosis, diseases,
91
Automotive industries, aerospace and,
125
Average annual growth rate (AAGR),
73
B
Bionanotechnology,
10,
54
Business environment, patents,
165
C
Cambridge Display Technology (CDT),
240
Carbon nanotube arrays,
110,
121
Carbon-based materials,
37
Caveat emptor, principle of,
97,
207,
230
Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
247
Civilization,
16,
18,
19,
21,
22,
114,
143,
217,
251,
262,
269,
270,
274,
284
Civilization Index (CI),
250
Classification, labelling and packaging (CLP),
227,
228
Commercial readiness levels,
see CRL
Commercialization, costs of,
164
Complementary metal oxide-semiconductor (CMOS),
120
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR),
74,
77
Concept of regulation,
225
Conceptual nanotechnology,
9,
12,
81
Conditional knowledge,
15
“Core-shell” particles,
212
Countries,
22,
29,
30,
38–40,
55,
73,
155,
177,
191,
194–196,
201,
202,
245–248,
250–253,
270,
272,
273,
284
CRL (Commercial readiness levels),
171,
172,
174
D
Data storage technologies,
121
Department of Energy (DoE),
29,
113,
249
Depletion, of resources,
271
Design, improvements in,
47
Diagnostic imaging applications,
84
Direct nanotechnology,
8,
86,
162
Dispassionate observer,
207
Display technologies,
122
Downstream audit sequencing (DAS),
228–230
E
Economic forecasting, traditional methods of,
257
Electrical storage devices,
111
Energy,
21,
22,
29,
38,
66,
74,
86,
88,
105–115,
117,
128,
129,
132,
134,
146,
148,
263–265localized manufacture,
117
Engineering, vs. science,
258
Environment,
10,
40,
85,
86,
93,
94,
96,
98,
128–130,
132,
135,
171,
172,
200,
226–228,
230,
261,
262,
283,
284
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
226,
227
European Union “Framework” research,
182,
193
Extracellular matrix (ECM),
89
F
Fabrication,
11,
37,
48,
50,
51,
66,
107–109,
120,
129,
131,
134,
142,
147,
157,
175,
205,
206
Fast ion bombardment (FIB),
156
Field Studies Council (FSC),
262
Field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS),
241,
242
Fiscal environment,
38,
200
Food,
16,
54,
69,
93–97,
123,
125,
126,
130,
163,
171,
175,
199,
206,
226,
229,
272,
273
Forward selling products,
189
Funding,
30,
42,
167,
190,
192,
195,
197,
201,
202,
242
G
Generic business models,
178
Genetically modified (GM) plants,
39
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR),
121
Government,
16,
17,
20,
30,
38,
55,
165,
191,
192,
195,
201,
202,
207,
229,
247,
251,
252
H
Hazard,
208,
209,
211,
212,
215,
218,
219,
229,
280,
281
Health,
10,
22,
54,
69,
70,
81,
82,
91–93,
97,
125,
127,
155,
175,
200,
205–207,
226–228,
273
Hyperion Catalysis International,
240
I
Indirect nanotechnology,
8,
20,
86
Innovation,
creative destruction,
30,
35
Integrated Nano Science and Commodity Exchange (INSCX),
250
Internal funds, of company,
189
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
195,
253
International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
3,
10
Investment,
55,
148,
164,
169,
190–192,
196,
198,
199,
202,
236,
237,
241,
242
Iron-containing nanoparticles,
128
K
Key enabling technologies (KETs),
227
L
Lightweight refractory nanocomposites,
110
Linear Baconian model,
165
Lithotrophic prokaryotes,
132
“Living proof of principle”,
147
Low-friction coating,
131
M
Machines,
5,
16,
41,
49,
50,
54,
63,
123,
259,
261,
262
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia,
85
Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ),
122
Manufacturability,
51,
174
Material safety data sheet (MSDS),
226
Materials selection,
38,
144
Matrix,
7,
61,
65,
67,
68,
120,
127,
145,
146,
205,
206,
210
Merging materials research,
38
Micro electromechanical systems (MEMS),
106
Microsystems technologies (MST),
106
Miniature processor-enabled personal computer,
49
Miniaturization,
47–51,
108,
115,
120–122,
134,
163,
164,
174,
261,
265enabled personal computer,
49of manufacturing systems,
49
Molecular detection efficiency,
87
Molecular electronics,
86,
265
N
Nano-engineered “artificial kidneys”,
132
Nano-objects,
7,
37,
55,
61,
62,
67,
68,
75,
76,
78,
84,
85,
94,
95,
130,
131,
135,
136,
145–147,
154,
210–216,
229
NanoCo Technologies Ltd.,
238
Nanofacture,
6,
9,
11,
55,
61,
62,
180,
205,
206,
263
Nanomaterials market,
73,
75,
76
Nanomaterials segment,
74
Nanomedicine,
10,
37,
54,
74,
81,
82,
84,
99,
100,
156,
226,
273
Nanoparticles,
7,
8,
67–69,
73–75,
82,
84–86,
93–95,
126–131,
133,
135,
136,
163,
205–208,
210–217,
226–229,
234,
281
Nanoscale,
4,
5,
8–12,
49–51,
54,
65,
66,
69,
70,
73–75,
81,
82,
85–89,
93,
94,
96,
105,
106,
110–112,
156–158,
161–163
Nanoscale metal oxide nanoparticles,
74
Nanostructured coatings,
114
Nanotechnology,
3–12,
52–55,
61–64,
71–74,
93–98,
105–115,
126–136,
161–165,
168–182,
187–190,
192–195,
198–202,
245–253,
257–262,
269–273and bionanotechnology,
54main application for,
127nanoscale,
4,
5,
8–12,
50,
54,
73,
74,
81,
86,
87,
89,
93,
94,
105,
106,
110,
111,
141,
147,
157,
161–163
Nanotechnology applications,
69,
175
Nanotechnology availability level (NAL),
172–174
Nanotechnology products,
62,
74,
95,
188design of,
enhancing traditional design routes,
142
Nanotechnology research,
194,
249
Nanotechnology-enabled products global market for,
74
Nanotechnology-specific challenges,
275
Nanotubes,
7,
62,
65,
67,
74,
75,
115,
117,
200,
210,
212,
229
Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST),
235
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI),
175,
193
Natural photosynthesis,
106,
107
“Near-frictionless carbon” (NFC),
131
O
Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA),
226
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED),
122,
240
Original equipment manufacturer (OEM),
162
Oxides, tin-doped indium,
120
P
Paper,
26,
41,
42,
94,
111,
122,
132,
133,
195,
210,
243,
245
Particle sensing technologies,
123
Polymer manufacturer,
200
Precision,
4,
10,
11,
48,
50,
53,
61,
67,
84,
87,
126,
131,
134,
158,
263
Prey (Crichton, Michael),
261,
262
Productive nanosystems (PN),
53,
107,
129,
130,
144,
155,
171,
258,
259,
261–263,
272,
275,
276,
283technology,
107,
171,
259,
261,
262,
276carbon-based feedstock,
259localized production,
259production on demand,
259ultralow-cost production,
259
Prokaryotic microbes,
132
Punctuated equilibrium,
36
Q
Quantitative indicators,
72
R
Registration, evaluation and authorization of chemicals (REACH),
227
Reliability,
15,
21,
51,
52,
71,
169,
174,
210,
243,
263
Ribonucleic acid (RNA),
31
Royal National Lifeboat Institution,
196
S
Safety,
94,
155,
200,
206,
207,
217,
218,
226,
227,
229,
230health, and environment (SHE),
200
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM),
156
Scanning ion current microscopy (SICM),
156
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM),
4,
155,
158
Science,
12,
16–20,
24,
25,
30,
32,
165,
166,
172,
175,
176,
195,
196,
235–237,
245,
246,
250,
252,
253,
258,
259,
274technology emerging from,
30
Scientists,
4,
18,
19,
24,
31,
38,
39,
42,
165–167,
193,
195,
197,
228,
251,
276
Seiko-Epson Corporation (SEC),
240
Semiconductor industry,
6,
199
Silicon microelectronics,
120
Small companies,
31,
119,
153,
167,
181,
182,
189,
228,
233,
240
Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher),
261
Specific surface area,
see SSA
SSA (Specific surface area),
66,
147,
154
Standard empiricism (SE),
253,
274
“Subnano” technologies,
131
Substance-sensing devices,
87
Surfaces,
4,
5,
7,
66,
68,
86–88,
98,
120,
121,
127,
131,
134,
135,
154,
155,
158,
212,
213,
215,
263,
264
T
Technical specification (TS),
3,
141,
155
Technological infrastructure,
247
Technology readiness level (TRL),
171,
172,
174
The Advancement of Learning (Bacon, Francis),
16,
24
Thermal interface materials,
121
Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO),
66,
122
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA),
226
Traditional technology,
261
Traditional tribopairs,
88
Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR),
122
U
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI),
29,
166
Ultrathin film coatings,
127
Unconditional knowledge,
15
Universal technologies,
162,
164
Universities,
17,
22,
29,
30,
38,
39,
165–168,
174,
175,
187,
188,
190,
201,
237,
249
US Federal Food, Medicine, and Cosmetic Act,
226
V
W
Woodrow Wilson Center,
68