4.3. EXPLAINABLE FAKE NEWS DETECTION 69
4.3 EXPLAINABLE FAKE NEWS DETECTION
             
              
 why       detected       
       
4.3.1 A WEB EVIDENCE-AWARE APPROACH
            
              
              
             
             
        
    n   A D fa
1
; ; a
N
g     P D
fp
1
; ; p
N
g     a
i
     L  W
i
D fe
i;1
; ; e
i;L
g
 i 2 Œ1; N   WP
i
D fep
i;1
; ; ep
i;L
g   .a
i
; p
i
; e
ij
; ep
ij
/ 
                  
        
False
True
?
Textual
Claim
DeClarE*
Evidence
World Wide
Web
          
  DeClarE        
            
         
70 4. CHALLENGING PROBLEMS OF FAKE NEWS DETECTION
Claim Word
Embeddings
Claim Source
Embedding
Attention
Weights
Inner
Product
Concatenate
Softmax
Dense
Layer
Dense
Layer
Dense
Layer
Softmax/
Linear
Credibility
Score
Bidirectional
LSTM
Article Word
Embeddings
Article Source
Embedding
Concatenate
Features
avg
avgx
x
x
           
 
Learning Claims and Article Representations
  a
i
  l    Œw
1
; w
2
; ; w
l
 w
l
   
   l            
            e
i;j
  
Œw
i;j;1
; w
i;j;2
; ; w
i;j;k
 w
i;j;k
       k   
       e
ij
      
            
       w
k
     
    h
k
  k          
             
           h D Œ
!
h ;
h
Claim-Specific Attention
               
                
             
             
Na D
1
l
X
l
w
l

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