Glossary
Terms marked with a * are CompTIA acronyms
10000 rpm Spin rate of a high-performance SATA hard disk.
104-key keyboard Keyboard layout with Windows and right-click keys added to the old 101-key layout.
1.8-in drive Form factor for an SSD or hard disk drive suitable for use in a tablet or thin laptop.
20-pin ATX Power supply connector used by version 1.x of the ATX motherboard form factor standard.
24-pin ATX Power supply connector used by current version 2.x of the ATX motherboard form factor standard.
2.5-in drive Form factor for an SSD, hybrid drive, or hard disk drive suitable for use in a laptop or desktop computer.
32-bit architecture Architecture used by x86 processors.
32-bit Windows Versions of Windows optimized for x86 processors; also compatible with x64 processors.
3.5-in drive Form factor for a hybrid drive or hard disk suitable for use in a desktop computer.
5400 rpm hard disk drive Spin rate for a “green” energy-saving hard disk.
64-bit architecture Architecture used by x64 processors.
64-bit Windows Versions of Windows designed for use with x64 processors.
7200rpm hard disk drive Spin rate of a medium performance desktop (3.5-inch) hard disk drive or a high-performance laptop (2.5-inch) hard disk drive.
802.11a A wireless Ethernet standard that uses 5GHz radio signals and provides performance at rates from 6Mbps up to 54Mbps. It is not compatible with other 802.11-based wireless networks unless dual-band access points are used.
802.11b A wireless Ethernet standard that uses 2.4GHz radio signaling for performance from 2Mbps to 11Mbps. It is compatible with 802.11g-based wireless networks but not with 802.11a-based networks unless dual-band access points are used.
802.11g A wireless Ethernet standard that uses 2.4GHz radio signaling for performance up to 54Mbps. It is compatible with 802.11b-based wireless networks but not with 802.11a-based networks unless dual-band access points are used.
802.11n A wireless Ethernet standard that uses 2.4GHz and 5GHz radio signaling for performance up to 600Mbps. Uses MIMO antenna technology.
802.11ac A wireless Ethernet standard that uses 5GHz radio signaling for performance up to 1300Mbps. Uses MU-MIMO antenna technology.
AC’97 version 2.3 audio An analog audio codec standard that supports 96kHz sampling and 20-bit stereo playback. Most implementations support jack sensing.
accelerometer A combination of hardware and software that measures velocity in mobile devices; accelerometers detect rotation, shaking of the device, etc.
access control lists See ACL.
access denied Message appears when user doesn’t have permissions needed to perform an action on a file.
access point Also known as wireless access point. Enables wireless (Wi-Fi) devices to connect to a network.
Accessories Windows Start menu folder containing small apps such as Calculator, Paint, WordPad, Notepad, and others.
ACPI * Advanced Configuration Power Interface
Acronyms Word created from initial letters in a phrase, such as LAN (local area network).
ACT * Activity or Application Compatibility Toolkit
Action Center Windows Control Panel utility that provides one-stop access for security, maintenance, troubleshooting, and recovery options.
active heat sink Heat sink with attached fan.
active listening Listening to a customer while asking questions to draw out more information about a problem or need.
ad-hoc Something that is performed to meet a specific need. An ad-hoc wireless network is created to share printers or information. Implies lack of permanency.
ADSL * Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. A form of DSL that enables faster downloads than uploads. Can be provided over high-quality existing phone lines and is well suited for residential and small business use.
administrative privileges Privileges necessary to perform system-wide changes in Windows. For example, to run tasks marked with the Windows Security shield in Control Panel.
administrative shares Hidden shares of the root folder (and all subfolders) of a drive in Windows that are available only to administrators. Listed as C$ (C drive), etc. These shares may be blocked on some Windows installations.
administrative tools A Control Panel folder in Windows that contains shortcuts to tools such as Event Viewer, Local Security Policy, System Configuration, Services, Windows Memory Diagnostic, and others.
administrator User account that can perform system-wide changes on a computer in Windows. Can click through UAC prompts.
Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) In mobile devices, a 32-bit reduced instruction set computing architecture designed for low-power consumption and simplicity.
Aero Short for Windows Aero or Aero Glass, the default desktop appearance in Windows Vista and 7, featuring translucent window edges, live thumbnails of running apps on the taskbar, and Flip 3D app switching. Windows 8/8.1 do not support Aero, but Windows 10 offers some Aero features as optional settings.
AES encryption Advanced encryption standard, encryption used by WPA2 wireless networking.
AFP Apple filing protocol, proprietary network protocol for OS X and original MacOS.
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) A 32-bit I/O bus used for video; provides for a direct connection between the video card and memory.
AHCI * Advanced Host Controller Interface; SATA setup option in BIOS that supports native command queuing (NCQ) and all other advanced features.
Air filter mask Protective gear that might be required for computer techs.
Airplane mode Mobile device setting that turns off cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth radios.
AirPrint Apple print technology for OS X and iOS devices to print without installing specific drivers. Most current printers have AirPrint support built in.
alternate third-party drivers Drivers for Windows that support third-party storage features such as RAID host adapters.
alternative IP address An IP address used if the DHCP server used to assign IP addresses can’t be contacted.
AMR (Audio Modem Riser) A riser card and slot designed to support surround audio and soft modem on some motherboards.
Analog (audio) Continuous vibrations at different pitched and frequencies—not sampled.
Android Mobile operating system for tablets and smartphones. Developed by Google.
anti-malware software Software that blocks or scans and quarantines malware.
antistatic bag Protective bag for electronic parts. Prevents ESD.
antivirus software Software that blocks or scans and quarantines computer viruses.
APIPA * Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing (IPv4).
APIPA/link local address A self-assigned IP address that cannot be used for Internet access. Link-local is the IPv6 version.
APM * Advanced Power Management
app scanner Software or service that scans apps for privacy and security issues.
app store General name for the trusted software repositories used by iOS (Apple App Store), Android (Google Play), and Windows Mobile (Windows Store).
Apple Configurator App used for mass configuring and deployment of iOS devices for organizations and schools.
application Software, program, app.
application crash App stops responding
apt-get Linux command for installing and managing apps (packages).
ARP * Address Resolution Protocol
array Two or more hard drives addressed as a logical unit, such as RAID or JBOD array.
artifact A visible problem with video display, such as visual noise, blockiness due to over compression of a photo or video source, and others.
ASR * Automated System Recovery; special backup option in NTBackup (Windows XP) that enables a bootable Windows installation to be restored from a backup.
assign In Windows Disk Management, providing a drive letter to a volume that did not have one previously.
assigning/changing drive letters A feature of Windows Disk Management that enables new drives to receive a user-assigned drive letter and existing drives to switch to a different drive letter. Drive mapping performs the same task for network shares.
ATA * Advanced Technology Attachment; a family of standards for PATA and (in ATA-7 and above) SATA interfaces.
ATAPI * Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface
ATM * Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATX * Advanced Technology Extended; Motherboard form factor with integrated port cluster at left rear of board, basis for most mid-size to full-size desktop systems.
audio mini-jack 3.5mm (1/8 inch) jacks used for stereo and surround audio, microphones, and line in/line out connections.
authentication server A server that checks the credentials of users who log into the network.
authenticator application An application that validates access to a secured website from a new device or browser by sending a PIN code to the user’s mobile phone. The user enters the PIN when prompted.
autorun Strictly speaking, the ability of an operating system to automatically start an app on an optical disc as soon as the disc is inserted. Also used to refer to automatically starting an app on any removable-media drive as soon as it is inserted or connected.
B
Backup/restore App that creates backup copies of files and restores them when needed. Backup/restore apps are included in Windows, OS X, and Linux, and third-party apps are also available.
barcode reader Special scanner that reads barcodes for POS, inventory control, security, and other uses.
Baseband Component in cellular network-enabled device (smartphone, tablet) that translates cell signals to and from the onboard CPU. Baseband firmware is updated by the cellular service provider to handle improvements in cellular service when needed.
basic (disk type) A basic disk in Windows is bootable and can contain one or more primary partitions.
battery A rechargeable power source used by laptops, tablets, and smartphones for main power and by a UPS for backup power. A disposable power source used by CMOS batteries on motherboards. Uses NiMH, Li-Ion, Alkaline, or silver oxide chemistry.
battery backup A device that provides temporary power to connected units until they can be shut down; UPS and SPS devices are two different types of battery backups.
BD-R Recordable Blu-ray (BD) media.
BD-RE Rewriteable Blu-ray (BD) media.
Belarc System Advisor A third-party ActiveX web-based program that identifies the computer’s operating system, hardware, Windows version, and security status.
best practices General term for guidelines that describe the best way to perform a process or achieve a result.
biometrics Biometrics fall into the category of “something a person is.” Examples of bodily characteristics that are measured include fingerprints, retinal patterns, iris patterns, and even bone structure.
biometric authentication The process of using biometrics to determine whether a potential user can access a secured area or system.
biometric devices Devices used for biometric authentication, such as fingerprint scanners, iris scanners, etc.
BIOS * Basic Input Output System. It controls and tests basic computer hardware at the beginning of the boot procedure. See also UEFI.
BitLocker A full disk encryption feature available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista and Windows 7, and the Pro and Enterprise editions of Windows 8, 8.1, and Windows 10.
BitLocker-To-Go (BitLocker to Go) An extension of BitLocker for removable-media and external drives. Introduced in Windows 7 and enhanced in Windows 8 and newer.
blackout Complete loss of AC power.
Blu-ray An optical medium originally developed for HD movies; capacity of 25GB single-layer and 50GB in dual-layer; also referred to as BD.
Bluetooth Short-range wireless network used primarily by mobile devices.
BNC * Bayonet-Neill-Concelman or British Naval Connector
Bonjour Apple software for zero-configuration wireless networking. Used by OS X and iOS.
bookmarks Another name for favorites in a web browser; web pages the user has tagged for easy reloading.
Boot Camp OS X dual-boot feature that enables Windows to be installed on an OS X system.
Boot Configuration Data BCD; the configuration information used by Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10 to determine how to start (boot) the system.
Boot.ini The configuration information used by Windows XP to determine how to start (boot) the system.
BOOTREC Windows Recovery Environment (RE) command to fix startup problems in Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10.
bridge Device that connects two or more networks together to form a larger aggregate network.
brownout Reduction in voltage of 10% or more from specifications.
browser redirection Unauthorized change of the home page, error page, or search page in your web browser to another URL. Can be caused by malware or by apps the user installs that do not allow for opt-outs to these changes when the apps are installed.
brute forcing (brute-force attack) An attack against a password-secured resource that involves using all possible password combinations until the correct password is found.
BSOD Blue Screen of Death. So named because the error message is in white text against a blue background. See STOP error.
BTX * Balanced Technology Extended
bus speeds Speeds of various buses on motherboards (PCI, PCIe, memory, etc.).
bus-powered hub Receives power from upstream USB port; limits power to 100mA per device.
BYOD Bring Your Own Device. Acronym for the policy of allowing employees to use their own mobile devices for organization business instead of an organization-provided one.
cable lock Lock that uses a multi-stranded security cable to help prevent the theft of a computer or other technology device. Sometimes called a Kensington lock.
cable management The act of controlling where cables are installed. They should be kept out of walkways, off the floor, and away from anywhere a person might move about.
cable modem A device that encodes/decodes cable Internet network signals. Can be connected to a single computer or to a wired or wireless router.
cable select A PATA jumper setting that enables the 80-wire cable to determine primary and secondary drives.
cable stripper Tool that strips insulation from coaxial or TP wires during the installation process.
cable tester Tool that checks the cable’s ability to carry data reliably.
CAD/CAM Computer aided drafting/computer aided manufacturing.
Calendar Function included in desktop and mobile OS or available from third parties to keep track of dates, appointments, and tasks to complete.
calibration Adjustments to improve print quality on inkjet or color laser printers.
camcorder Video camera that records to videotape (DV camcorder) or to flash memory or a hard drive (HD camcorder).
carriage and belt Components that are part of inkjet or impact printers.
CAPTCHA * Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart
card reader A single-slot or multislot device for reading from and writing to flash memory cards.
CardBus 32-bit version of PC Card add-on card used in laptops.
CAT3 Category 3 TP cable. Supports two-line phones and Ethernet 10Mbps.
CAT5 Category 5 TP cable. Supports Fast Ethernet (10/100Mbps).
CAT5e Category 5e TP cable. Supports Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000Mbps).
CAT6 Category 6 TP cable. Supports 10G Ethernet (10/100/1000/10000Mbps), and reduces crosstalk for more reliable connections at Gigabit speeds.
CAT6a Category 6a TP cable. Supports 10G Ethernet (10/100/1000/10000Mbps), and reduces crosstalk for more reliable connections at 10G speeds.
CAT7 Category 7 TP cable. Supports 10G Ethernet (10/100/1000/10000Mbps) and has faster transmission speeds than CAT6a.
Category view Default Control Panel view in Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10. Control Panel applets are grouped into categories with the most-frequently used options available from the category menu. Click a category for all options.
Classic view Alternate view of Control Panel that lists each applet separately. Also called Large icons and Small icons views.
CCFL * Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp; backlight for conventional LCD displays.
CD * Compact disc; the oldest optical disc format; DVD and BD drives can also use CD media.
CD-ROM * Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory
CD-ROM boot Booting from a CD-ROM disc.
CD-RW * Compact Disc-Rewritable
CDFS * Compact Disc File System
cell tower analyzer Mobile app that displays the signal strength of nearby cell towers.
cellular (data network) Data network that enables smartphones and cellular-equipped tablets to send and receive data via the cellular network.
certificate of destruction Certification from a drive or media-destruction facility that the drive or media has been destroyed.
CFS * Central File System or Common File System or Command File System
chain of custody The chronological documentation or paper trail of evidence that might be used in a court of law.
channels In Wi-Fi, different frequencies available to 2.4GHz and 5GHz signals. In motherboards, the ability of a motherboard to group two or more identical memory modules together as a logical unit for faster data access. In TV, different frequencies that carry programs.
chip creep Socketed chips working their way out of sockets over time due to heating/cooling.
chipset Support chips on a motherboard (North Bridge, northbridge, or memory controller hub; South Bridge, southbridge, or I/O controller hub) that provide interface between onboard components and expansion slots and CPU.
CHKDSK Windows command for testing and correcting errors on SSDs, flash memory, and hard disk drives.
chmod Linux command for changing file permissions.
chown Linux command for changing the owner of a file.
CIFS * Common Internet File System
clean boot Starting Windows without startup services or programs.
clean install Installing an OS on an empty partition rather than as an upgrade to an existing installation.
client Computer that uses shared resources on network.
client/server Network using dedicated servers such as Microsoft Windows Server editions.
client-side DHCP Settings on a network client for DHCP. When enabled, the client receives an IP address from the server. Otherwise, the client must have an IP address manually assigned.
client-side DNS Settings on a network client for DNS. When enabled, the client uses DNS servers provided by the network. Otherwise, the client must use manually assigned DNS servers.
clock Clock speed: the speed at which a processor sends and receives information. Same as clock rate.
closed-source Software/OS/apps developed by a particular vendor and licensed only for use. Object code is not available and modifications are not permitted.
cloud computing Computing that uses shared Internet-based computers or storage devices.
cloud printing Printing that uses shared printers that are accessed over the Internet.
CMOS Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. Refers to low-power chip design; it’s also a common term for Real-Time-Clock/Non-Volatile RAM chip (RTC/NVRAM).
CNR Communications Network Riser. Riser slot and card for soft modem and network adapter on some motherboards.
coaxial A type of cable that consists of a solid center copper core, insulation, a metal braided jacket for grounding, with a vinyl or plastic outer jacket. Commonly used for CATV, cable Internet, and satellite Internet.
collate Printing multiple copies of a multiple-page document in order, so the document does not need to be assembled later.
color depth The number of colors in a display. 24-bit color can display over 16 million colors.
color patterns The patterns visible in a full-color display. A normally functioning display has different patterns than a malfunctioning display.
COMMAND Old Windows and MS-DOS/PC-DOS command interpreter. Replaced by CMD.EXE.
command prompt Prompt in Windows where command-line programs can be run. Open a command-prompt session by opening CMD.EXE.
commercial license Software that is licensed only after the payment of a fee.
community (cloud) Type of cloud computing in which organizations with common concerns or goals share cloud infrastructure.
Compact Flash A popular type of flash memory card for professional digital single lens reflex (SLR) cameras.
compatibility error Programs/apps display this error if they can’t run properly under the current operating system.
compatibility mode Mode in which compatibility settings (changes in resolution, permissions, etc.) are applied to enable a program/app to run under an operating system.
compatibility tools Tools in the OS to enable a program/app to run under the OS. In Windows, these include the Program Compatibility Wizard and the Compatibility tab.
compliance with local government regulations Regulations for HVAC, disposal of hazardous chemicals, recycling of old electronics, and others need to be followed to avoid legal penalties.
Computer Management Windows interface for managing tasks, events, users, performance, storage, and services. Snap-in for the Microsoft Management Console (MMC).
COMx * Communication Port (x=port number). See serial port.
component Windows features such as COM+, DCOM Config, and Distributed Transaction Coordinator components used by developers.
Component Services A Microsoft Management Console plug-in for managing COM+, DCOM Config, and Distributed Transaction Coordinator components.
composite A low-quality video I/O standard that combines all video signals into a single cable. Does not carry audio.
compressed air Can be used to remove dust, grit, and debris from computers, peripherals, and printers.
confidential materials Information proprietary to an organization.
content filtering Feature of some networks, firewalls, and routers that prevents selected content types from reaching the computers or mobile devices that requested the content.
continuous reboots Symptom of Power Good power supply problem or STOP (BSOD) error if system is configured to restart on BSOD.
Control Panel A Windows feature that sets Windows hardware options. It can be accessed from the Start or Start, Settings menu in most versions of Windows.
COPY Windows internal command for copying files between one location and another.
CPU * Central Processing Unit. An electronic circuit that can process data and execute computer programs (Core i7, FX, etc.).
CPU cache CPU caches hold the most-recently accessed memory locations. The CPU cache is checked before accessing system RAM in case the information needed is already in cache and can thus be accessed more quickly.
CPU core Processing unit inside a CPU. Most CPUs produced today have two or more cores.
CPU fan connector Connection on motherboard to power CPU fan and monitor speed.
CPU socket Location on motherboard where CPU is placed. A spring-loaded clip or locking plate holds the CPU in place.
CPU-Z A third-party CPU identification program that provides extensive technical information on a CPU’s features and revision level.
creased paper Paper feed problem that can cause printer jams. Often happens when paper is not aligned before being fed into the printer or the paper guides are not set correctly.
credit card reader Card reader that plugs into a mobile device’s 3.5mm mini-card headset jack for use in accepting credit/debit cards.
crimper Tool that squeezes a cable connector to the raw cable to create a finished cable assembly. Versions available for RJ-11, RJ-45, and coaxial.
CRT * Cathode ray tube. A monitor’s picture tube, a large vacuum tube that displays information.
cultural sensitivity Using appropriate language and behavior when dealing with people from a different culture than yours.
custom system configuration A computer configuration that is not a stock or standard configuration to better fit the computer to a specified task.
customer expectations What a customer expects during the handling of an installation, repair, or emergency event.
daisy-chaining Connecting multiple devices through a single port; used by EPP and ECP parallel-port modes, SCSI, and FireWire.
DB-25 * Serial Communications D-Shell Connector, 25 Pins
DB-9 * 9 Pin D-Shell Connector
DC * Direct current; the type of electrical current supplied by batteries or by a PC’s power supply.
DDoS * Distributed Denial of Service
DDR * Double Data-Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory. Double Data-Rate SDRAM. A faster form of SDRAM used by many high-performance video cards and motherboards.
DDR RAM * Double Data Rate Random-Access Memory
DDR SDRAM * Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory
DDR2 SDRAM Double-Double Data-Rate SDRAM (DDR2 SDRAM) is the successor to DDR SDRAM. DDR2 SDRAM runs its external data bus at twice the speed of DDR SDRAM, enabling faster performance.
DDR3 SDRAM Double Data-Rate Three SDRAM (DDR3 SDRAM) is the successor to DDR2 SDRAM. DDR3 SDRAM runs its external data bus at twice the speed of DDR2 SDRAM, enabling faster performance. DDR3 SDRAM also uses lower voltages than DDR2 and supports higher memory capacities.
DDR4 SDRAM Double Data-Rate Four SDRAM (DDR4 SDRAM) is the successor to DDR3 SDRAM. DDR4 SDRAM runs its external data bus at twice the speed of DDR3 SDRAM, enabling faster performance. DDR4 SDRAM also uses lower voltages than DDR3 and supports higher memory capacities.
DE15 Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector, using three rows of five pins each.
dead pixels A pixel on a LCD (CCFL or LED backlight) or OLED display that doesn’t light up.
dead short Short circuit on the motherboard that makes the system appear to be dead.
decrypt Reverse the encryption of a file or drive so the contents can be viewed.
decrypt e-mail Reverse the encryption of an e-mail attachment so the contents can be viewed.
default SSID The SSID assigned to a wireless router or access point by the manufacturer.
Defender Windows antivirus and anti-malware program.
DEFRAG A Windows command-line utility for defragmenting a drive.
defragmentation tool A program/app that can be used to defragment a drive. To launch the defragment tool in Windows, right-click a drive in Windows Explorer or File Explorer, select Properties, select Tools, and select Defragment now.
degaussing To demagnetize a CRT display. Degaussing removes color fringing and distortions onscreen. Some monitors automatically degauss the CRT when the monitor is turned on, and others offer a degaussing button or menu option to degauss on demand.
DEL The Windows command-line file deletion tool. The equivalent in Linux or OS X Terminal is rm.
device ID Method of indicating different devices attached to a SCSI host adapter; each device must use a unique device ID#, which is set on each device.
Device Manager A Microsoft Windows utility that displays detailed information about the computer hardware in the system, including status and driver information.
Devices and Printers A Windows 7/8/8.1/10 Control Panel applet that lists devices and printers and management options for each.
DHCP * Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Provides IP addresses as required; allows a limited number of IP addresses to service many devices that are not connected at the same time.
DHCP server Server on a network that provides IP addresses on demand. Usually incorporated into a SOHO wireless router.
dial-up networking Network connection that uses an analog (phone line) modem to make a direct connection to a remote computer via phone line.
dictionary attack An attack on a secure system that uses a dictionary of words and phrases to find the password.
digital camera A camera that uses a digital image sensor instead of film. Most use flash memory cards for storage.
digital security Procedures for protecting secure networks, storage, and servers. Includes measures such as network encryption and authentication servers.
digitizer The touch-sensitive layer of a touchscreen display. The digitizer layer can be damaged without damaging the display on a desktop, laptop, or all-in-one unit and can be replaced.
dim image Symptom of a possible failing CCFL backlight or may simply indicate the brightness is set too low.
DIMM * Dual Inline Memory Module. These are available in 168-pin, 184-pin, 240-pin, and 288-pin versions. Dual refers to each side of the module having a different pinout.
DIR Windows command-prompt command for displaying the contents of a folder (directory). Linux and OS X Terminal equivalent is ls.
directory permissions Permissions assigned to a directory (folder) by the Share command (networking) or by the Advanced properties dialog.
direct thermal Thermal printing technology in which the printhead heats the paper.
directory Older term for a folder in Windows.
Disk Management Windows interface for managing hard drive storage. Can also manage removable-media and tape drives in Vista.
DISKPART Window command-line utility for creating and managing disks, partitions, and volumes.
display General term encompassing monitors, HDTVs, and projectors used with a video card or port.
display settings Configuration of display resolution, color depth, refresh rate, etc.
DisplayPort Primarily used to transmit video but can also send audio and USB signals as well. Designed as a replacement for VGA and DVI.
distended capacitors Bulging, leaking motherboard component that resembles a miniature soft drink can. Replace capacitors or retire motherboard to solve.
distorted geometry When using a projector, caused by not having the screen/wall and projector lined up properly with each other.
distorted image Stretched or squeezed images are caused by incorrect resolution settings. Other types of image distortion can be caused by 3D settings, overheating video card, or failing video card.
DLL Dynamic Link Library. Binary files used by Windows and Windows programs.
DLP * Digital Light Processing
DMZ * Demilitarized zone. In network computing it is a subnetwork that provides external services. It is often between the LAN and the Internet but is controlled by the organization that also controls the LAN.
DNAT Destination network address translation. More often referred to a port forwarding or DMZ.
DNS * Domain name service or domain name server. Translates domain names into IP addresses.
DNS server Server that provides DNS server IP addresses to the network. Often incorporated into a wireless router.
Dock OS X feature for launching and switching applications; displays app icons across the bottom of the desktop.
docking station Enables laptops and other mobile devices to use devices not built in, such as card slots, high-end audio and video ports, and others; requires a proprietary, dedicated external bus connector.
documentation Printed or electronic manuals from the vendor explaining how to use an app, OS, or device.
domain Windows corporate network that uses a domain controller to store routes to network devices (shares, printers, etc.) and authenticate the users of each device.
domain setup During Windows installation, users are prompted to provide domain information so the computer can be added to the domain immediately.
domain name Unique alphanumeric identifier for websites.
DRAM * Dynamic Random Access Memory. Dynamic RAM. The slowest type of RAM, which requires frequent electrical refreshes to keep contents valid.
drill/hammer Popular data-destruction tools.
drive activity light Light on the front or top of a computer that lights up when the system drive is being used.
drive array Two or more drives used as a single logical unit.
Drive not recognized Error that takes place if misconfiguration, cable error, or other problem prevents the computer from detecting the drive.
Drive status Feature in Windows Disk Management that displays the condition and partition type of a drive.
drive wipe Process that overwrites all information on a drive so it cannot be retrieved.
driver A special file that instructs the OS on how to use a device.
driver installation Installing a driver for a new or existing device.
DRM * Digital Rights Management
DSL Digital Subscriber Line. A type of broadband Internet service that uses telephone lines to carry Internet traffic at speeds up to 1.5Mbps or more while allowing you to use your phone for normal functions at the same time. Two major types of DSL are ADSL and SDSL. See those entries for details.
dual rail A power supply with two +12V DC rails. Using dual rails is typically more reliable than using a single +12V DC rail. Many power supplies feature four or more +12V DC rails.
dual voltage A power supply that can manually or automatically switch between 115V and 230V DC current.
dual channel A motherboard feature in which two identical memory modules are treated as a single logical unit for faster access.
duplex A printing option that automatically prints on both sides of a sheet.
duplexing assembly The printer options that enables duplex printing.
dust and debris Common problems after using a thermal printer with a ribbon. Use compressed air or isopropyl alcohol to remove these before printing more.
DVD * Digital versatile disc; the most common optical disc format.
DVD boot Starting a computer from a DVD.
DVD-RAM * Digital Video Disc-Random-Access Memory
DVD-ROM * Digital Video Disc-Read-Only Memory
DVD-R * Digital Video Disc-Recordable
DVD-RW * Digital Video Disc-Rewritable
DVD-RW DL An optical drive that supports rewriteable DVD and dual-layer recordable DVD media.
DVI * Digital Visual Interface. Replaced DFP as the standard for support of LCD displays on desktop computers. DVI-D is for digital displays only; DVI-I supports digital and analog displays; DVI-A supports analog displays only. Sometimes this is also referred to as Digital Video Interface.
DXDIAG DirectX Diagnostics, a Windows utility for identifying the DirectX version in use and testing the computer’s DirectX features.
dye sublimation Thermal printing technology in which dye is released as a gas onto the page.
dynamic partition Windows disk storage type that permits drive spanning, striping, mirroring, and fault-tolerant volumes.
E–F
eBook An electronic book. A book in a variety of formats for use with e-reader apps or e-reader devices.
ECC * Error Correction Code or Error Checking and Correction. Advanced memory that can correct errors and requires special chipsets. It is used primarily in servers.
ECP * Extended Capabilities Port
EEPROM * Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EFS * Encrypting File System. The encryption subset of NTFS.
EIDE * Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
electrical fire A fire caused by an electrical problem. A Class C fire extinguisher is designed for electrical fires.
e-mail Electronic mail. Messages that can also include attachments that are sent and received with e-mail servers.
e-mail filtering E-mail server or client feature that blocks sending or receiving of messages with undesirable content.
EMI * Electromagnetic Interference
eMMC embedded Multi-Media Controller, a low-cost form of flash memory used in low-cost mobile devices. Slower than SSDs.
enclosure A case that can be used for computer components, usually internal hard disks.
end user The user of a computer or mobile device. Usually assigned standard user privileges.
end-user policies Policies that govern the use of a computer or mobile device by an end user.
enterprise license A software license assigned to an organization rather than an individual computer.
EP Electrophotographic Process. The seven-stage method for printing with a laser printer.
EPROM * Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
e-Reader A device designed for use with eBooks. Some can be converted into tablets by using non-standard firmware.
eSATA External SATA, a version of SATA for use with external drives.
ESD * Electrostatic discharge. The release of static electricity when two objects with varying electrical potentials come into contact with each other.
ESD mat A mat that is connected to unpainted metal on a computer or component to equalize electrical potential.
ESD strap A strap worn by a computer technician and clipped to unpainted metal on a computer or other component to equalize electrical potential.
EULA * End-User License Agreement
EVGA * Extended Video Graphics Adapter/Array
EVDO * Evolution Data Optimized or Evolution Data Only
exFAT (FAT64) File system designed to support high-capacity removable storage media, such as flash drives.
EXIT A Windows command-prompt command to exit a command-line program or to exit the command prompt session.
EXPAND A Windows command-prompt command to expand a .cab archive file containing Windows components.
expansion slots Slots in the motherboard for video, network, mass storage, and other types of cards. Types include PCIe, PCI, and others.
ExpressCard High-performance replacement for CardBus; available in 34mm-wide (/34) and 54mm-wide (/54) versions.
extend (volume) Disk Management option to increase the size of a disk volume into unallocated space.
extended partition Windows disk partition that can be divided into one or more logical drives. Cannot be made bootable.
external command Programs run from the command line, such as XCOPY.
EXPLORER Runs Windows Explorer (Vista/7) or File Explorer (8/8.1/10) from the command line.
ext3 Popular journaling file system formerly used by most Linux distributions.
ext4 Replacement for ext3 with support for larger drive sizes, more efficient file handling, backward-compatibility, and other improvements. Currently used by most Linux distributions.
face lock A mobile device security method that uses biometrics to detect your face.
factory recovery partition Common method used by manufacturers to provide Windows recovery media in compressed form.
factory reset/clean install The process of resetting a mobile device to its original condition and performing a clean installation of the OS.
faded prints Common indication of critically low toner level in a laser printer. Can also be caused by using an economy print mode.
failed login attempt restrictions A security feature that prevents login after a specified number of failed attempts.
failure to boot System cannot boot, possibly due to BIOS/UEFI boot order, damage to operating system files, or other causes.
fan connector Connection on the motherboard that powers and monitors a case or CPU fan.
fanless/passive A heat sink that does not use a fan.
fan Pulls air through the system past hot components for cooling and then out of the system.
FAT12 * 12-bit File Allocation Table
FAT16 * 16-bit File Allocation Table
FAT32 * 32-bit File Allocation Table. FAT method is optionally available with Windows. It allows for drive sizes up to 2TB (terabytes).
F-connector A coaxial cable connector used for CATV, cable Internet, and satellite Internet. Typically used with RG-59 and RG-6 cables.
feed assembly Paper feed component on a printer.
feeder Paper feed component on a printer.
fiber Short for fiber optic. Network cable that uses glass fibers to transmit photons to carry data.
file attributes File settings that indicate if a file needs to be backed up, is read-only, hidden, or system.
file permission changes Changes to the default file permissions setting for a file or folder to prevent or permit certain types of actions to be performed by a user or class of users.
file recovery software Software that can recover a deleted file if the file bypassed the Recovery Bin or was never sent to the Recovery Bin.
file server A type of server optimized for sharing files with the network.
file sharing An OS configuration allowing a file or folder to be used by remote users on a network.
file structure and paths How the system drive is configured for storing user files.
firewall A network device or software that blocks unauthorized access to a network from other users. Software firewalls, such as the Windows Firewall, ZoneAlarm, and Norton Internet Security, are sometimes referred to as personal firewalls. Routers can also function as firewalls.
FireWire 400 See IEEE 1394.
FireWire 800 See IEEE 1394.
firmware A middle ground between hardware and software, it is a software program that has been written for read-only memory (ROM).
first response When the first technician arrives at the incident scene and identifies what happened.
fitness monitor A type of wearable technology that monitors blood pressure, pulse, steps, and other factors. Uses Bluetooth to communicate with the host mobile device.
flash memory Memory that retains its contents without electricity.
FlexATX Small version of ATX motherboard designed for low-profile or small form factor systems.
flickering image Visual problem that can be caused by a failing CCFL backlight or by certain settings on mobile devices.
Fn key * Function; special key on laptop keyboards that, when pressed, enables other keys to perform an additional task, such as adjusting screen brightness, toggling the Windows desktop to an external display, etc.
Folder options Windows dialog for setting options such as whether registered file extensions and hidden files are displayed.
Force Quit Linux and OS X option to shut down an unresponsive app/program.
force stop Android and iOS option to shut down an unresponsive app.
form factor Physical size and shape of motherboard, power supply. See www.formfactors.org for specifications for common motherboard and power supply standards.
FORMAT Windows command-line tool for preparing a new drive for use or overwriting the drive’s contents so the drive can be reused.
front/top panel connectors Connections on front or side of motherboard for power switch, indicator lights, reset, and other features from the front or top of the computer.
frozen system A system that is unresponsive to mouse, keyboard, or touch. The power switch must be used to shut down a frozen system.
FTP * File Transfer Protocol. File transfer to or from a special server site on the World Wide Web.
FQDN * Fully Qualified Domain Name
full device encryption The contents of the entire device are encrypted. Assign a PIN code to a mobile device to encrypt it.
full format A disk format that rewrites sector markings over the entire disk rather than simply clearing the root directory (root folder) as with a quick format.
fuser assembly The laser printer component that heats the toner and paper and bonds them together.
G
Gadget A Windows 7 feature that allowed the user to place small applets anywhere on the screen. The applets were the same as those used in the Windows Vista sidebar. No longer supported by Microsoft due to security issues.
garbled characters Random text and graphic characters produced by a printer. Can indicate damage to the data cable between the printer and computer or the use of an incompatible printer driver.
gateway The private IP address of a device (such as a router) that connects computers on a LAN to another network.
GDI * Graphics Device Interface
general options The first menu of options displayed when a user opens the Settings menu on an iOS device.
generic hub USB hub that plugs in to a USB port or USB root hub.
geotracking The practice of tracking and recording the location of a mobile device over time.
gestures Finger movements made across an iOS trackpad or Magic Mouse surface or across a touchscreen on other OS that perform specific tasks.
ghost cursor/pointer drift Symptoms pointing to problems with the touchpad or track pad on a laptop, including accidental thumb swipes, touchpad stuck in the “always clicked” mode, and others.
ghost image Afterimage of the previous page on a page printed with a laser printer. Usually indicates a problem with the toner subsystem, including incorrect voltage, toner sticking to the rollers, and so on.
Gigabit NIC A network interface card (or port) that supports 10/100/1000Mbps Ethernet connections.
Glasses and headsets Two types of wearable technology.
Gmail Also known as Google Mail.
Google Play Store The Android app store.
Google Sync The Android cloud backup service.
GUI * Graphical user interface. Windows, OS X, GNOME, and KDE (Linux) are examples of GUIs.
GPRESULT Windows command-line utility that lists the resultant set of policy (RSoP) for a remote user and computer.
GPS * global positioning system. A worldwide system of satellites that provides information concerning the whereabouts of mobile devices and anything else with a GPS receiver.
GPT GUID partition table, used for hard drives over 2.1TB in size.
GPUPDATE Windows command-line utility to refresh group policy settings.
grep Linux plain-text search command.
GRUB2 An improved version of grub that supports booting from Live CD .iso files and scripting support among other changes. Often referred to as GRUB.
GSM * Global System for Mobile Communications
Guest account A Windows account with limited permissions.
gyroscope In addition to the accelerometers, this adds the measurements of pitch, roll, and yaw to mobile devices, just like in the concept of flight dynamics.
half duplex/full duplex/auto Settings for NIC connection speed. Half duplex—port sends, but must wait until sending is over to receive, and vice versa. Full duplex (preferred)—port sends and receives simultaneously, doubling effective throughput. Auto—NIC selects mode according to network defaults.
hard drive Mass storage device. Can refer to hard disk drive, hybrid drive, or SSD.
hard reset Also known as factory reset; clears all user information from a mobile device and resets it to as-shipped (factory) condition.
hardware Objects in a computer that are tangible; can be physically installed or removed.
HAV * Hardware Assisted Virtualization; features in CPU and BIOS that enable virtualization to perform faster.
HCL * Hardware Compatibility List
HD15 Another name for the VGA port
HD Audio An Intel standard for High Definition Audio (also known as HAD or Azalia). It supports 192kHz 32-bit sampling in stereo and 96kHz 32-bit sampling for up to eight channels.
HDMI * High-Definition Media Interface. A compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data.
header cable Connects to motherboard header pins connected to integrated I/O ports.
headset Alternative to speaker or earbuds for listening to audio; when equipped with a microphone, can also be used for hands-free use of a smartphone.
heat sink Device that draws heat away from a component (CPU, GPU, and memory).
heating element Thermal printer’s equivalent to a printhead. Creates text and graphics on special thermal paper or plain paper with a ribbon.
HELP Windows command-line utility for displaying help. Use the HELP command to see help for a specific command.
Hibernate Windows power-saving mode that writes the current desktop, open apps, open file information to the hard disk and then shuts down.
hide extensions The default setting in Windows Explorer/File Explorer; technicians should change this to display all file extensions for troubleshooting.
Hi-Speed USB USB 2.0 ports and devices.
HID Human interface device; mouse or keyboard.
hijacked e-mail When a hacker or malware takes over your e-mail, sends messages without your permission, and similar activities.
Home network setting Windows Vista/7 network location setting equivalent to selecting Private as the network type in Windows 8/8.1/10. Permits network discovery and supports creating or connecting to a homegroup.
home server A PC optimized to provide file, print, and backup services on a home or SOHO network.
HomeGroup Microsoft secure home and SOHO networking technology for Windows 7/8/8.1/10.
homegroup A secure home and SOHO network created using HomeGroup technology.
hot swappable drive A SATA or eSATA hard drive configured in AHCI mode. Also applies to drives using USB or FireWire interfaces.
hotspot Method for sharing a smartphone’s Internet access via Wi-Fi.
Hotspot/tethering Methods for sharing a smartphone’s Internet access via Wi-Fi or USB.
HPFS * High-Performance File System
HTML * Hypertext Markup Language. A standard for markup symbols that enables hyperlinking, fonts, special text attributes, graphics, and other enhancements to be added to text files for display with web browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome. The official source for HTML standards is the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), but some browsers have added proprietary features to the HTML dialects they understand.
HTTP * Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The basis for hyperlinking and the Internet; it is interpreted by a web browser program.
HTTPS * Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer. HTTPS connections are often used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems.
hub Central connecting point for UTP-based forms of Ethernet. A hub broadcasts messages to all computers connected to it and subdivides the bandwidth of the network among the computers connected to it. See switch. Also refers to a device used to enable multiple USB devices to connect to a single USB port.
hybrid Refers to: cloud computing that shares characteristics of a private and public cloud; a hard disk drive with a small SSD onboard for improving disk access time.
Hyper-Threading (HT Technology) Intel CPU technology that enables a single processor core to work with two execution threads at the same time.
hypervisor The program running on a host machine that creates and manages virtual machines. Most often refers to Type 1 virtualization, in which the hypervisor connects directly with the hardware rather than running on top of the host’s OS.
I
I/O * Input/Output; a generic term for ports used for input or output, such as USB, PS/2 mouse and keyboard, and FireWire. Storage device ports (SATA and eSATA) are not categorized as I/O ports.
IaaS Infrastructure as a service. A type of cloud computing in which users can lease cloud-based network services, servers, storage space, and other resources.
iCloud iOS cloud backup service.
ICMP * Internet Control Message Protocol
ICR * Intelligent Character Recognition
ID badge Can be used with various types of physical and digital security, including bar code readers and smart card readers.
IDE * Integrated Drive Electronics
IDS * Intrusion Detection System
IEEE * Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 1394 A high-speed serial connection. IEEE 1394a (FireWire 400) runs at 400Mbps and IEEE 1394b (FireWire 800) runs at 800Mbps. i.LINK is Sony’s name for a four-wire version of IEEE-1394a.
ifconfig Linux and OS X Terminal command to display and (optionally) change wired network configuration. Similar to Windows’ ipconfig command-line utility. In OS X Terminal, also supports wireless networking.
IIS * Internet Information Services
i.LINK See IEEE 1394.
image deployment Installing Microsoft Windows from an image.
image recovery Recreating a working OS from an image backup.
imaging device How Microsoft Windows identifies devices such as digital cameras or scanners in Computer.
imaging drum An important component in a laser printer.
IMAP * Internet Message Access Protocol. Second most common protocol used to download e-mail.
image backup System backup that stores all information on the system including the operating system, programs, settings, and data. Most recent image backup programs also support restoration of individual files.
IMEI * International Mobile Equipment Identity
impact paper Paper designed for impact printers. Typically has holes on both edges for sprocket feeding.
impact printer Print technology that uses a multipin printhead and an inked ribbon to make an image.
IMSI * International Mobile Subscriber Identity
inkjet printer Print technology that sprays fine droplets of ink on the page.
In-place upgrade Another name for a repair installation in Windows.
incident response The procedures to follow when unauthorized content or activities are detected.
incineration A method for destroying tape, optical discs, or flexible magnetic media.
infrastructure The default Wi-Fi configuration, with wireless clients connecting to each other or to the Internet via an access point rather than directly to each other.
inheritance How files and folders receive permissions settings from parent folders.
initialize (drive) Preparing a hard drive for use with Windows Disk Management.
ink cartridge Ink supply for an inkjet printer. Almost all current products use a separate cartridge for each color.
inkjet printer A non-impact printer that sprays tiny droplets of ink on plain or glossy paper to create text and images.
integrated GPU GPU (graphics processing unit) incorporated in the CPU.
integrated I/O ports Ports built in to the motherboard port cluster or internal headers such as USB, DVI, HDMI, Ethernet, and others.
integrated print server A printer or all-in-one unit (scan/copy/print or scan/copy/fax/print) that includes a wireless and/or wired print server.
intermittent connectivity A network problem that is most likely caused by physical problems such as a loose or damaged cable or antenna wire, or network signal strength/interference problems.
intermittent device failure A hardware problem that is most likely caused by physical problems such as a loose or damaged cable, lack of USB bus power, etc.
internal command Windows command-line operations built in to the Windows command interpreter, CMD.EXE, such as COPY, DEL, and DIR.
Internet appliance An Internet-connected device that performs a single task, such as a hardware firewall, e-mail filter, intrusion detection device, etc.
Internet pass-through When a mobile device connects to a PC to use the PC’s Internet connection.
intrusion detection/notification An IDS device detects and notifies administrators of threats that might not be detected by a firewall.
invalid certificate (trusted root CA) A trusted root certificate authority (CA) provides digital certificates for use by websites and software developers to authenticate their products and services. An invalid certificate is one that was provided under false pretenses to an attacker. It can be used to take over a system.
inverter Converts DC current into AC current to power CCFL backlight in LCD displays.
iOS Apple’s mobile OS, used by iPod Touch, iPad, and iPhone devices.
IPv4 IP version 4 is the most common version, using 32-bit addresses.
IPv6 IP version 6 will eventually replace IPv4, offering 128-bit addresses to prevent address exhaustion and easier configuration.
IP addressing The process of assigning IP addresses to network clients, including standalone devices as well as mobile devices, laptops, and desktops.
IP conflict Two devices (printers, mobile, computers, etc.) on a network with the same IP address.
IPCONFIG * Internet Protocol Configuration
IPP * Internet Printing Protocol
IPSec * Internet Protocol Security
IrDA * Infrared Data Association. Defines physical specifications and communications protocol standards for the short-range exchange of data over infrared, used in personal area networks (PANs).
ISDN * Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO * International Organization for Standardization/Industry Standards Organization
ISO image A single file that contains the layout of an optical disc.
ISP * Internet Service Provider
iTunes Apple’s music and media store. Also used for backing up iOS devices.
ITX Motherboard form factor designed for small form factor and embedded CPUs. Now obsolete, but was the basis for the smaller mini-ITX form factor and still smaller siblings.
iwconfig Linux command to display and (optionally) change wireless networks. Not supported in OS X Terminal.
J–K
jailbreaking The process of removing limitations on Apple devices, giving the user root access and allowing a person to install unauthorized software.
jargon Technical language that a non-technical user cannot understand; should not be used in discussions with customers.
JBOD * Just a Bunch Of Disks; also known as spanned; capacity of all drives combined into a single logical volume.
Journaling File system feature that continually records changes to the drive as they are made, enabling versioning and easier data recovery. Journaling is found in NTFS, ext3, ext4, OS X HFS, Windows NTFS, and most other non-FAT file systems.
joystick A game controller often used in flight simulators. Plugs into a USB port or might use Bluetooth wireless networking.
judgmental An undesirable trait in customer service, marked by lack of active listening, jumping to conclusions, and making moral judgements unrelated to the topic at hand.
jumper Group of two or three pins on a motherboard, storage device, or card; used for configuration.
jumper block Fits across two jumper pins to enable or disable a feature.
KB * Kilobyte or Knowledge Base
kernel panic Crash on a computer running OS X or Linux that forces the OS to shut down.
key fob A device that can be used in various types of security setups: as a digital key for building or room access; as a PIN code/cryptographic code generator; as a USB device for secure access to a computer, among other examples.
keyboard Alphanumeric data entry device with a typewriter-style keyboard, additional functional, numeric, directional, and text-editing keys. They connect via the USB or PS/2 keyboard port. Laptop keyboards also include Fn keys for special functions.
Keychain An OS X password management system.
KVM switch Keyboard-video-mouse; a device that enables a single keyboard, video display, and mouse to work with two or more computers.
L
L1 cache Level 1 cache memory read by CPU first when new memory information is needed; smallest cache size. See cache.
L2 cache Level 2 cache memory read by CPU if L1 cache does not have wanted information; much larger than L1 cache. See cache.
L3 cache Level 3 cache memory read by CPU if L2 cache does not have wanted information; much larger than L2 cache; used on high-performance CPUs. See cache.
LAN * Local area network. A network in which the components connect through network cables; if a router is used, the network is a WAN.
LGA Land Grid Array. Intel CPU socket technology that uses small metal lands in the CPU socket instead of pins on the CPU.
laser printer Type of nonimpact page printer that quickly produces quality text and images. Most use the electrophotographic (EP) printing/imaging process.
LBA * Logical Block Addressing
LCD * Liquid crystal display. Type of screen used on portable computers and on flat-panel desktop displays.
LDAP * Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Maintains distributed directory information services. Examples include e-mail and Microsoft Active Directory.
LED display LCD display with LED backlighting instead of a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL).
legacy/embedded systems Legacy systems are those that rely on outdated, often no-longer-supported, software or hardware—for example, devices that use Windows XP. Embedded systems are computer systems built into larger systems for control or other purposes. For example, a CNC (computer numeric control) router includes a computer that controls the cutting process. Embedded systems sometimes include legacy hardware or software, but not always.
LGA2011 The original LGA 2011 supports high-performance Sandy Bridge E and Ivy Bridge E processors. LGA 2011-v3 supports high-performance Haswell E processors.
LGA1150 LGA socket used by fourth generation (Haswell) and fifth-generation (Broadwell) Intel CPUs. Haswell processors are the first to feature an integrated voltage regulator. Broadwell uses a smaller die size than Haswell for improved power efficiency and allows overclocking of the integrated GPU.
LGA1155 LGA socket used by second- and third-generation Core i-series processors; 1155 lands.
LGA1156 LGA socket used by first-generation Core i-series processors; 1156 lands.
LGA1366 LGA socket used by Extreme Core i7 CPUs; 1366 lands.
LGA775 First LGA socket from Intel; used by late-model Pentium 4, Pentium D, others; 775 lands.
Library A Windows feature that enables multiple locations to be viewed in a single Windows Explorer or File Explorer window.
licensing Legal agreement detailing how computer software, hardware, or firmware can be used by the licensee.
lifting techniques Methods for safely lifting heavy and bulky equipment, frequently requiring two or more people (team lifting).
lightning The proprietary, reversible Apple iOS sync/charging connector used on current iOS devices.
LILO A Linux boot loader used on older Linux distributions. Largely replaced by GRUB and GRUB2.
limited connectivity Network client can connect to LAN resources, but not to the Internet. Can result from loss of connection to a DHCP server.
line-of-sight wireless A type of wireless networking in which fixed microwave towers are used to send and receive signals. A popular type of Internet and TV access in rural areas.
Linux An open-source operating system that is inspired by the commercial Unix operating system. Available in many versions (called distributions or distros).
liquid-based (cooling) Cooling system for CPU, GPU, and other components that replaces air cooling with heat blocks, a heat exchanger, and liquid-filled hoses; used for extreme overclocking.
Live File System Microsoft’s implementation of the Universal Disc Format (UDF) for writing to recordable or rewriteable CD or DVD media in Windows.
Live sign in Signing into a Microsoft (formerly Live) account.
logical drive Drive created inside of an extended partition.
local connectivity See limited connectivity.
local security policy Security policy configured on an individual computer using the Local Security Policy MMC snap-in.
local share A share created on a local drive using File and Printer sharing in Windows.
Local Users and Groups A Computer Management node used to manage users and groups that can connect to the Windows computer being managed.
location data Data used for geolocation, such as a device’s GPS coordinates or approximate location as determined by cell towers or Wi-Fi access.
locator application Program or service that can be used to locate a lost smartphone, tablet, or computer.
lockout Feature built into encrypted mobile devices and included on many secure websites to block login attempts after a specified number of failures.
lockup A system crash indicated by an unresponsive mouse cursor, keyboard, or touchscreen.
logical In disk partitioning using Windows, a logical drive is all or a specified portion of an extended partition on a drive using the MBR partitioning scheme.
log Event record stored by an OS or app. In Windows, various logs are available in the Event Viewer node of Computer Management.
LoJack for Laptops A locator service that is embedded in the system BIOS/UEFI firmware of most laptops. To activate it, purchase a subscription from LoJack.
loopback plug A plug that routes output to input wires to enable a port to be tested for proper send/receive functions. Widely available for testing Ethernet ports as well as legacy COM and LPT ports. Some BIOS/UEFI and third-party vendors also offer USB loopback plugs.
loud clicking noise A typical symptom of either a hard disk drive or other magnetic drive having read/write problems (the clicking comes from repeated seek movements of the read/write head) or from a failing cooling fan.
loud noise A loud “bang” or “pop” noise, often accompanied by smoke or a chemical odor, usually indicates the failure of a capacitor on the motherboard on in the power supply. The component must be replaced, and if the power supply is affected, it could have damaged other components as well.
low-level format The format process used to prepare a hard disk drive or SSD at the factory. Although a true low-level format cannot be performed in the field, overwriting the drive’s surface with randomized data prevents existing information from being recovered.
low memory errors Errors caused by attempting to print a document that will not fit in the laser printer’s memory. These include partial page printout, or requiring the page to be ejected manually. Very slow printing due to extreme page compression being used to try to print the document.
low RF signal Wireless network problem caused variously by obstructions between router and wireless client, use of only one antenna by router or client, excessive distance between router and client.
LPD/LPR * Line Printer Daemon/Line Printer Remote
LPT * Line Printer Terminal. See parallel port.
ls Linux, OS X Terminal command to list the contents of the current directory (folder).
LVD * Low Voltage Differential
MAC filtering Router configuration that permits network access only to listed MAC addresses. Can be defeated by an attacker spoofing MAC addresses already on the list.
magnetic disk drive Drive that uses one or more flexible or rigid platters coated in magnetic material. Hard disk drives (but not SSDs) are a current example.
mail server A server that sends or receives e-mail.
maintenance kit A kit for laser printers that includes components that are most likely to wear out, such as the fuser, tray, and cassette pickup rollers, tray separation pad, and cassette separation pad. Exact contents vary by model.
malware Malicious software, or malware, is software designed to infiltrate a computer system and possibly damage it without the user’s knowledge or consent. Malware is a broad term used by computer people to include viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, rootkits, adware, and other types of unwanted software.
MAN Metropolitan area network.
man-in-the-middle A network attack in which the attacker relays and might alter information passing between two parties, each of which is convinced it is connected directly to the other party.
mantrap A physical security arrangement in which the first door must close before the second door can open. Door opening can be controlled remotely or by using physical or electronic tokens.
manufacturer resources General name for instruction manuals, user manuals, service manuals, and other information about a particular computer, mobile device, peripheral, operating system, or app.
MAPI * Messaging Application Programming Interface
MAU * Media Access Unit or Media Attachment Unit
MBSA * Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer
MD Abbreviation for MKDIR, a Windows command-prompt command that makes a folder (directory).
measured service A cloud computing concept for billing for services by one or more of several measures such as by the hour, by data transferred, etc.
Memory/MicroSD See MicroSD.
Metro UI Windows 8/8.1 UI that is touch-oriented. Windows 10 combines some Metro UI elements (Tablet Mode) with a Start menu similar to Windows 7.
MDM Mobile Device Management Software that secures, manages, and monitors multiple mobile devices from a central location.
MicroATX Reduced-size ATX-family motherboard that supports up to four expansion slots. Usually incorporates video ports and only two memory slots.
MicroDIMM * Micro Dual Inline Memory Module
microphone Used for recording audio, live audio, or video chat. Built into laptop displays or can connect via USB or 3.5mm mini-jack.
MicroSD MicroSD is the most common type of storage expansion used by smartphones and tablets.
MicroUSB Smallest USB connector. MicroUSB Type B is used for USB-on-the-Go.
MIDI * Musical Instrument Digital Interface. A standard developed for the storage and playback of music based on digital sampling of actual musical instruments.
MIME * Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
MIMO * Multiple Input Multiple Output
miniDIN-6 Used for PS/2 mouse and keyboard ports.
miniHDMI Used by high-performance video cards and some tablets.
miniPCI Used for diagnostics cards and for Wi-Fi networking on older laptops.
miniPCIe Used for diagnostics cards and for Wi-Fi networking on more recent laptops.
Mini-ITX VIA Tech-originated ultra-compact motherboard design; used in computing appliances (media servers, etc.).
MiniSD Smaller than SD, larger than MicroSD. Not in widespread use.
missing boot configuration data The BCD store file (used for boot configuration in Windows 7/8/8.1/10) is missing. Restart the system with a Windows distribution disc or repair disc and use Startup Repair or BCDEdit to fix the problem.
missing DLL message A dynamic link library (DLL) file for a program or driver has been deleted or moved. If the file is not in the Recycle Bin, reinstall the app or driver.
missing graphical interface In Linux, the X Windows server subsystem didn’t start or has crashed. Enter startx at the Terminal prompt to load it. In Windows, Safe Mode Command Prompt might have been selected as the startup mode. Restart the system. If the system was started in VGA (low-resolution) mode, the mode selected might be out of the supported range for the video driver. Restart the system.
missing GRUB/LILO Indicates the Linux boot manager is missing. Can be caused by installing Windows after installing Linux. Use Boot-Repair (https://sourceforge.net/p/boot-repair/home/Home/) to fix.
missing operating system General error message when OS cannot be located by the system BIOS/UEFI firmware. Check boot order, remove unbootable media, and restart system.
Mission Control OS X app window manager and app switcher.
MLC Multi-Level Cell; faster but more expensive than SLC flash memory; used in SSDs.
MMC * Microsoft Management Console
Mobile payment service Payment service that uses credentials stored on a smartphone. Usually requires that NFC be enabled.
modem Short for modulate-demodulate, this device converts digital computer information into analog form and transmits it via telephone system to another computer.
Molex Four-pin power connector used for desktop PATA drives and some add-on cards. Molex connectors can be adapted to SATA drives, case fans, and Bern connectors (used for floppy drive power).
motherboard The logical foundation of the computer; all components connect to it.
motion sensor Feature in Android and iOS devices that can be used for gaming or in conjunction with integrated camera for security or other uses.
mount point Empty NTFS folder used to mount a drive.
mounted drive A drive accessed through an empty NTFS folder.
mounting The process of recognizing a drive so its contents can be viewed.
mouse A pointing device that connects through the USB port or PS/2 mouse port.
MP3 * Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 3 Audio
MP4 * Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 4
MPEG * Moving Picture Experts Group
MSCONFIG * Microsoft Configuration
MSDS * Material Safety Data Sheet. A document that contains information about substances that contain chemicals. It explains how to treat a person who comes in contact with the substance.
MSINFO32 The Microsoft System Information utility displays information about Windows, the computer, peripherals, and installed applications.
MSTSC Microsoft Remote Desktop Connection app.
MUI * Multilingual User Interface
multiboot installation System configuration in which the user’s choice of two or more operating systems can be selected when the system starts.
multicore processor Processor with two or more cores; some desktop processors have as many as eight cores.
multifactor authentication Use of more than one method for authentication, such as a password and a smart card.
multimeter An electrical testing device that can test amperage, AC and DC voltage, continuity, and other items.
multi-mode fiber Fiber optic cable with a large center core that is designed for short-distance networking.
multi-monitor task bars A feature of Windows 8/8.1/10.
multiple monitor misalignment/orientation OS X, Linux, and Windows all support multiple monitors but use different methods for configuring alignment.
multitouch touchscreens An input device that can sense the presence of two or more contact points. Common in personal computers, game consoles, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
Music A Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10 folder/library.
mutual authentication for multiple services (SSO) Access control method in which a user can sign on once to access multiple services. For example, signing in with a Microsoft account provides access to Outlook.com, OneDrive cloud storage, account management, etc.
mv Linux/OS X Terminal command for moving/renaming files.
N–O
NAT Network Address Translation; enables multiple private IP addresses to connect to the Internet through a single public IP address.
NBTSTAT Windows command that troubleshooting NetBIOS name resolution issues on an IP network.
NET Windows command-line utility for managing networks.
NetBEUI * Networked Basic input/output system Extended User Interface
netboot Booting to a network OS image.
NETDOM Windows command-line utility for managing Active Directory domains.
NETSTAT Windows command-line utility for displaying detailed network status.
network card Network adapter: connects a computer to a network. Term is also used for integrated network adapters and for USB network adapters.
network card properties Connection speed, encryption type (wireless), duplex settings, and other settings.
network printer mapping Connecting to a printer that has its own IP address.
Network shares Folder shares available to users on the network.
NFC Near Field Communication. Enables wireless sharing between mobile devices and mobile payment systems.
NLX * New Low profile Extended
NNTP * Network News Transfer Protocol
no connectivity Error resulting from loss of network connection due to router, network, or cable failure; Airplane mode being enabled; network adapter disabled.
no power Problem due to failure of AC current; battery exhaustion or failure; charger malfunction.
non-compliant system System that does not have all security updates installed.
North Bridge Chipset component responsible for connection between CPU and high-speed I/O buses such as PCIe and USB 3.0.
Notepad Windows app for plain-text viewing and editing.
nozzle check Inkjet printer maintenance option that uses all nozzles to print a pattern that indicates whether some nozzles are clogged.
NSLOOKUP Displays detailed DNS information.
NTFS * New Technology File System. Preferred file system for Microsoft Windows operating systems.
NTFS permissions File and folder permissions assigned with the folder or file’s Security tab.
null-modem Serial cable that has transmit and receive wires crossed at one end; used for data transfer.
Num lock indicator lights When light is on, NumLock is working. Some BIOS/UEFI firmware can configure NumLock to be enabled at startup.
OCR * Optical Character Recognition
OEM * Original Equipment Manufacturer
OLED * OLED displays use organic light-emitting diodes based on organic compounds that emit light.
on-demand Characteristic of cloud computing, in which users can purchase access to additional resources as needed.
OneDrive Microsoft cloud storage service.
open-ended questions Asking questions that receive more than a “yes” or “no” answer; a desirable skill in troubleshooting.
open-source Software whose object code is freely distributable, enabling third parties to modify it and, in turn, distribute modifications.
optical drive Drive that uses CD, DVD, or Blu-ray media.
orientation Mobile device feature that detects device rotation and changes screen orientation to match.
Outlook.com Microsoft cloud-based e-mail and calendaring service.
overclocking Running CPU, memory, and other components at faster-than-normal speeds. May require adjustments to component voltage and improved air cooling or a switch to liquid cooling.
overheating Problem in which CPU, GPU, power supply, or other computer component becomes hotter than its normal design parameters call for; can be caused by inadequate airflow, fan failures, overloaded power supply; can lead to data corruption, system failure, or physical damage to components.
overlimit Mobile system exceeds its data transfer limit. Could be caused by malware.
P–Q
PaaS Platform as a Service. Cloud computing category designed for developing and deploying apps.
paging file (virtual memory) The file stored on the hard drive used by the paging process as virtual memory, also known as a swap file. In Windows it is a file called pagefile.sys.
pairing The process of connecting two wireless devices together, such as Bluetooth or some wireless mice or keyboards and their receiver.
paper jam Printer problem that can be caused by damp paper, not fanning the paper properly before placing in tray, or defective feed rollers.
parallel port I/O port that enables data-transfer method sending 8 bits or multiples of 8 in a single operation; quite often uses a DB25F port. Also known as LPT port.
parental controls Program, service, or feature integrated into some routers that provides for filtering of web contents, restrictions on social media use, time restrictions, or game rating restrictions for users based on age and parent/guardian settings.
passcode lock Mobile device security feature that requires the user to enter a passcode to unlock the device. Must be enabled by the user.
passive heat sink Heat sink that relies on outside air flow for cooling.
passwd Linux command for managing passwords.
password best practices Recommendations for creating strong passwords, such as use of randomized alphanumeric and punctuation characters, using passwords longer than the minimum length, and so on.
PATA * Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment; term used for drives that use the 40-pin interface formerly known as IDE or ATA-IDE.
patch panel A panel containing network ports that connects to a router or switch. Users can plug or unplug network cables to enable or disable connections as needed without disturbing the switch or router itself.
patch/update management Management of OS or app patches and updates. Can be performed by the OS itself or by optional OS-supplied or third-party services.
patching/OS updates Updates to the OS. In Windows, use Windows Update. In Linux, use apt-get. In OS X, use the Mac App Store.
PC Card 16-bit PCMCIA card used in older laptops.
PC2001 system design guide A series of computer specifications originally developed by Intel and Microsoft in 2001. Most of its recommendations are obsolete, but the port color-coding it contains (carried over from the PC99 design guide) continues to be followed by the industry.
PCI * Peripheral Component Interconnect; 32-bit I/O bus providing a shared 33-MHz or 66-MHz data path between the CPU and peripheral controllers.
PCI Express See PCIe.
PCIe * PCI Express; a high-speed set of serial bus communication channels used by adapter cards.
PCIe 6/8-pin Power leads from the power supply used to power PCIe video cards. Some cards use the six-pin connection; some the eight-pin connector.
PCI-X * Workstation/server version of PCI used for network and mass storage cards; provides faster performance than PCI.
PCL * Printer Control Language
PCMCIA * Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PE * Preinstallation Environment
peer-to-peer Network in which some or all of the client PCs also act as peer servers.
Performance (virtual memory) A Windows Control Panel setting that specifies the location and size of the paging file.
Performance monitor A Windows Computer Management node that enables customized logging of system performance factors including processor performance, memory transfers, network performance, and others.
permission propagation How NTFS file permissions are propagated to files and folders.
personal license A software license for personal use.
personal safety General term for measures to keep computer technicians safe, including ESD prevention, electrical protection, lifting methods, air filtration, and others.
Personally Identifiable Information Metadata stored in documents and photos that could be used to determine the file’s creator or other personal information.
PGA * Pin Grid Array; CPU socket design in which pins in the rear of the CPU are inserted into holes in sockets and clamped into place.
phablets Smartphones with screens of 5.5-in or larger.
phishing The attempt to gain information such as personally identifiable information and credit cards using e-mail or other electronic communications.
physical laptop lock and cable lock See cable lock.
pickup rollers Printer component that pulls paper from the paper cassette, input tray, or roll feed and moves it into position for printing.
Pictures A Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10 folder/library.
PII * Personally Identifiable Information
PIN * Personal Identification Number
PING Windows, Linux, and OS X utility for testing network connectivity.
pinning Placing shortcuts to apps on the taskbar (Windows)
pinwheel Slang term for OS X’s spinning wait cursor, which appears when an application is busy.
PKI * Public Key Infrastructure
plasma Type of display that uses small cells that contain ionized gas.
plastics/frames Components of laptop computers; they can be easily damaged.
play store Short for Google Play, the app store for Android devices.
plenum An air space in a building, such as HVAC ductwork or a suspended ceiling. Plenum cable, which produces very little smoke when burned, is required when a plenum is being used for cabling.
pointing device General term for any mouse-type device.
pointing stick Generic term for IBM/Lenovo TrackPoint, Toshiba AccuPoint, or other eraser-head pointing devices located in the middle of the keyboard.
policies and procedures In the CompTIA A+ Certification exam 220-902, refers to mobile device security.
POP3 * Post Office Protocol 3. E-mail protocol used by client computers to download or receive e-mail.
pop-ups Ads or other web content that appear in small browser windows. Some websites use pop-ups when a user clicks a link, but most pop-ups are unsolicited advertising, and some might contain links to malware.
port (physical, TCP, UDP) Physical port: location to attach a cable, especially a data cable. TCP or UDP port: number or range of numbers assigned to a particular connection session or connection type.
port forwarding Redirection of inbound Internet traffic from a public connection to a particular port on a private connection behind the router. Used when the router would normally block the connection.
port forwarding/mapping Equivalent terms. See port forwarding.
port replicator Provides a single connection for various types of I/O ports for portable computers; the port replicator is connected to the external devices and is then connected to the portable computer through an external proprietary expansion bus or through a USB port.
port triggering Similar to port forwarding, but takes place when a private IP address creates an outbound connection and inbound connections for that port are temporarily routed to another port. Unlike port forwarding, inbound connections to the rerouted port are dropped when the outbound trigger port is not being used.
POST * Power-On Self Test. BIOS test of basic hardware performed during cold boot.
POST card/USB Device that displays port 80h POST codes. Some are powered by USB cables, but USB does not pass these POST codes. They are transmitted via PCI, PCIe, miniPCI, miniPCIe, or parallel (LPT) ports.
POST code beeps The POST routine in the BIOS/UEFI firmware might beep in various patterns to indicate errors with video, memory, CPU, or other components. A speaker must be connected to the front-panel speaker header pins on the motherboard to hear POST code beeps.
POTS * Plain Old Telephone Service
power button Button that turns on power to the system. Does not connect directly to the power supply, but to the motherboard.
power connections and types Connections used on the motherboard, add-on cards, and drives to receive power. Types include 20-pin and 24-pin ATX, ATX12V, EPS12V, Molex, Berg, SATA, PCIe 6/8 pin, and others.
power light Light that indicates power is being received. Might be on top or front of desktop computer, power jack, or AC adapter on laptop or tablet.
power options OS settings for power usage.
Power over Ethernet injector Adds power to an Ethernet cable so the cable can provide power as well as data to a PoE device.
power plan Windows power management setting.
power supply Converts high-voltage AC to low-voltage DC.
power supply tester Checks to see if power supply is working or reaching proper voltage levels.
power surges Short-term overvoltage. Can damage equipment.
power user Windows user category that has permissions similar to an administrator. Supported for compatibility purposes in Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10.
PowerShell Windows command-prompt enhanced command and scripting language.
PPTP * Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
pre-installation environment PE; OS environment that is used before system installation to prepare system for use. Can also be used to troubleshoot existing systems.
primary partition Disk partition that can be bootable; created with Disk Management in Windows, with DISKPART, or during OS installation.
principle of least privilege Providing users with just enough permissions to perform ordinary tasks.
print head Printhead. The printer component that places text or graphics on the paper. Found in impact and inkjet printers.
Print Management A Windows tool used to manage network printers and print servers.
print queue List of print jobs waiting to be sent to the printer.
print server Server optimized for printing. Might be a network server, a self-contained device with its own IP address, or incorporated into a wired or wireless printer.
print sharing Enabling a local printer to be used by other network clients.
print spooler Windows service responsible for receiving print jobs and sending them to the printer.
printer An output device that puts text and graphics on paper, labels, transparency media.
printer calibration Adjusting the alignment and accuracy of color and monochrome output.
printer preferences Printer settings such as quality, paper type, monochrome or color; details vary with printer.
printer properties Printer management options such as sharing, port usage, security, spooling options, and availability.
printer ribbon Contains ink or other materials that are transferred to the surface being printed. Used by impact, thermal transfer, and dye-sublimation printers.
printer sharing Configuring a local printer so it can be used by others on a network.
privacy filters Filter that fits over a screen to prevent anyone other than the user from seeing what is on the screen.
private Not for public use, display, or knowledge.
private IP address IP address that is not visible to the Internet.
private materials Materials belonging to a client.
processes In Windows Task Manager, activities that are running on a computer, including program modules, program threads, and services.
professional titles Doctor, Professor, Nurse, etc. These should be used when communicating with or about a client.
profile security requirements In CompTIA A+ Certification Exam 220-902, refers to determining security settings needed for mobile devices.
programs Applications, software.
Programs and Features A Windows Control Panel subcategory used for uninstalling apps, turning Windows features on and off, viewing updates, and using program compatibility tools.
prohibited activity Any activity that violates an organization’s policies and procedures, specifically involving computers and mobile devices.
prohibited content Any content found on computers or mobile devices that violates an organization’s policies and procedures.
PROM * Programmable Read-Only Memory
proper language Language that is polite, appropriate, and germane to discussing the client’s problems and possible solutions.
properly formatted boot drive with the correct partitions/format Requirements for Windows OS drive configuration and layout, such as file system, partitioning method, location of user files, etc.
proprietary crash screens (BSOD/pinwheel) General term for how an OS displays a crash, with an example for Windows (BSOD) and OS X (pinwheel).
protection from airborne particles A requirement for technicians who will be working on cleaning out computers and peripherals, painting or refinishing chassis, or tearing down equipment.
protective covers/water proofing Protective accessories for mobile devices.
proxy server Server that caches Internet page requests, enabling a single page to be viewed by all of the devices requesting it. Reduces outbound traffic to the Internet and can also be used for filtering content.
proxy settings Specific settings for the types of content using a proxy server and its IP address and port numbers.
ps Linux and OS X Terminal command to view system processes.
PS/2 * Personal System/2 Connector. A six-pin Mini-DIN port used for mice or keyboards.
PSTN * Public Switched Telephone Network
public IP address An IP address visible to the Internet.
public network setting Windows network location setting that configures the Windows Firewall to protect against unsolicited inbound connections.
punchdown tool Tool used to punch wire pairs into network connectors such as keystone modules, patch panels, and other receptacles for network cables.
punctuality Arriving on-time or early for appointments or consultation.
PVC * Permanent Virtual Circuit or Polyvinyl Chloride
pwd Linux and OS X Terminal command for displaying the current working directory (folder).
PXE * Preboot Execution Environment
quick format Format command that clears the contents of the root folder (directory) on a storage device.
R
radio firmware Firmware found in some smartphones which, when activated, can receive FM radio signals. Feature must be supported by mobile service provider.
RAID * Redundant Array of Independent (or Inexpensive) Disks
RAID 0 Striping; data written across both drives; fast, but no protection against drive failure. Uses two drives.
RAID 1 Mirroring; data written simultaneously to both drives; if one drive fails, array can be rebuilt from the contents on the other drives. Uses two drives.
RAID 10 Four drives are set up as two mirrored pairs, with data striped across the pairs. If a drive fails, the array can be rebuilt from the other drives. Can also use additional pairs.
RAID 5 Three or more drives are used with data and parity information striped across all drives. If a drive fails, the array can be rebuilt from the other drives.
RAID array All of the drives that are used in a particular RAID configuration.
RAM * Random Access Memory. Volatile memory whose contents can be changed.
RAM slots Slots (sockets) on a desktop or laptop motherboard for replacement or additional RAM (memory) modules.
ransomware A type of malware that encrypts your drive(s) and requires you to pay a ransom (usually in a specified time), or the drives’ contents will be lost.
rapid elasticity A characteristic of cloud computing referring to how quickly and easily more or fewer cloud resources can be used or set aside as needed.
RCA A type of connector used for stereo audio connectors to a receiver, composite video, or SPDIF coaxial digital audio.
RD Abbreviation for RMDIR, a Windows, Linux, or OS X Terminal/ command-prompt command for removing a directory (folder).
Read/write failure Storage error that can result from electronics failure, impact damage, cable damage, or other issues.
ReadyBoost Windows feature that uses flash memory as a disk cache.
Recovery Console A Windows XP recovery feature that consists of a special command-prompt session. It can be used to repair boot sectors, copy files between local storage devices, and run diagnostic tests. It can be installed as part of a Windows XP boot menu or run from the distribution media.
recovery partition A common feature of Windows installations on computers sold at retail. It typically contains compressed files that can be used to create recovery media, or might allow recovery to run directly when a system cannot start normally.
refresh rate Rate at which electron guns in the monitor’s CRT repaint the picture onscreen; also called vertical refresh rate. It is measured in hertz (Hz).
Refresh/reset Features in Windows 8/8.1/10 that are used for fixing systems that won’t run properly. Refresh removes apps not obtained from the Windows Store, reinstalls Windows Store apps, but does not delete user files. Reset returns Windows to its as-installed condition, removing all apps installed after initial installation and user files. Reset is also used to prepare a system for repurposing or secure disposal.
REGEDIT The Windows Registry Editor.
registry Database of all hardware, software, and system settings in Windows.
REGSRV32 Windows command-line utility to re-register software components.
remediate The process of restoring an infected computer to health.
Remote Assistance A Windows feature that allows one user to invite another user to temporarily view the screen and control the first user’s computer. Designed for troubleshooting and training.
remote backup Backing up data to a remote location.
Remote Desktop Connection Remote control app in Windows.
Remote Disc OS X feature that enables an OS X computer that lacks an optical disc drive to use another computer’s optical disc drive. Drivers available for Windows.
remote network installation A Windows installation option that allows systems to boot to a network-located OS image and use it for installation.
remote printing Printing to a printer via a remote connection (typically the Internet)
Remote settings Windows Control Panel settings for Remote Desktop Connection and Remote Assistance
remote wipe A mobile device security feature that can wipe a lost or stolen device.
renamed system files A symptom of a malware infection; renamed files can prevent the system from running properly or from using built-in or third-party security tools.
repair disks A bootable optical disc or USB drive that can be used to repair an OS.
repair installation A Windows installation option in which the OS is installed over the same version to fix problems with the previous installation. Also known as an in-place upgrade.
repair/replacement Options for defective hardware. When discussing these options with a client, be clear about the benefits and drawbacks of each so the client can make an informed decision.
repeater Amplifies a network signal to enable it to run over longer cable than normal; hubs or switches also act as repeaters.
report through proper channels Proper initial response to an incident involving prohibited content or activities.
repurposing Preparing a computer or storage device for another use. Usually involves secure overwriting of existing information.
reset button Button on front or top of a desktop computer that, when pushed, sends the Reset signal to the power supply for an immediate restart.
reset to factory default Device has all user data, settings, and optional apps removed. Device works as if it has just been turned on.
resolution The number of dots per inch (dpi) supported by a scanner or printer, or the number of pixels supported by a display.
resource pooling Feature of cloud computing in which multiple clients share a pool of hardware, software, and services.
restore point File that stores configuration information for the system. Created automatically or manually. Used by System Restore. Also stores older versions of data files in Windows Vista/7.
RFI * Radio Frequency Interference
RFID badge A device used in electronic security as a token. The badge is swiped past a receiver to permit the bearer access to a secure location.
RG-59 Coaxial cable used to distribute TV signals in a home or office. Replaced by RG-6.
RG-6 Coaxial cable used to distribute HDTV signals in a home or office. RG-6QS uses quad shielding for better signal quality over long runs.
RGB Red, Green, Blue. Three additive primary colors used in electronic systems, displays, and projectors.
ribbon Used by thermal transfer and dye-sublimation printers to print text or images onto media.
RIP * Routing Information Protocol
RIS * Remote Installation Service
RISC * Reduced Instruction Set Computer
riser A card or cable that extends expansion slot connections straight or at a 90-degree angle to make it possible to install cards that would normally not fit into a chassis.
RJ-11 * Registered Jack Function 11
RJ-45 * Registered Jack Function 45
rm Linux and OS X Terminal command for removing files and directories (folders).
RMA * Returned Materials Authorization
ROBOCOPY Windows file copying utility with mirroring and logging capabilities. Replaces XCOPY with more options.
rogue antivirus A malware program that masquerades as a legitimate antivirus program.
roller A component in a printer that helps move the paper or media through the printer.
root access Provides full access to a device’s file system, apps, and other features. Android apps downloaded outside the Google Play store could provide unauthorized root access to the developer.
root hub Hosts USB ports on a PC.
rootkit Malware designed to gain administrative-level control of a computer.
rotating/removable screens A feature of 2-in-1 devices that can be used as tablets or laptops.
router Device that routes data from one network to another. Often integrated with wireless access points and switches.
RS-232 See serial port.
run as administrator A requirement for some Windows apps and administrative tools. Also known as run with elevated privileges.
SaaS Software as a Service. Software programs that can be run from the cloud without downloading an app. Examples include Google Docs and Microsoft Word Online, Excel Online, etc.
SATA * Serial Advanced Technology Attachment; this version of ATA uses thin data and power cables to transmit data serially at rates of 1.5Gbps, 3.0Gbps, 6.0Gbps, and 16Gbps (SATA Express).
SATA1 CompTIA term for first-generation SATA with a 1.5Gbps maximum transfer rate.
SATA2 CompTIA term for second-generation SATA with a 3.0Gbps maximum transfer rate.
SATA3 CompTIA term for second-generation SATA with a 6.0Gbps maximum transfer rate.
scan In technology, describes the process of looking for threats (spyware, malware, viruses); using a device to read barcodes; using a device to convert a photo or document into a file using a copier-like device.
scanner A device used to read barcodes; a device used to convert photos or documents into files.
scope of the problem The goal of open-ended questions is to define this as narrowly as possible to help find the solution.
screen calibration A program on a mobile device that verifies the three axes (left to right, up and down, and back to front) are calibrated properly.
Screen lock A pattern drawn on the display, a PIN (passcode), or a password, used to make a mobile device inaccessible to other people.
Screen Sharing An OS X feature used for remote control.
Screwdriver A versatile tool that can be used to remove and attach screws and bolts from desktop, laptop, and mobile devices. Multiple removable bits and standard and jeweler’s screwdriver sizes are needed to handle the broadest range of jobs.
SCSI * Small Computer System Interface. A flexible interface usable for hard and optical drives, scanners, and other devices. Narrow SCSI interfaces enables daisy-chaining of 7 devices to a single port. Wide SCSI enables daisy-chaining of up to 15 devices to a single port.
SCSI ID * Small Computer System Interface Identifier.
SDK/APK System Development Kit. The software needed to develop an app for an operating system. Android users also need the Android Packaging Kit to package Android apps for distribution. SDKs are available from OS vendors. The APK is available from Google.
SDRAM Synchronous DRAM. Fast RAM synchronized to the motherboard’s clock speed; typical speeds of 66MHz, 100MHz, and 133MHz.
SDSL Synchronous DSL. A type of DSL connection in which upload and download speeds are the same. SDSL connections are marketed to business rather than to home users and almost always require a newly installed circuit to the location and professional installation. See also DSL, ADSL.
Secure Boot A feature of Windows 8/8.1/10 that uses the UEFI specification to prevent unsigned OS versions from being booted. Must be disabled in UEFI firmware if the user wants to install another OS.
security alert An alert displayed in the taskbar by Windows when a security issue has been noted. Note that many malware apps display fake security alert dialogs in an attempt to infect a system.
security best practices General term for desirable security procedures. For example, locking a system keyboard when away, updating anti-malware and antivirus apps, not opening e-mails with attachments from unknown senders, etc.
Security Center A Control Panel feature in Windows Vista that displayed alerts when potential security threats were detected. Replaced by Action Center starting with Windows 7.
self-grounding Touching metal on a nearby object to trigger ESD before picking up an electronic component. Used if ESD mats or wristbands are not available.
self-powered hub Uses AC adapter; provides full power specified for USB port type(s) supported.
separate pad Separation pad, separator pad. Component found in laser printers as part of the paper feed path and typically included as part of a maintenance kit.
serial port A serial communication physical interface (also known as COM port) through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time. The RS-232 standard is commonly used to transmit data through DB-9 ports.
server Computer that shares drives and other resources over a network. Peer servers can also be used as workstations; dedicated servers provide services to other computers such as file, print, e-mail, and so on.
Services Processes that run in the background on Windows, OS X, and Linux for tasks such as print spooling, wireless networking, and many others.
SERVICES.MSC Windows CMC snap-in for viewing and managing services.
set-top box General term for any device used with a TV or HDTV for video, such as a Blu-ray player, cable TV box, or streaming media player.
Shadow Copy Windows Vista/7 feature that uses restore points to store older versions of files. Replaced by File History in Windows 8/8.1/10.
share permissions File/folder permissions set through the Share/Share with dialog in Windows/File Explorer.
Shell/Terminal OS X or Linux command-line environment.
shoulder surfing Direct observation techniques used to gain information about a user, document, or computer system.
Shrink (volume) The process of reducing a volume in size to make room for another operating system. Can be performed using Windows Disk Management or command-line DISKPART tools. In OS X, use Disk Utility. In Linux, use the GParted partition editor or other tools.
SHUTDOWN Shuts down the current computer session, logs off all users, and turns off the power. Can be run from the Windows command prompt, with Linux, or OS X Terminal.
SID Security identifier. A unique name assigned to an object such as a user or computer.
sidebar Location for gadgets in Windows Vista. User can select the gadgets to display and their transparency.
side-by-side apps A feature of Windows 8/8.1/10 that permits a mixture of Metro UI and standard Windows apps to run side-by-side on the Windows desktop.
simple volume Windows disk structure similar to a primary partition but resizable. Up to four simple volumes can exist on a drive; the fourth volume will be created as an extended partition containing one or more logical drives.
single sign-on SSO. See mutual authentication for multiple services.
single-mode fiber Fiber-optic cable designed to carry a signal for many miles. More difficult to work with than multi-mode fiber.
SiSoftware Sandra A third-party system analysis program that provides extensive technical information on a computer’s hardware.
slang Unofficial names for technology, events, people, and locations. Undesirable trait when dealing with clients.
SLC Single level cell; flash memory type most often used in SSDs.
sleep/suspend Low-power settings that turn off most operations in a computer.
SLI * Scalable Link Interface or System Level Integration or Scanline Interleave Mode
slow system performance Can be caused by incorrect configuration of swap files, too many startup programs, too many programs open, not enough RAM, not enough free disk space, too slow a CPU for the apps being used.
S.M.A.R.T. * Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology
smart cache Intel term for CPU cache shared among all processor cores.
smart camera A point-and-shoot camera that uses the Android OS.
smart card A security token used for access to secure areas, websites, or servers.
smart card reader Card reader that can be built into a laptop or connected via USB for reading smart cards.
Smart TV An HDTV with network capabilities and support for streaming content such as Netflix.
smart watches A watch that connects with a mobile device, typically to act as a relay for notifications, a health monitor, and sometimes as a phone.
smartphones Phones that have CPUs and RAM, run apps, and support Android or iOS or Windows Mobile OS.
SMB * Server Message Block or Small to Midsize Business
SMTP * Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. A common Internet standard for uploading or sending e-mail.
SNMP * Simple Network Management Protocol
social engineering The act of obtaining confidential information by manipulating people.
social media Apps such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and others.
social media data Usernames, messages, and data from these services are among the user data that is removed from a mobile device during a hard reset (factory reset) operation.
Socket AM3 AMD PGA socket; supports CPUs with dual-channel DDR2 or DDR3 memory controller; 941 pin connectors.
Socket AM3+ AMD PGA socket; supports CPUs with up to eight cores; 942 pin connectors.
Socket FM1 AMD PGA socket; supports first-generation (Llano) AMD APUs with up to four cores. Has 905 pin connectors.
Socket FM2 AMD PGA socket; supports second-generation (Trinity) and third-generation (Richland) AMD APUs with up to four cores. Has 904 pin connectors.
Socket FM2+ AMD PGA socket; supports Kaveri and Godavari APUs with up to four cores; also supports chips used in Socket FM2. Has 906 pin connectors.
SoDIMM * Small Outline DIMM (Also spelled SODIMM). A compact version of the standard DIMM module, available in various pinouts for use in notebook and laptop computers and laser printers.
soft reset Shutting down a mobile device and restarting it.
software Computer instructions (apps, drivers, games) that can be stored locally or in the cloud and run using the CPU and RAM in the computer.
software update A process that installs patches to the OS or installed applications.
SOHO * Small Office, Home Office
solid state/flash drives boot A solid state drive (SSD) looks like a hard disk drive to the BIOS/UEFI firmware and is prepared using the same installation process as a hard disk drive. To enable a USB flash drive as a bootable device, a special process must be used to install an OS image on the drive. Whichever drive is used for booting, it must be placed in the boot sequence before other drives, which could prevent the system from booting.
sound Can be reproduced on a computer by using a sound card, onboard audio, or a USB adapter.
South Bridge The chipset component responsible for interfacing with slower devices.
sound card An add-on card designed for digital sound recording and playback. Plugs into a PCI or PCIe x1 slot.
SPDIF * Sony/Philips Digital Interface; digital audio standard for interfacing sound cards or onboard sound hardware to a digital amplifier.
speaker Audio output device. Be sure to select the correct speaker output if both analog (mini-jack) and digital (SPDIF, HDMI, or DisplayPort) outputs are available.
spear phishing Variation on phishing that involves the use of forged e-mails that appear to request confidential organization information (payroll, ID, etc.) from a member of the organization.
special thermal paper Heat-sensitive paper used in direct thermal (no ribbon) printing.
SPGA * Staggered Pin Grid Array
split (volume) Turning a single volume/partition into two or more. Requires that the volume/partition be shrunk and a new volume (partition) be created in the unallocated space.
spontaneous shutdown/restart Indicates a serious computer problem. Can result from Windows being configured for automatic restart after a STOP error or from a power supply whose Power Good voltage is not within limits.
spoofing An e-mail or app pretends to be from a trustworthy source, but is actually coming from an attack on your system.
spyware A type of malware that collects computer and user information without the owner’s consent or knowledge.
SRAM * Static Random Access Memory. Static RAM. RAM based on transistors; requires electricity far less often than DRAM; too expensive and bulky to use as main RAM but popular for use as cache RAM.
SSD Solid state drive; a hard drive that uses flash memory instead of magnetic storage platters.
SSID * Service set identifier is a user-friendly name that identifies a wireless network.
SSID broadcast By default, wireless routers and access points broadcast their SSIDs. This feature can be turned off, which requires users to enter the SSID as well as the encryption key to connect.
SSL * Secure Sockets Layer. Predecessor of TLS. Used for securing online transactions.
standard format Clears the root folder (directory) of a drive. However, data can still be recovered from the drive.
standard thick client A computer used to run locally stored and locally processed applications.
standard user User who has access to information in the personal folder and can run normal apps. Cannot run processes that will affect the system. Lower privileges than an administrator.
Standby A low-power state that could be selected in older editions of Windows for use when the system was idle. Replaced by sleep mode.
star topology Network topology in which a central hub or switch is connected to individual workstations with separate cables. This topology is used by Ethernet networks that use TP cables. Wireless networks also use this topology but substitute a wireless access point in place of a hub or switch and radio waves in place of cables.
Start screen Windows 8/8.1 startup dialog. Uses tiles and is optimized for touch (although it also supports mice). Replaced in Windows 10 by a Start menu with optional tablet mode.
Startup A tab in Microsoft System Configuration (MSConfig) that enables or disables startup programs.
static IP address A specific IP address assigned to a device. Not assigned by a DHCP server.
STOP error Also known as Blue Screen of Death. A Windows error that forces the system to halt until resolved. Systems can be configured to restart automatically after a STOP error or to leave it onscreen.
streaks Streaks on a page output by a laser printer indicate it needs replacement toner and possibly other maintenance. With other printers, suggests dirty rollers in the paper path.
strong password A password that has a mixture of alphanumeric characters, punctuation marks, no words, and over-the-minimum length.
su Linux and OS X Terminal command to switch users.
subnet mask IP v4 network addressing feature to specify how much of the IP address is the host address and the extended network address.
sudo Linux and OS X Terminal command to run a command as administrator.
S-Video Separate Video. An analog video standard used in many VCR and DVD products for input and output of video signals. Some older video cards use S-video for their TV outputs. Can be down-converted to composite video by using an adapter.
SuperSpeed USB USB 3.0 ports and devices.
SuperSpeed+ USB USB 3.1 ports and devices.
surround sound audio Audio that uses more speakers than stereo. Typically 5.1 or 7.1 (five speakers or seven speakers plus subwoofer).
surge suppressor A device that absorbs overvoltage conditions such as spikes and surges to prevent damage to connected devices.
SVGA Super Video Graphics Array or Super VGA. May refer to 800x600 VGA resolution or to any VGA display setting that uses more than 16 colors or a higher resolution than 640x480.
swipe lock Swiping the screen of a mobile device to lock it.
switch Network device that sets a direct path for data to run from one system to another; can be combined with a router or wireless access point; faster than a hub because it supports the full bandwidth of the network at each port, rather than subdividing the bandwidth among active ports as a hub does.
SXGA * Super Extended Graphics Array
synchronization The matching up of files and other data between one computing device and another.
synchronize to the cloud Matching local files and files in cloud storage. Performed by cloud backup apps such as iCloud.
synchronize to the desktop Matching local files on a mobile device and on a laptop or desktop. Performed by apps such as iTunes.
System Can refer to a computer or to the properties sheet in Windows.
System Configuration MSConfig utility in Windows; configures startup, boot settings, services, startup apps, and provides access to tools.
system fan connectors Connectors on the motherboard that provide power and speed monitoring to case fans and sometimes the power supply fan.
system files and folders Files used by the OS. For example, files in the Windows folder and subfolders.
System Image Manager A Windows tool that enables you to create answer files for unattended installations.
System Information A Microsoft Windows application that displays information about a computer’s operating system, hardware, and environment (MSINFO32.exe).
system lockout When a user is unable to log into a system because the password is forgotten or unknown.
system lockups System is completely unresponsive; usually caused by overheating leading to corrupted memory contents.
System Protection System Restore settings in Windows.
system recovery options Special startup options that can be used to fix a Windows installation that isn’t working, including Startup Repair, System Restore, special boot options, and others.
System Restore Windows feature that enables a system to be returned to a previous condition.
system utilities Commands in Windows that help manage and troubleshoot the system, such as MSINFO32, DXDIAG, NOTEPAD, and others.
T
T568A TP wiring standard that uses the following wires from pin 1 to 8: green stripe, green, orange stripe, blue, blue stripe, orange, brown stripe, brown.
T568B TP wiring standard that uses the following wires from 1 to 8: orange stripe, orange, green stripe, blue, blue stripe, green, brown stripe, brown.
tablets A mobile device with a larger screen than a smartphone and usually without cellular support. Some can be converted into laptop-like devices by adding keyboards.
tailgating Also known as piggybacking. When a person tags along behind another person to gain entry to a restricted area.
tape drive A drive that makes backups of a system or selected files with magnetic tape.
TASKKILL A Windows command-line utility to shut down a specified process.
TASKLIST A Windows command-line utility to list processes.
Task Manager Windows interface for viewing and managing running programs, processes, services, and other information.
TCP * Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP * Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The Internet’s standard network protocol that is now becoming the standard for all networks.
TDR * Time Domain Reflectometer
Terminal The primary interface for Linux commands. Also used in OS X.
tethering The process of sharing a cellular data connection with another device via USB.
texting Sending or receiving texts while working with a client is unacceptable behavior unless it is intended to help solve the problem and the customer is informed.
TFTP * Trivial File Transfer Protocol
theme Windows term for the combination of desktop wallpaper, color scheme, and sound effects.
thermal compound A material sandwiched between a device and a heat sink to provide the best possible heat transfer from the device to the heat sink.
thermal paste Material placed between the heat sink and the CPU to draw heat away from the CPU. Might be preapplied or applied by the technician.
thermal printer A printer that uses heat to print text or graphics.
thermal transfer Thermal printer technology that uses a heated wax or resin ribbon.
thick client A computer that is suitable for running locally stored office apps, e-mail, and web browsing; meets or exceeds OS recommendations.
thin client A computer used to access network stored and processed applications; meets minimum OS requirements.
Thunderbolt Intel-developed ultra high-speed I/O interface in three versions: 10Gbps (Thunderbolt 1); 20Gbps (Thunderbolt 2); 40Gbps (Thunderbolt 3). Used widely by Apple and by some high-performance PCs.
Time/date/region/language settings Settings that localize an OS and are made during the installation process.
timeline How long it is expected the service or installation process will take. Keeping the customer informed of changes reflects professional behavior.
timeout Amount of time after a mobile system is idle until the screen locks.
tokens A physical object used as part of a security system, such as a smart card, an RFID chip, etc.
Tone generator and probe A network cable testing device.
toner What laser printers use for printing.
TN Twisted Nematic. A fast, low-cost LCD screen design optimized for gaming, but with narrower viewing angles than IPS.
TKIP * Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
touch screen Touchscreen. Touch-sensitive display standard on smartphones and tablets. Also widely used on All-in-One PCs, laptops, and convertible (2-in-1) mobile devices.
touchpad Most common type of pointing device installed in laptops. All emulate mice, but most recent models also support multitouch. Wireless touchpads can also be used in place of a mouse.
toxic waste handling Obsolete computer hardware can contain lead solder, mercury (CCFL backlights), and other toxins. Use an authorized electronics recycling center to avoid putting this material in landfills.
TLS Transport Layer Security. Successor of SSL. A cryptographic protocol that provides security and data integrity for communications over networks such as the Internet.
TRACERT Windows command-line utility for tracing the path from the user location to the IP address or URL specified.
Tracking of evidence/documenting process Important parts of the chain of custody process.
tractor feed Paper feed mechanism used on impact printers.
transfer belt Ink transfer device used in color laser printers.
transfer roller Part of the transferring mechanism on some laser printers.
triple channel (RAM) Three identical memory modules addressed as a single logical unit.
Trojan (trojan horse) A file or program that appears to be legitimate but is used to steal information or gain backdoor access to a computer.
troubleshooting The process of determining the solution to a problem and documenting the solution.
trusted sources App stores for Android (Google Play), iOS (Apple App Store), OS X (Apple Mac Store), Windows (Windows Store).
TV tuner A device that can receive analog or digital TV from over-the-air or cable TV sources for live playback or storage for later viewing.
U–V
UAC * User Account Control. A security component of Windows that controls how users gain access to resources.
UDF * User Defined Functions or Universal Disk Format or Universal Data Format
UEFI * Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
unattended installation Windows installation process that does not require user intervention to complete.
UNC * Universal Naming Convention
uninstall/reinstall apps Process to fix issues with unstable/not working mobile apps.
uninstall/reinstall/repair Process to fix issues with unstable/not working desktop or laptop apps.
untrusted sources Software not from the OS app store, from unfamiliar publishers, or not digitally signed.
upgrade Process of installing improved OS, app, or driver files.
UPnP Universal Plug and Play; LAN protocols to allow discovery and use of streaming media sources.
UPS * Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL * Uniform Resource Locator
USB * Universal Serial Bus. High-speed replacement for older I/O ports USB 1.1 has a peak speed of 12Mbps. USB 2.0 has a peak speed of 480Mbps; USB 2.0 ports also support USB 1.1 devices. USB 2.0 devices can be plugged into USB 1.1 devices but run at only USB 1.1 speeds. USB 3.0 runs at 5Gbps; supports older USB devices at the native speeds of those devices. USB 3.1 Gen 2 runs at 10Gbps and is compatible with USB 3.0, 2.0, and 1.1 devices (USB 3.1 Gen 1 is the same as USB 3.0).
USB boot Booting from a USB device such as a flash drive.
USB connector type A Standard connector on a root hub or external hub.
USB connector type B Standard connector on a USB device.
USB connector type micro Smallest USB connector. USB-on-the-Go devices use a Micro B connector.
USB connector type mini Medium-size USB connector. Five-pin Type B version most common.
USB Optical Drive Optical drive that connects to a USB port.
USB tethering When a mobile device shares its Internet connection with other Wi-Fi capable devices via USB.
USB to Bluetooth Bluetooth transceiver that plugs into a USB port.
USB to RJ-45 dongle Adapts Ethernet cable to connect to a USB port.
USB to Wi-Fi dongle Wi-Fi transceiver that plugs into a USB port.
user See standard user.
User Account Control UAC. Windows Vista feature that blocks unauthorized system-wide changes. Improved in Windows 7/8/8.1/10.
user accounts Accounts with standard permissions.
user authentication Security procedures to verify the identity of a user.
USMT * User State Migration Tool
UXGA * Ultra Extended Graphics Array
vacuum (cleaner) Specialized vacuum cleaners are needed to clean up toner spills.
vendor-specific Ports that are not standard. For example, the charging connections on some tablets.
ventilation Airflow through a system or workspace.
Vertical lines In printing, indicates problems with toner cartridge or feed rollers.
VESA * Video Electronics Standards Association
VFAT * Virtual File Allocation Table
VGA * Video Graphics Array. First popular analog video standard; basis for all current video cards.
vi Linux and OS X Terminal text editor.
video capture The process of capturing live video from analog or digital sources and storing it as a computer file.
video card A video card (also known as display adapter or graphics card) is an expansion card that generates video signal and displays it on a monitor.
view hidden files Setting in Windows File Explorer/Windows Explorer folder options. Recommended option when troubleshooting a system.
view options Setting in Windows File Explorer/Windows Explorer. Select thumbnail size, file details, and others.
violations of security best practices Refusing to follow procedures to protect a system, the network, the organization.
virtual assistant Windows Cortana, iOS Siri, Android Hey Google; voice-activated search tools.
Virtual Machine VM. A workspace created by a VMM or hypervisor that imitates a computer.
virtual memory Disk space used as a substitute for RAM.
virtual printer A program or service that works through the printer menu to create a file.
Virtual XP mode Virtual Windows XP Mode. A free virtualized copy of Windows XP Professional available to Windows 7 Business and Ultimate to help ease transition from Windows 7.
virtualization Creating an environment in which operating systems or applications run on a software-created simulation of a computer rather than directly on the computer hardware itself.
virtualization support Hardware-assisted virtualization. BIOS/UEFI and CPU support for virtualization.
virus Computer program designed to infect a computer and make unwanted modifications to the operating system. If executed, the virus can replicate itself; in this way it resembles a Trojan horse that can also replicate itself to other computers.
VoIP * Voice over Internet Protocol. Delivery of voice communications over IP networks such as the Internet.
voltage Electrical potential measured in volts. Can be measured with multimeters or other test equipment or observed in the PC Health or System Monitor feature in BIOS/UEFI.
VRAM * Video Random-Access Memory
W–Z
Wake-on-LAN WoL. Network option in which a system in sleep mode is awakened by receiving a “magic packet” from the network.
WAN * Wide area network. Network that spans multiple cities, countries, or continents. Network sections might be linked by leased line, Internet backbone, or satellite feed; routers connect LANs to WANs and WAN segments to each other.
WAP * Wireless Access Protocol or Wireless Access Point. A device that enables connectivity between computers with wireless network adapters to create a wireless network.
wattage Power measurement used to determine the appropriate size of a UPS or a power supply. Also used to measure the thermal design power of a CPU so that an adequate cooling solution can be used.
wearable technology devices Devices such as watches, wristbands, and goggles that communicate with a host mobile device or computer to measure health, transmit or receive data, or other uses.
web server A server that distributes web pages.
webcam A video camera designed for live chat sessions. Resolutions range from sub-VGA to 1080p HD.
WEP * Wired equivalent privacy. An older wireless network security standard, succeeded by WPA.
Wi-Fi * Wireless Fidelity. Also spelled WiFi.
Wi-Fi analyzer Device or app that detects Wi-Fi signals and determines signal strength.
Wi-Fi antenna Internal or external antennas on a router, access point, laptop, or network adapter that send and receive Wi-Fi signals.
Wi-Fi calling A feature in iOS that permits telephone calls when a Wi-Fi Internet connection is available.
wildcard Characters used as variables in command-line operations such as DIR, DEL, or COPY and in searches. * = any characters and ? = any single character.
Windows Microsoft Windows operating system. Versions covered in the 220-901 and 902 exams include Windows Vista/7/8/8.1 and Windows Mobile. Notes on Windows 10 have been added to this book whenever applicable.
Windows Aero Windows Vista/7 3D desktop with translucent windows.
Windows Deployment Services Program run by Windows Server 2012 and 2012 R2 that enables remote installation of operating systems.
Windows Easy Transfer File transfer app included in Windows Vista/7/8 to help upgrade to a newer version of Windows. Not included in Windows 8.1 or 10.
Windows Explorer File management interface for Windows desktop. Replaced by File Explorer in Windows 8 and later.
Windows Firewall Built-in feature to block unwanted inbound traffic. Used in Advanced mode, it can also be used to block unwanted outbound traffic.
Windows Memory Diagnostics Windows utility to test onboard RAM before loading the desktop. Offers a variety of test options and can be run repeatedly as desired.
Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE) Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10 collection of automatic and user-operated repair and diagnostic tools for fixing problems with systems that won’t start.
Windows Store Trusted source for software for Windows 8/8.1/10.
Windows Update Updates Windows. If updates for other products from Microsoft enabled, it is known as Microsoft Update.
Windows Upgrade Advisor Tool available in several versions from Microsoft to help users determine if their systems are ready to upgrade to the next version of Windows.
Windows Virtual PC Virtualization environment supported in Windows 7 Professional, Ultimate, and Enterprise. Required by Windows XP Mode. In Windows 8, Windows 8.1, and Windows 10, Hyper-V replaces Windows Virtual PC.
Windows XP Mode Virtualized installation of Windows XP Professional; runs under Windows Virtual PC.
WINS * Windows Internet Name Service. Method sometimes used by Server versions of Windows to dynamically match NetBIOS computer names to their IP addresses (NetBIOS name resolution).
wire stripper Tool used to prepare raw coaxial or TP cable for assembly into a finished cable.
wired (network) Ethernet network.
wireless (network) Usually Wi-Fi, but can also refer to Bluetooth network.
wireless card Wi-Fi adapter. Can also refer to a USB-based wireless adapter.
wireless locator App or device that locates wireless networks.
wireless Synonym for Wi-Fi or Wireless Ethernet network.
WLAN * Wireless Local Area Network
Work (network setting) Windows firewall location setting in Windows 7. Configures network as private, discoverable, but does not support Windows homegroup networking.
workgroup A network that does not use a domain controller. Each computer can share or not share folders or printers with others. Unless password-protected sharing is disabled, anyone wanting to use a different computer’s resources must have an account on that system.
worm A computer worm is a self-replicating type of malware similar to a virus but without the need for a user to execute it. It often uses a network to spread itself.
WOL See Wake-on-LAN.
WPA * Wi-Fi Protected Access. A security protocol developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless networking. Takes the place of WEP. Uses the TKIP encryption protocol.
WPA2 Wi-Fi Protected Access version 2. A security protocol developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless networking using the AES encryption protocol. Takes the place of WPA.
WUXGA * Wide Ultra Extended Graphics Array
WWAN Wireless Wide Area Network (cellular data network)
WXGA Wide XGA. A common widescreen graphics resolution for laptops and some displays.
x64 64-bit extension to x86 processor architecture; backward compatible; supports more than 4GB of RAM.
x86 32-bit processor architecture used by AMD and Intel CPUs.
XCOPY Command-line utility for copying files and folders.
xD Short for xD-Picture Card, a now-obsolete flash memory card used by Olympus and Fujifilm digital cameras.
XGA eXtended Graphics Array. 1024 × 768 display standard that is a minimum requirement for most Windows programs.
Yahoo! A popular search and e-mail provider.
zero-day attack An attack on a newly discovered computer or device vulnerability.
zombie/botnet A zombie is a computer that has been taken over by a hacker or malware. When a group of zombie computers are controlled by a single malware process, the result is a botnet.