7. Working with Adjustment Layers, Filters, and Tools

If you want to visually control an Adobe Photoshop document, then adjustment layers are the ultimate tool. The purpose of an adjustment layer is to visually illustrate how a specific adjustment, such as Hue & Saturation, is applied to the image. Since the adjustment is contained within a separate layer, the original image never changes. This gives you the ability to experiment with different settings, and since adjustment layers are saved with the document, you can save and return at a later time to make further adjustments.

Another advantage of adjustment layers is size. Adjustment layers do not increase the size of a Photoshop document. Most Photoshop layers are composed of pixels, so adding traditional layers to a document increases the size of the file. Since adjustment layers are simply a set of mathematical information, they do not increase the size of the file.

Photoshop has two ways to apply adjustments to an image. The first is going through the Image menu, and choosing Adjustments, however, when you apply the adjustment it’s permanent. The other is using an adjustment layer—the very definition of control over time. When working with adjustment layers, you can modify, merge, or even create a temporary composite image, all while your original image stays in tact. With all of their advantages, you may never perform adjustments using the Image menu again.

In addition to letting you apply adjustments to an image without changing the original data, adjustment layers, because they are separate layers, give you the ability to apply standard layer controls, such as blending modes, opacity, and fill. Layer masks come with their own built-in masks, and allow you to control how and where the adjustment is applied to the image.

Creating an Adjustment Layer

Adjustment layers are applied within the Layers palette. By default, all layers beneath the adjustment layer are changed. In addition, adjustment layers will work on any type of Photoshop layer, including the Back-ground. You can have as many adjustment layers as needed. For example, you might create a Levels adjustment layer to control the contrast of an image, and add a Curves adjustment layer to correct image color. When you create more than one adjustment layer, each adjustment is applied to the image based on its stacking order in the Layers palette.

Create an Adjustment Layer

Select the Layers palette.

Click the layer you want to adjust.

Click the Create New Fill Or Adjustment Layer button, and then select from the available adjustment options.

If a dialog box opens, make changes to the adjustment, and then click OK.

For Your Information: Applying Adjustment Layers

When you apply an adjustment layer to an image, you are no longer required to save the document in the PSD (Photoshop Document) format. Photoshop supports saving files with multiple layers, including adjustment layers, in the TIF (Tagged Image File) format. The files can be opened, just like ordinary TIF files in standard layout applications. However, when the file is opened in applications that support multiple layers, such as Painter or Adobe InDesign, the adjustment layers are preserved.

Modifying an Adjustment Layer

The beauty of adjustment layers is in the control they offer to the Photoshop user. When you work using the Image menu, and click Adjustments, any changes made to the image are permanent, as soon as you click OK. But that’s not true of adjustment layers. Adjustment layers keep the changes isolated in a separate layer, and this allows you to modify the adjustment minutes, or even days later. With this type of creative control at your fingertips, you can experiment with different settings until the image is exactly what you want.

Modify an Adjustment Layer

Select the Layers palette.

Double-click on the thumbnail of the Adjustment layer you want to modify.

The dialog box for that specific adjustment reopens. Options for each adjustment dialog box vary.

Make the changes you want for the specific adjustment.

Click OK.

Did You Know?

You can move adjustment layers up and down in the layer stack. Since each adjustment layer interacts with other adjustment layers, changing the order of the layers creates a totally different image.

Merging Adjustment Layers

Photoshop lets you create as many adjustment layers as needed. For example, you might create a Levels adjustment layer to balance image contrast, Curves to correct color, and a Photo Filter, to create an overall warming effect to the image. Each adjustment layer works with the other adjustment layers to produce the final image. It’s not unusual to have three, four, or even five adjustment layers controlling a single image. At some point in the design, you might decide to save space by merging some or all of the adjustment layers. However, when you merge the adjustment layers, the image looses the effect produced by the adjustments. The reason lies in how Photoshop works with adjustment layers. Each adjustment layer controls one part of the adjustment. The layers themselves do not hold an image; they hold mathematical data on how to change an image. Each adjustment layer holds data relating to a specific adjustment, such as Curves or Levels. A single adjustment layer cannot hold more than one set of adjustments. That’s why you have multiple adjustment layers. Merging two or more adjustment layers together forces Photoshop to discard all of the adjustment data and the merged adjustment layers turn into a plain old transparent layer. To solve the problem, try merging the adjustment and the image layers into a single layer.

Merge Adjustments with Images

Open a document containing an image layer, and two or more adjustment layers.

Select the Layers palette.

Click the Layers Options button, and then select from the following merge options:

Merge Layers. Merges only the layers selected in the Layers palette into a single layer.
Merge Visible. Merges only the layers that are visible, leaving the hidden layers untouched.
Flatten Image. Merges all layers into a flattened background. If you have one or more layers hidden, Photoshop will open a warning dialog box and ask if you want to discard the hidden layers.

Creating a Temporary Composite Image

PS 3.2

When you merge adjustment layers into the image, you wind up with a single layer, which contains all of the adjustments. By merging the adjustment layers, you do lose control over the individual adjustment layers. It’s basically a trade off of smaller files sizes, less layers to contend with, but less control over the image. Let’s say you want the best of both worlds—a single layer that contains the image, all of the adjustments, and the original image with separate adjustment layers. It’s possible, all you have to do is create a composite layer.

Create a Temporary Composite Image

Open a document that contains an image, and two or more visible adjustment layers.

Select the Layers palette, create a new layer at the top of the layer stack, and then select it.

Hold down the Alt (Win) or Option (Mac) key, click the Layers Options button, and then click Merge Visible.

Photoshop combines all of the visible layers into the new layer; while leaving the original layers untouched.

Did You Know?

You can use the composite layer option on any multi-layered Photoshop document. Once you’ve created the composite layer, you can perform other adjustments without impacting the original images, or even drag and move the composite into another Photoshop document.

You can use the link option to control the composite image. Create a new layer, and then link the layers you want included in the composite. Follow the steps for creating a composite, except click Merge Linked.

Grouping Adjustment Layers

When you work with adjustment layers, the effects of the adjustment are applied to all the layers below the adjustment layer, including any additional adjustment layers. However, there are times when you only want the adjustment applied to a specific layer. For example, you’re working on a multi-layered document and you create a Curves Adjustment layer for the purpose of adjusting the color in the next layer down. Unfortunately, the Curves adjustment is applied to all the layers. The answer is simple, group the adjustment layer to the layer you want to correct.

Control Adjustment Layers with the Group Option

Select the Layers palette, and then click the layer you want to adjust.

Move your cursor down until the fingertip of the hand pointer touches the line separating the adjustment layer from the next layer down.

Hold down the Alt (Win) or Option (Mac) key.

The cursor changes from a hand pointer to a double-circle button (the group button).

Click your mouse to group the two layers together.

The thumbnail of the adjustment layer indents to indicate the two layers are grouped. The effect of the adjustment layer impacts the grouped layer and no others.

Did You Know?

You can group more than one layer together. Hold down the Alt (Win) or Option (Mac) key, and then click on the line separating the next layer to add a layer to the group. To remove a layer from the group, hold down the Alt (Win) or Option (Mac) key, and then click on the line separating two grouped items.

Deleting an Adjustment Layer

When you delete an adjustment layer you are simply deleting the adjustment, not the image. Adjustment layers do not contain image data; they only manipulate the information contained within the image layer. Deleting an adjustment layer is as easy as deleting any other layer type. The effect is the same; the function of the layer is removed from the document. For example, if you delete a curves adjustment layer, the effects are removed and the image returns to its original state. When you delete an Adjustment layer, the change to the image induced by the adjustment layer is removed, and the image returns to normal.

Delete an Adjustment Layer

Select the Layers palette.

Click the adjustment layer you want to delete.

Drag the adjustment layer on the Delete Layer button.

Did You Know?

You can convert an adjustment layer into a regular layer. By default, adjustment layers come with a built-in mask. To remove the mask, and preserve the adjustment layer, select the adjustment layer in the Layers palette, hold down the Alt (Win) or Option (Mac) key, and then click the Delete Layer button.

Using Blending Modes and Opacity with Layers

PS 2.4

Adjustment layers perform two functions—they adjust the image and they give you control. Since an adjustment is held in a separate layer, you have the advantage of isolating the adjustment, and all the options that apply to normal a layer. Combine that with an adjustment layers ability to manipulate pixel information and you have a very powerful image-editing tool. Blending Modes change how two or more layers interact. For example, the multiply blending mode instructs Photoshop to mix the pixels of two or more layers, thus creating an entirely new image from the mix. With that in mind, the five modes that produce the most stunning results are Multiply, Screen, Hard Mix, Difference, and Exclusion. The opacity of an adjustment layer controls the intensity of the selected adjustment. You can reduce the opacity of the Hue & Saturation adjustment to 50 percent, and it would reduce its effect on the image. Since each adjustment layer has its own opacity settings, multiple adjustment layers can be fine-tuned to create the desired impact on the image.

Use Blending Modes with Adjustment Layers

Select the Layers palette.

Click the layer you want to adjust.

Click the Blending Mode list arrow, and then select from the available options.

The results of the blend are visible in the document window.

Control Through Opacity

Select the Layers palette.

Click the layer you want to adjust.

Click the Opacity list arrow, and then drag the slider to lower the opacity of the layer.

The results of the change appear in the document window.

Timesaver

Click inside the Opacity box, and then use the Up and Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease the opacity 1 percentage point at a time. Hold the Shift key, and then use the Up and Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease the opacity 10 percentage points at a time. You can also select the percentage in the box and enter a value.

Using Masks with Adjustment Layers

When you create an adjustment layer, the effects of the adjustment are applied to the entire image. For example, if you use the Curves adjustment, the entire image receives the effects of the adjustment. It’s true you can modify the adjustment with the use of layer blending modes, and opacity settings but, the effects are applied equally to the entire image. The problem is that many times you don’t want the adjustment applied to the entire image. For example, color correcting a portion of the image, or lightening the shadows of an image without applying the same lightening adjustment to the highlights. Photoshop handles this problem with the use of masks. When you create an adjustment layer, Photoshop creates a mask with the image. The mask controls how the adjustment is applied to the image, and you control the effect by painting in the mask with black, white, or a shade of gray. When you paint the mask with black, it will mask the adjustment, painting with white fully applies the adjustment. If you paint with 50 percent gray, then 50 percent of the adjustment is applied to the image.

Paint on an Adjustment Mask

Select the Layers palette.

Click the layer mask thumbnail in which you want to paint a mask.

Select a Paintbrush tool.

Select a brush size on the Options bar.

Set the Foreground Color box on the toolbox to black as the painting color.

Paint the areas of the image in the document window you want to mask. The adjustment layer must be selected.

The areas painted black mask the adjustment, and return the image to normal.

To restore the masked areas, switch to white and drag across the image in the areas previous painted black.

Creating Masks with Selection

You can create an instant mask using traditional selection techniques. Before creating the adjustment layer, select the area of the image you want the adjustment applied. Use any of Photoshop’s selection tools for this purpose. When you create the adjustment layer, Photoshop converts the selection into a mask, and only the selected areas of the image receive the adjustment.

Create Masks with Selection

Use any of Photoshop’s selection tools to create a selection around the area of the image you want the adjustment applied.

Select the Layers palette.

Click the Create New Fill Or Adjustment Layer button, and then select from the available adjustments.

Photoshop creates a mask based on your selection with the selected areas receiving the adjustment and the non-selected areas masked.

Did You Know?

You can use any of Photoshop’s filters on an adjustment layer mask. For example, you could use the Gaussian Blur filter to soften the edge between adjustment and mask. Experiment with different filters for different creative effects.

Using the Add Noise Filter

When wanting to retouch an image, you can apply the Add Noise filter. The Add Noise filter applies random pixels to an image, simulating a grainy effect. For example, you would use the Add Noise filter to make an image look like it was taken using high-speed film. In addition, the Add Noise filter can be used to reduce banding in feathered selections or graduated fills or even give a more realistic look to heavily retouched areas. Experiment with the Add Noise filter in combination with other filters, such as Motion Blur filters, to create eye-catching special effects.

Use the Add Noise Filter

Select the Layers palette.

Select the layer in which you want to apply the Add Noise filter.

Click the Filter menu, point to Noise, and then click Add Noise.

Select from the following options:

Amount. Drag the slider, or enter a value (0.10 to 400) to increase or decrease the amount of noise added to the image.
Distribution. Click the Uniform option to created a more ordered appearance, or click the Gaussian option to create a more random noise pattern.
Monochromatic. Select this check box to apply the filter to the tonal elements in the image without changing the colors.

Timesaver

The plus and minus signs, located directly under the image preview, let you increase or decrease the viewable area of the image.

Click OK.

For Your Information: Using Filters to Retouch an Image

One of Photoshop’s most powerful features is its ability to change a photographic image. Photographers use the term photographic restoration to describe image retouching. Photo restoration describes the process of returning an image to its original state. For example, removing dust and scratches from an old image, using the Dust and Scratches filter, or repairing all the problems associated with working with old images. Since there are the same tools and filters that can be used to restore an image, you can use the various filters and tools to find out which ones will help you with your image restoration.

Using the Reduce Noise Filter

The Reduce Noise Filter helps to remove the random noise that crops up in digital images. It’s called noise, but in reality is a pattern of distracting color or grayscale information that lays on the original image information. Noise can be generated by the Add Noise filter, but it typically comes from scanners and even digital cameras. Since there is a mathematical pattern to most noise, the Reduce Noise filter is designed to seek out and reduce the amount of noise in an image. The Reduce Noise filter works on individual layers, not the entire document. After applying the filter, you can use other restoration tools, such as the Healing Brush and Patch tool, to further clean up image problem areas.

Use the Add Noise Filter

Click the Filter menu, point to Noise, and then click Reduce Noise.

Select the Preview check box to view the changes to the image.

Select the Basic or Advanced option. Advanced allows you to adjust the noise on individual channels.

Select from the following options:

Settings. Click the setting arrow and select a user-defined preset.
Strength. Drag the slider to determine how strong to apply the reduce noise filter.
Preserve Details. Drag the slider to determine a balance between blurring the noise and preserving details.
Reduce Color Noise. Drag the slider to convert noise composed of colors into shades of gray (this may desaturate other areas of the image).
Sharpen Details. Drag the slider to determine where the details of the image exist, in terms of shift of brightness.
Remove JPEG Artifact. Check to help remove artifacts (typically noise within shadows) from severely compressed JPEG images.

Click OK.

Keeping Proper Perspective with Vanishing Point

Vanishing Point gives you the ability to move and/or copy objects and still maintain the same visual perspective of the original. Let’s say that you shoot an image of a roadway disappearing into the distance, and along the road there’s a billboard. Unfortunately, you want the billboard to appear as if it’s further away. With Vanishing Point, you simply create a framework, or plane, that identifies the depth of the image, and then move the billboard (using the Move or Stamp tools). Wherever you move the sign, it will appear within the proper perspective. If you have Photoshop CS3 Extended, you can adjust the angle (New!) of the plane for greater flexibility or take measurements. When you finish working in Vanishing Point, you can use the Vanishing Point menu (New!) to render grids to Photoshop With Photoshop Extended, you can export 3D information and measurements to DXF or 3DS formats.

Use the Vanishing Point Tool

Open an image.

Click the Filter menu, and then click Vanishing Point.

The following tools are available:

Edit Plane. Adjusts the grid to match the perspective of the image.
Create Plane. First tool to use; it creates the initial perspective grid plane.
Marquee Tool. Makes selections in the grid and then changes their perspective as you move them to match the perspective of the grid.
Stamp Tool. Lets you make copies of areas and then stamp them onto other areas using the perspective of the grid.
Brush Tool. Lets you paint with color within the grid. If you click the Heal button and then click Luminance, Vanishing Point adapts the color to the shadows or textures of the areas being painted.
Transform Tool. Lets you rotate, resize or flip a selection created with the Marquee tool.
Eyedropper Tool. Click to select a specific color from the image.
Measure Tool (New!). Lets you draw a measurement line over an object in a perspective plane (Extended).
Hand Tool. Click to move the image within the Vanishing Point window.
Zoom Tool. Click to Zoom in, or Alt+click (Win) or Option+click (Mac) to zoom out.

Select the Create Plane tool.

Click on the image to create the first point of the grid, and then click three more times to create the box shape of the grid.

Angle (New!). Lets you adjust the plane angle (Extended).

Use the Edit Plane tool to change the perspective of the plane, and to extend the plane over the area you want fix.

The grid should be blue; however, if the grid goes red or yellow, that means Vanishing Point believes you have a bad grid.

Select the Zoom tool, and zoom in on the working areas of the image.

Select the Stamp tool.

Position the Stamp tool directly over the image area you want to use to fix the offending portions of the image, and then Alt+click (Win) or Option+click (Mac) to confirm the selection.

Move to the area you want to fix and then click and drag with the Stamp tool, which replaces the original information; the perspective changes to match the grid.

To show the grid in Photoshop (New!), click the Vanishing Point menu, and then click Render Grids To Photoshop.

Click OK.

Working with the Lens Correction Filter

The Lens Correction filter fixes flaws when shooting images, such as barrel and pincushion distortion, vignetting; even chromatic aberration. Barrel distortion causes straight lines to bow out toward the edges of the image. On the other hand, Pincushion distortion has the opposite effect (straight lines bend inward). Vignetting is a defect where edges of an image are darker than the center. Chromatic aberration appears as a fringe of color along the edges of objects caused by the lens focusing on different colors of light in different planes. In addition, you can use the Lens Correction filter to rotate an image or fix perspective caused by tilting the camera. Although some of these corrections can be made with the Transform command, the image grid makes adjustments easier.

Use the Lens Correction Filter

Open an image.

Click the Filter menu, point to Distort, and then click Lens Correction.

Select from the following tools:

Remove Distortion Tool. Click in the grid and then drag left or right to remove barrel or pincushion distortion.
Straighten Tool. Click in the grid and drag to draw a new horizon line (image will shift to the new horizon).
Move Grid Tool. Drag to reposition the visible grid.
Hand Tool. Select the tool, then click and drag to move the image within the view window.
Zoom Tool. Select the tool, and then click in the view window to zoom in, or Alt+click (Win) or Option+click (Mac) to zoom out.

Select from the following tools:

Settings. Click and choose from user-defined settings, or to apply the previous settings to the current image.
Remove Distortion. Drag the slider left or right to precisely remove pincushion or barrel distortion.

Select from the following Chromatic Aberration options:

Fix Red/Cyan Fringe. Drag left or right to remove a red or cyan fringe from the image.
Fix Blue/Yellow Fringe. Drag left or right to remove a blue or yellow fringe from the image.

Select from the following Vignette options:

Amount. Drag left or right to create a light or dark vignette around the image.
Midpoint. Drag left or right to select the midpoint for the vignette.

Click Set Lens Default to change the setting to default values.

Select from the following Transform options:

Vertical Perspective. Drag left or right to change the image’s vertical perspective.
Horizontal Perspective. Drag left or right to change the image’s horizontal perspective.
Angle. Drag the angle option to rotate the image clockwise, or counter clockwise.
Edge. Click and select to fill in transparent areas of the image with the background color, Edge Extension, or Transparent.
Scale. Drag left or right to change the scale (size) of the image.

Select the Preview check box to view changes as they are made.

Select the Show Grid check box to view or hide the visible grid.

Click the Size list arrow to change the size of the grid boxes.

Click the Color box to change the color of the grid.

Click OK.

Using the Box, Surface, and Shape Blur Filters

Photoshop introduces three new blur filters: Box, Surface, and Shape. The Box Blur filter blurs an image based on the average color value of neighboring pixels. Its primary function is in the creation of special effects. You can adjust the size of the area used to calculate the average value for a given pixel; a larger radius results in greater blurring. The Surface Blur filter blurs an image while saving the visible edges; useful for creating special effects or removing that pesky noise or graininess. The Radius option specifies the size of the area sampled for the blur. The Threshold option controls how much the tonal values of neighboring pixels must diverge from the center pixel value before being part of the blur. Pixels with tonal value differences less than the Threshold value are excluded from the blur. The Shape Blur filter uses a specified shape to create the blur. Choose a kernel from the list of custom shape presets, and use the radius slider to adjust its size. You can load different shape libraries by clicking the triangle and choosing from the list. Radius determines the size of the shape; the larger the shape, the greater the blur.

Use the Box Blur Filter

Open an image.

Click the Filter menu, point to Blur, and then click Box Blur.

Drag the Radius slider left or right to decrease or increase the amount of blur applied to the image.

Click OK.

Use the Surface Blur Filter

Open an image.

Click the Filter menu, point to Blur, and then click Surface Blur.

Drag the Radius slider left or right to decrease or increase the amount of blur applied to the image.

Drag the Threshold slider left or right to decrease or increase the acceptance of the shift in brightness of the image information (the edges).

Click OK.

Use the Shape Blur Filter

Open an image.

Click the Filter menu, point to Blur, and then click Shape Blur.

Select a shape (called a kernel) from the available options.

Drag the Radius slider left or right to decrease or increase the amount of blur applied to the image.

Click OK.

Using the Gaussian Blur and Despeckle Filters

You can also apply the Gaussian Blur filter which blurs an image, or a selection by a controllable amount. While not strictly a restoration tool, the Gaussian Blur filter can be used to add a sense of depth to the image. For example, you could select and blur the background of an image, while leaving the foreground object in focus. The outcome of the filter is to create a hazy, out-of-focus effect to the image. Another filter, the Despeckle filter, detects the edges in an image and blurs the entire image except those edges. Of course, there are no real edges in a Photoshop document—the Despeckle filter works along areas where there is a significant shift in the brightness of the pixels. Since a shift in brightness usually signifies an edge, the Despeckle filter performs a very accurate blurring of the image, while preserving detail.

Use the Gaussian Blur Filter

Select the portions of the image you want to blur or leave the image unselected to apply the filter to the entire image.

Click the Filter menu, point to Blur, and then click Gaussian Blur.

Select the Preview check box to view the results.

Drag the Radius slider or enter a pixel value to increase or decrease the amount of Gaussian blur applied to the image.

Click OK.

Use the Despeckle Filter

Select the Layers palette.

Select the layer in which you want to apply the Despeckle filter.

Click the Filter menu, point to Noise, and then click Despeckle.

Photoshop applies the Despeckle filter to the image.

Using the Unsharp Mask Filter

The Unsharp Mask filter creates a visually sharper image by locating pixels that differ in value from surrounding pixels. When the filter is applied to the image, the bordering pixels specified by the threshold option get lighter and the darker pixels get darker. It’s important to understand that the Unsharp Mask does not actually sharpen the image; it only attempts to create the illusion of sharpness. Be careful, an over application of this filter creates harsh images with ragged edges and shadows. Also, the effects of the Unsharp Mask filter appear more severe on a monitor with its low resolution, then when the document is output to a printer.

Use the Unsharp Mask Filter

Select the Layers palette.

Select the layer you want to sharpen.

Click the Filter menu, point to Sharpen, and then click Unsharp Mask.

Select from the following options:

Preview. Select the option to view changes to the image directly in the active document window.
Amount. Drag the slider or enter a value to determine how much to increase the contrast of pixels.
Radius. Drag the slider or enter a value to determine the number of pixels surrounding the edge pixels that affect the sharpening.
Threshold. Drag the slider or enter a value to determine how different the sharpened pixels must be from the surrounding area before they are considered edge pixels and sharpened by the filter.

Click OK.

Using the Smart Sharpen Filter

The Smart Sharpen filter attempts to sharpen the pixels of an out-of-focus image in much the same way as Unsharp Mask. The major difference is the ability of Smart Sharpen to remove previously applied Gaussian, Lens, and Motion Blur filters. For example, you’ve applied a Lens blur to an image, but later decide to reduce the effect. The problem is that Unsharp Mask will attempt to sharpen what it assumes to be an out-of-focus image. Unfortunately, an image taken with an out-of-focus lens, and a Gaussian blur are two different things, and that’s where the Smart Sharpen filter comes to the rescue.

Use the Smart Sharpen Filter

Select the Layers palette.

Select the layer you want to sharpen.

Click the Filter menu, point to Sharpen, and then click Smart Sharpen.

Select the Preview check box to view the results.

Select the Basic or Advanced option.

Click the Settings list arrow, and then select from a list of user-defined settings.

Select from the following Sharpen options:

Amount. Drag the slider to determine the amount of sharpness applied to the image.
Radius. Drag the slider to determine the width of the sharpening effect.
Remove. Click the list arrow and then select what type of blur effect you are removing from the image.
Angle. Enter the angle of the Motion Blur filter to remove.
More Accurate. Select for a more accurate (slower) sharpening effect.

Select the Shadow palette and then select from the following Shadow options:

Fade Amount. Drag the slider to determine the amount of shadow correction applied to the image.
Tonal Width. Drag the slider to set the width of the tonal values in the image shadows.
Radius. Drag the slider to choose the scale size for the shadows.

Select the Highlight palette, and then select from the following Highlight options:

Fade Amount. Drag the slider to determine the amount of highlight correction applied to the image.
Tonal Width. Drag the slider to set the width of the tonal values in the image highlights.
Radius. Drag the slider to choose the scale size for the highlights.

To save a copy of the current Smart Sharpen settings, click the Save button.

To delete the active saved Smart Sharpen settings, click the Delete button.

Click OK.

Using the Clone Stamp Tool

PS 2.2

One of Photoshop’s most powerful features is its ability to retouch a photographic image. When wanting to manipulate an image, you can apply the Clone Stamp tool. The Clone Stamp tool allows you to sample the image, and then apply that sample over another same image, or another open document. When you use the Clone Stamp tool, by selecting Aligned In The Options bar, you can reuse the most current sampling point, no matter how many times you stop and resume painting. When Aligned is deselected, you’ll reuse the same sampled pixels each time you paint. For example, you could use the Clone Stamp tool to repair damage to an image, remove a tree, even remove or add someone from an image. If you want to take multiple samples, the Clone Source palette (New!) allows you to set up to five different sample sources for the Clone Stamp tools or the Healing Brush tools.

Use the Clone Stamp Tool

Select the Clone Stamp tool on the toolbox.

Select a brush tip, and then select brush options, such as blending mode, opacity, and flow, on the Options bar.

Select the Aligned check box on the Options bar to sample pixels continuously without losing the current sampling point.

Clear the check box to continue to use the sampled pixels from the initial sampling point each time you stop and resume painting.

Click the Sample list arrow on the Options bar, and then select the layer option you want to use sample data (New!): Current Layer, Current & Below, or All Layers.

Hold down the Alt (Win) or Option (Mac) key, and then click an area to sample the portion of the image you want to use for your sample.

Drag over the area of the image you want to restore or modify.

To select more samples, click the Window menu, click Clone Source, click a clone button, and then repeat steps 5 & 6.

Using the Dodge and Burn Tools

You can also use the Dodge and Burn tools to lighten or darken specific areas of an image. If you wanted to lighten the shadow areas of an image, you would use the Dodge tool, and conversely, if you wanted to darken the highlight areas of an image, you would select the Burn tool. While there are other ways to control the highlights and shadows of an image, such as the Levels adjustment, the Dodge and Burn tools are controlled by using a brush and dragging in the image. That kind of control gives you the option to choose exactly what you want to modify.

Use the Dodge and Burn Tools

Select the Dodge or Burn tool on the toolbox.

Select a brush tip, and then select brush options on the Options bar.

Click the Range list arrow on the Options bar, and then select from the following options:

Midtones. Changes the middle range of grays.
Shadows. Changes the dark areas.
Highlights. Changes the light areas.

Specify the Exposure value for the stroke.

To use the brush as an airbrush, click the Airbrush button. Alternately, select the Airbrush option in the Brushes palette.

Drag over the part of the image you want to lighten or darken.

Did You Know?

The Sponge tool does not lighten or darken an image. It saturates or desaturates color values as you drag over portions of the image. Since over or under exposed images have a tendency to lose some tonal values and appear flat, you can use the Sponge tool (with Saturate) to return some of the color values back to the image.

Using the Healing Brush and Patch Tools

PS 2.2

Since these tools have become my favorite tools for working and correcting problems with digital images. The Healing Brush tool allows you to correct small imperfections, making them disappear into the surrounding image. This tool works from a sample of the original image, and then matches the texture, lighting, transparency, and shading of the sampled pixels into the source pixels. If an image contains a lot of random noise, before working with the Healing brush try lowering the amount of noise with the new Reduce Noise filter. Once applied you can use the Healing brush to clean up the rest of the troubled areas. The Patch tool works with the Healing Brush tool. It takes a sample and matches the texture, lighting, transparency, and shading of the sample to the source, creating an almost seamless repair of the image. You can also use the Patch tool to clone isolated areas of an image. When you use healing operations in a separate layer, you gain control over the process; you can even use the opacity and blending mode settings to further control the healing process. Always use the Healing brush in a separate layer... always.

Use the Healing Brush Tool

Select the Healing Brush tool.

Select a soft round brush on the Options bar.

Create a new layer above the layer you want to modify.

Click the Sample list arrow, and then select the layer option you want to use sample data (New!): Current Layer, Current & Below, or All Layers.

Hold the Alt (Win) or Option (Mac) key, and then click on the area of the image for a sample.

This area should represent the texture (not color) of the areas you want to heal.

Use small short strokes and carefully drag over the areas you want to change, then release your mouse and move to the next area.

The Healing brush works to match the sample to the source.

If the texture of the area you are healing changes, repeat step 4, and sample a different area.

Use the Patch Tool

Select the Patch tool.

Select the layer you want to modify.

Using the Patch tool, select the damaged area of the image you want to repair (the Patch tool functions just like the Lasso selection tool).

Click the Source option on the Options bar.

Move into the middle of the selection marquee, and drag the selection over the area you want to repair and release. As you drag you will see a copy of the area you are moving over appear in the original selection.

Release your mouse when you see the best match.

The Patch tool corrects the damaged area of the image.

Repeat steps 2 through 6 to patch any other damaged areas of the image.

Did You Know?

The Patch tool options on the Option bar provide power. On the Options bar, use the Source option with the Patch tool if you are selecting the damaged area and dragging it over the good area, and use the Destination option if you would rather select a good area to drag over the damaged area. The Transparent option preserves transparent areas during the patching process.

Working with the Spot Healing Brush

PS 2.2

A new tool in Photoshop’s formidable arsenal of restoration and correction tools is the Spot Healing Brush. With a name similar to the Healing brush, you might expect that the tools have similar features, and you would be correct. The main difference between the two tools is that the Spot Healing Brush does not require you take a sample of the area to heal. The Spot Healing Brush tool takes the area sample as you work by sampling the surrounding pixels. The Spot Healing brush, as its name implies, works best on small spots and imperfections. To heal larger areas, the standard Healing Brush, Patch tool, and even the good old Clone Stamp tool are your best bets.

Use the Spot Healing Brush

Select the Spot Healing Brush tool.

Select a soft round brush on the Options bar.

Create a new layer above the layer you want to modify.

Select the Sample All Layers option.

Using small short strokes, carefully drag over the areas you want to change, then release your mouse and move to the next area.

The Spot Healing brush works to match the sample to the source.

Did You Know?

You can use the Clone Source palette to set different sampling points. The Clone Source palette (New!) allows you to set up to five different sampling source points for the Clone Stamp tools or Healing Brush tools. Click a clone source button in the Clone Source palette, and then click a sampling point. To open the Clone Source palette, click the Window menu, and then click Clone Source. You can also scale or rotate the clone source, or show an overlay of the clone source.

Working with the Red Eye Tool

PS 2.2

The new Red Eye tool not only gives the digital restorer an excellent tool for removing pesky red eye, it will also remove the green and white reflections in pet’s eyes. The biggest generator of red eye is the onboard flash on your camera. Actually, if they would simply rename a camera’s built-in flash, red-eye generator, it might help amateur photographers pay more attention. However, until that day comes, designers will still have to deal with images that contain red eye. The Red Eye tool performs two operations: it desaturates the red values, and darkens the pupil.

Use the Red Eye Tool

Select the Red Eye tool.

Select from the following options on the Options bar:

Pupil Size. Select the size of the pupil in relation to the amount of red eye.
Darken Amount. Select how much you want to darken the pupil area of the eye.

Click in the middle of the red portion of the eye, and release.

The red is removed, and the pupil is darkened.

Controlling Tonal Range

PS 2.3

The Levels adjustment lets you adjust the tonal range of an image by giving you three sliders—shadows, midtones, and highlights. Dragging the sliders precisely adjusts the tonal ranges of an image. In addition, the Output sliders lets you adjust the ink percentages used for the output to print. By adjusting the output ink levels, you avoid the overly black images that sometimes accompany printing images using high dot-gain papers.

Control Tonal Range

Open a document in which you want to change the tonal range.

Select the Layers palette, and then select the layer in which you want to apply the Levels adjustment.

Click the Create New Fill Or Adjustment Layer button, and then click Levels.

Select the Preview check box to view the adjustments directly in the active document window.

Click the Channel list arrow to select whether to work on the entire image, or just one of the images default color channels (useful for color correction).

Drag the Shadow input slider to the right to adjust the balance of black in the image.

Drag the Midtone input slider left or right to lighten or darken the midtones of the image.

Drag the Highlight input slider to the left to adjust the balance of white in the image.

Drag the Black and White Output Levels sliders left and right to adjust the percentage of ink used in printing the image.

To load a previously saved Levels adjustment, click Load, and then select and load the file.

Click Save to save the current Levels adjustment.

Use the eyedropper tools to select black, white, and midtone points directly within the active image.

Click OK.

Photoshop uses the Levels adjustment layer to apply the tonal changes to the image.

Did You Know?

You can apply the same Levels adjustments to an image without an adjustment layer. Click the Image menu, point to Adjustments, and then click Levels. Make your adjustments using the Levels options, and then click OK.

You can view the Levels Histogram anytime. Click the Window menu, and then click Histogram. Photoshop opens a Histogram palette that lets you view tonal changes to the image as you make them.

Working with the Histogram Palette

Photoshop’s Histogram palette gives you many options for viewing tonal and color information about the active image. The Histograms default display is the tonal range of the entire image. However, you can use any of Photoshop’s selection tools, select a portion of the active document, and display a histogram for that portion of the image. You can also view a specific color channel or view all the channels at once. The tonal range and color values for an image are vitally important to generating great graphics, and the Histogram palette is a great resource for instant up-to-date information.

Work with the Histogram Palette

Select the Histogram palette.

Trouble?

Click the Window menu, and then click Histogram.

Click the Histogram Options button, and then select from the following options:

Dock To Palette Well. Click to place the History palette into the Palette Well on the Options bar.
Uncached Refresh. Click to refresh the image cache (rescans the image).
Compact View. Click to create a small palette-size view of the Histogram palette.
Expanded View. Click to create an expanded view of the Histogram palette. Includes options to view specific channels, luminosity settings or color.
All Channels View. Click to view all the color channels.
Show Statistics. Click to show history statistics.
Show Channels In Color. Click to show the channels using specific colors, such as red, green, and blue.

For Your Information: Viewing Information Using Histogram Palette

You can view information about a specific pixel or range using the Histogram palette. Make sure the Expanded View option is selected, and then place the pointer in the histogram to view information about a specific pixel value. To view information about a range of values, drag in the histogram to highlight the range.

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Table of Contents for 7. Working with Adjustment Layers, Filters, and Tools

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