Chapter 1
1 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 45.
2 https://spectrum.mit.edu/continuum/entering-the-second-machine-age-bring-a-hammer/
3 Indebted for this excellent analogy to Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 153.
4 Such as Bloomberg, which uses AI, among others.
5 The global consumer goods company, Unilever, is using this technology to great effect.
6 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/02/06/algorithms-just-made-a-couple-crazy-trading-days-that-much-crazier/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.54e70b2b197d
7 Ping An, the largest insurance firm in the world, headquartered in Shenzhen, China, uses AI to detect human dishonesty via AI analysis of video interviews.
8 ‘GrAIt expectations’ special report (source: PitchBook), The Economist, 31 March 2018, p. 5.
9 The Singapore government is trialing AI to scan crowds for signs of terrorism.
10 ‘The tech giant everyone is watching’, The Economist, 30 June 2018, p. 11.
11 https://www.politico.eu/article/denmark-silicon-valley-tech-ambassador-casper-klynge/
12 https://qz.com/1177465/forget-bat-chinas-next-generation-tech-giants-are-tmd/
13 https://www.cbinsights.com/research/china-baidu-alibaba-tencent-artificial-intelligence-dominance/
14 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 85.
15 By digital analyst Benedict Evans at the Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.
16 AI-related acquisitions were a staggering 26 times greater in 2017 than just two years earlier. ‘AI-Spy Leader’ article (p. 15), linked to ‘GrAIt expectations’ special report (source: PitchBook), The Economist, 31 March 2018, p. 5.
17 According to a report by MIT’s Sloan Management Review.
18 According to the McKinsey Global Institute, which predicts there’ll be a king’s ransom in economic value for those who win the race to figure out AI. In the next twenty years, they argue the top three biggest impacts will come in the transformation of marketing and sales ($1.4 trillion), supply chain management ($1.3 trillion) and the management of risk ($0.5 trillion).
19 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCGV1tNBoeU
20 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-48193866
21 Kasparov, Garry (2017) Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins. John Murray, p. 7.
22 In 1930, the British economist John Maynard Keynes was the first to give this human vs machine struggle a name. He identified a ‘new disease’: ‘technological unemployment… due to our discovery of means of economising the use of labour outrunning the pace at which we can find new uses for labour’. In other words, technology means more prosperity overall in the long run, and different jobs for many in the short.
23 A phrase coined by Andrew Ng, formerly of Google and Baidu.
24 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, pp. 22–23.
25 In the UK, for example, 35 per cent of current jobs are at high risk of computerisation within 20 years; with automation likely for 70–80 per cent of ‘scripted’ jobs. But machines will also beat humans where mastery of data leads to better judgements: auditing, pitching for large contracts and even the diagnosis of cancer. In other words, accountants, some sales people and even surgeons need to work out where they add value, and where machines should step in. From a study by researchers at Oxford Martin School, Oxford University and Deloitte, 2017.
26 A study by researchers at Oxford Martin School, Oxford University and Deloitte 2017.
27 The Oxford University report has been criticised for being overly gloomy but, as I say, even at the lower estimates of job losses we’re looking at a huge impact on the way humans exist in the workplace: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/27/jobs-risk-automation-according-oxford-university-one/
28 Daugherty, Paul R. and Wilson, H. James (2018) Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI. Harvard Business Review Press, Chapter 5.
29 https://www.tothepointatwork.com/article/vuca-world/
30 In business, this experience is often referred to the ‘VUCA World’ because it’s more volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous than the experience of previous generations.
31 ‘Future of Jobs’. World Economic Forum. A global survey of top leaders of 13 million employees across nine industry sectors.
32 Susskind, Richard and Susskind, Daniel (2015) The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts. Oxford University Press, p. 37.
33 Susskind, Richard and Susskind, Daniel (2015) The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts. Oxford University Press, p. 2.
34 ‘Diligence Disrupted’. The Economist. 14–20 July 2018, p. 61.
35 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44635134
36 I owe huge thanks as always to the insights of the globally-renowned thought leader on organisations of the future, Tammy Erickson. This diagram is developed from a similar one she has presented when discussing the emerging role of humans vs AI.
37 Leslie, Ian (2014) Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It. Quercus. Kindle Edition, location 141–143.
38 Leslie, Ian (2014) Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It. Quercus. Kindle Edition, location 148–150.
39 Some researchers even argue creativity and curiosity aren’t discrete steps as I have described here, but synonymous. As I’ll explain as the book progresses, none of the steps in creative thinking is truly discrete. They all work together in a ‘messy’ way. But, it’s easier to understand them individually prior to using them together.
40 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 83.
41 If you’d like to do a little more research, go to: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet
42 These questions are developed from those posed in: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2017/02/13/how-to-beat-automation-and-not-lose-your-job/#5826d5852caf
Chapter 2
1 Daugherty, Paul R. and Wilson, H. James (2018) Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI. Harvard Business Review Press, p. 55.
2 She was built by IPsoft Inc. for SEB in 2017.
3 For the rest of this book, unless I state otherwise, when I refer to ‘AI’, I mean ‘ANI’.
4 https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/10/ancient-greek-myths-foretold-of-modern-technology-including-ai-driverless-cars-and-even-alexa-8023013/
5 https://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/
6 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-27762088
7 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44045424
8 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 16.
9 I borrowed this excellent metaphor from Ford, Martin (2016) The Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of Mass Unemployment. Basic Books. Kindle Edition, location 127.
10 In 1965, Gordon Moore noticed that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since their invention. Moore’s Law predicts that this trend will continue into the foreseeable future.
11 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 69.
12 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 28.
13 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 63.
14 This is different from a computer program, which offers precise, step-by-step instructions on how to handle a very specific situation, such as adding up a column of figures.
15 Both programs and algorithms are called software.
16 https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2018/02/07/the-brute-force-of-deep-blue-and-deep-learning/#130a40e849e3
17 Kasparov, Garry (2017) Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins. John Murray. Kindle Edition, p. 5.
18 Daugherty, Paul R. and Wilson, H. James (2018) Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI. Harvard Business Review Press, p. 60.
19 It’s used in fraud detection and price prediction. And it’s how Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri and Google Assistant manage to understand what you say (sometimes!).
20 This is known as ‘reinforcement’ or ‘deep learning’.
21 Your brain contains about as many neurons as there are stars in our Galaxy: in the ballpark of a hundred billion. Each of these neurons is connected to about a thousand others via junctions called synapses. It’s the strengths of these roughly hundred trillion synapse connections that encode the information in your brain. These computers learn in a similar way to humans.
22 Watching the AI improve in this video is incredible: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1eYniJ0Rnk
23 OK, hands up, this is an old-school Eurythmics pop song reference. I was a teenager in the 1980s!
24 Which, of course, it will soon feature prominently in, as autonomous driving takes off.
25 For eagle-eyed grammarians: I do realise data is a plural (datum being the singular). But, as it is not used by anyone I know in this way, I use it as a singular noun. Apologies!
26 Another excellent analogy borrowed from the peerless Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, p. 60.
27 I’ve made this rough conversion based on 1 terabyte = 1,000 gigabytes. The IBM 3380 cost between $81,000 and $142,400 in 1980: https://royal.pingdom.com/the-history-of-computer-data-storage-in-pictures/
28 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, pp. 63–64.
29 Chace, Calum (2015) Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs. Kindle Edition, pp. 173–174.
30 According to an IBM Marketing Cloud study: https://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/wr/en/wrl12345usen/watson-customer-engagement-watson-marketing-wr-other-papers-and-reports-wrl12345usen-20170719.pdf
31 Tegmark, Max (2017) Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Penguin Books Ltd.
32 This was seen as ‘women’s work’, so NASA’s human computers in the 1940s and ’50s were female and often black, too. They were called ‘computers in skirts’. Ironic, then, that it was a brilliant band of pioneer black women who figured out how to propel a white male into orbit. Immortalised in the 2016 film, Hidden Figures, this is an inspiring story for any young woman at all nervous about launching themselves into the still male-dominated sciences.
33 Cognizant (2018) ‘21 Jobs of The Future’, Center for the Future of Work.
34 Tegmark, Max (2017) Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition, location 899–910.
35 https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/inventions/how-a-confused-ai-may-have-fought-pilots-attempting-to-save-boeing-737-max8s/news-story/bf0d102f699905e5aa8d1f6d65f4c27e
36 Tegmark, Max (2017) Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition, location 876.
Chapter 3
1 This probably apocryphal story appears in a number of places, and was used most famously in Sir Ken Robinson’s now iconic TED talk ‘Do schools kill creativity?’. If you haven’t already watched it, I highly recommend you do.
2 Kelley, David and Kelley, Tom (2013) Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Creative Potential Within Us All. William Collins.
3 Adapted from Dyer, Jeff, Gregersen, Hal and Christensen, Clayton M. (2012) ‘Crush the “I’m Not Creative” Barrier’, Harvard Business Review.
4 These questions are adapted from Dyer, Jeffrey H., Gregersen, Hal and Christensen, Clayton M. (2009) ‘The Innovator’s DNA’, Harvard Business Review. They undertook a six-year study to uncover the origins of creative – and often disruptive – business strategies in particularly innovative companies. They came up with a list of things that they called the ‘innovator’s DNA’: questioning, observing, associating and experimenting, which I’ve developed here.
5 The study was carried out by StrategyOne for Adobe’s global-benchmark study ‘State of create study’. The research was fielded in March and April 2012. The team conducted surveys of 5,000 adults; a 1,000 per country were interviewed in the USA, UK, Germany, France and Japan.
6 https://hbr.org/2012/05/crush-the-im-not-creative-barr
7 Ashton, Kevin (2015) How To Fly A Horse. Cornerstone Digital. Kindle Edition, location 53.
8 Ashton, Kevin (2015) How To Fly A Horse. Cornerstone Digital. Kindle Edition, location 69.
9 https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241853
10 https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-average-iq-2795284
11 https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/the-value-of-connecting-the-dots-to-create-real-learning/
12 https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/finding-the-next-einstein/201104/if-you-are-creative-are-you-also-intelligent
13 Fry, Hannah (2018) Hello World: How to Be Human in the Age of the Machine. Transworld Digital. Kindle Edition, location 2,930.
14 du Sautoy, Marcus (2019) The Creativity Code: How AI is Learning to Write, Paint and Think. Fourth Estate. Kindle Edition, location 44–45.
15 https://www.forbes.com/sites/falonfatemi/2018/08/17/how-ai-will-augment-human-creativity/#7523edbd711b
16 https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/ai-robots-artificial-intelligence-racism-sexism-prejudice-bias-language-learn-from-humans-a7683161.html
17 https://www.businesslive.co.za/redzone/news-insights/2018-07-30-does-ai-mean-the-end-of-creativity
18 https://www.ibm.com/watson/advantage-reports/future-of-artificial-intelligence/ai-creativity.html
19 https://www.forbes.com/sites/annapowers/2018/04/30/creativity-is-the-skill-of-the-future/#12a946944fd4
20 George Land had, three years earlier, established a research and consulting institute to study the enhancement of creative performance. He drew on the pioneering creativity research of the early 1960s by Joy Guilford and Ellis Paul Torrance: https://worldbusiness.org/fellows/george-land-ph-d/
21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=12&v=ZfKMq-rYtnc
22 https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/12/teachers-dont-like-creative-students.html
23 MacLeod, Hugh (2009) Ignore Everybody: And 39 Other Keys to Creativity. Portfolio. Kindle Edition.
24 2019 Netflix documentary The Creative Brain: https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81090128
25 https://www.forbes.com/sites/augustturak/2011/01/09/its-not-what-we-think-but-how-we-think-3-leadership-lessons-from-the-ibm-executive-school/#1ad96e4d631f
26 https://www.forbes.com/sites/augustturak/2011/05/22/can-creativity-be-taught/#537aec241abb
27 From his 1991 lecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=8&v=Gg-6LtfB5JA
28 Duncan, Jody and Fitzpatrick, Lisa (2010) The Making of Avatar. Abrams.
29 http://www.innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/the-difference-between-big-c-and-small-c-creativity/
30 Sir Ken Robinson video ‘Can creativity be taught?’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlBpDggX3iE&feature=share
31 Taken from a video within the IDEO ‘Unlocking creativity’ course.
Chapter 4
1 Bronnie Ware’s full blog at: https://bronnieware.com/blog/regrets-of-the-dying/
2 Dalai Lama (2002) Advice On Dying: And Living Well by Taming the Mind. Rider, p. 39.
3 From Steve Jobs’ 2005 Stanford Commencement address (transcript and video): https://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505/
4 Harare, Yuval Noah (2018) 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. Jonathan Cape.
5 Since 2005.
6 https://hbr.org/2018/11/9-out-of-10-people-are-willing-to-earn-less-money-to-do-more-meaningful-work
7 Psychologists call these external motivators ‘extrinsic’ motivators.
8 Pink, H. Daniel (2009) Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Cannongate, p. 143.
9 Slightly adapted from a quiz in Cable, Dan (2018) Alive at Work. Harvard Business Review Press, p. 25.
10 Psychologists call this hedonic happiness.
11 Psychologists call this eudonic happiness.
12 In case you were wondering, not that many people score high on both types of happiness – maybe you can be one of the lucky ones?
13 Thanks to my London Business School colleague – this is inspired by Cable, Dan (2018) Alive at Work. Harvard Business Review Press, p. 17.
14 https://www.ted.com/talks/angela_lee_duckworth_grit_the_power_of_passion_and_perseverance
15 Duckworth, Angela (2016). Grit. Ebury Publishing. Kindle Edition, location 243–245.
16 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2002) Flow. Rider, p. 4.
17 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-46793506
18 From a video teaching case by the Center for Positive Organizations: ‘Having a Calling and Crafting a Job: The Case of Candice Billups’.
19 Psychologists call this ‘levels of construal’. We’ll call it levels of meaning, because that’s what it is, and life is way too short to try to keep in mind words like construal when meaning fits so much better.
20 I’m grateful to Ena Inesi at London Business School for introducing me to the video case of Candice Billups. You can have the privilege of meeting Candice yourself at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6JtlhhdjBw&feature=youtu.be
21 Psychological healing through meaning is known as logotherapy.
22 https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jun/09/viktor-frankls-book-on-the-psychology-of-the-holocaust-to-be-made-into-a-film
23 Frankl, Viktor E. (1959) Man’s Search for Meaning. Rider.
24 https://www.ted.com/talks/shawn_achor_the_happy_secret_to_better_work/transcript?language=en
25 https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/we-see-them-as-we-are_us_590cab8ae4b056aa2363d461
26 Aurelius, Marcus. (2006) Meditations. Penguin Classics.
27 Cable, Dan (2018) Alive at Work. Harvard Business Review Press, p. 147.
28 Cable, Dan (2018) Alive at Work. Harvard Business Review Press, p. 155.
29 With a little imagination you can also apply these exercises to a job you would like to do.
Chapter 5
1 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 119.
2 https://www.thecoachingtoolscompany.com/coaching-tools-101-what-is-the-urgent-important-matrix/
3 Dr Stephen Covey (author of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People) adapted these concepts into ‘The Urgent Important Matrix’ in his famous book.
4 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 6.
5 A 2012 McKinsey study found it was 30 per cent, and this was reiterated by a Canadian University in 2017: https://globalnews.ca/news/3395457/this-is-how-much-time-you-spend-on-work-emails-every-day-according-to-a-canadian-survey/
6 http://humanorigins.si.edu/education/introduction-human-evolution
7 According to Pew, a research outfit.
8 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3310195/Rise-Smartphone-injuries-43-people-walked-glued-screen-60-dropped-phone-face-reading.html
9 https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/why-you-should-not-use-phone-on-toilet-germs_uk_58a6c97ee4b045cd34c07433
10 According to the UK’s communications watchdog, Ofcom, the average Briton checks their phone every two minutes: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/01/decade-smartphones-now-spend-entire-day-every-week-online/
11 https://www.economist.com/special-report/2017/02/09/smartphones-are-strongly-addictive
12 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44546360
13 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/sep/11/mental-health-issues-in-young-people-up-sixfold-in-england-since-1995
14 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 229.
15 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 6.
16 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 13.
17 https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/01/12/the-maturing-of-the-smartphone-industry-is-cause-for-celebration
18 These alerts are often coloured red, for a good reason: for humans, red is a trigger colour normally used as a warning or alarm signal.
19 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/01/facebook-advertising-data-insecure-teens
20 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/691462
21 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia
22 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology
23 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia
24 One-in-five adults spends as much as 40 hours a week on the web.
25 Study by Microsoft: http://time.com/3858309/attention-spans-goldfish/
26 From an article entitled ‘Is Google Making Us Stupid?’: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/
27 The response to this article was huge, with many identifying with this intuitive feeling. It led to Carr’s book The Shallows: How the Internet Is Changing the Way We Think, Read and Remember.
28 From my speech to the London Business School global alumni reunion in February 2018.
29 http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160909-why-you-feel-busy-all-the-time-when-youre-actually-not
30 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/05/the-myth-that-americans-are-busier-than-ever/371350/
31 Goh, Joel, Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Zenios, Stefanos A. (2015) ‘Workplace stressors & health outcomes: Health policy for the workplace’, Behavioral Science and Policy.
32 http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180502-how-your-workplace-is-killing-you
33 And, in the USA, not having health insurance.
34 US study: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494413000340
35 A 2013 article summarising the research: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-01/ending-the-tyranny-of-the-open-plan-office
36 https://www.inc.com/geoffrey-james/science-just-proved-that-open-plan-offices-destroy-productivity.html
37 https://globalnews.ca/news/3395457/this-is-how-much-time-you-spend-on-work-emails-every-day-according-to-a-canadian-survey/
38 Crabbe, Tony (2015) Busy: How to Thrive in a World of Too Much. Piatkus.
39 http://fortune.com/2015/02/04/busy-hurry-work-stress/
40 Once again it was the hyperactive American-Hungarian psychologist, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.
41 Ashton, Kevin (2015) How To Fly A Horse: The Secret History of Creation, Invention, and Discovery. Cornerstone Digital. Kindle Edition, p. 70.
42 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2013) Creativity: The Psychology of Discovery and Invention. Harper Perennial.
43 https://www.campaignmonitor.com/blog/email-marketing/2019/05/shocking-truth-about-how-many-emails-sent/
44 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 242.
45 Thanks to YPOer Darren Holland, CEO of Aventus Group, for this phrase ‘Action ASAP’, as well as his enthusiastic endorsement of the content in this chapter.
46 The ‘CC’ when you add another recipient to an email stands for ‘Carbon Copy’. Before the development of photographic copiers, a carbon copy was the under-copy of a typed or written document placed over carbon paper and the under-copy sheet itself. It was customary to use the acronym ‘CC’ or ‘cc’ before a colon and below the writer’s signature, to inform the principal recipient that carbon copies had been made and distributed to the parties listed after the colon.
47 https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/278302
48 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 247.
49 https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/multitasking-productivity-levels-research-psychology-david-meyer-a8254416.html
50 https://ideas.ted.com/why-we-need-a-secular-sabbath/
51 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 158.
52 Bakewell, Sarah (2011) How to Live: A Life of Montaigne in one question and twenty attempts at an answer. Vintage.
53 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 2.
54 He had a good reason for making a space for periods of intense concentration. In 1921 he published Psychological Types, which clarified the growing difference between his ideas and the thinking of his one-time friend and mentor, Sigmund Freud.
55 Check it out: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=the+freud+museum+london&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy2O7g1YfdAhWMAMAKHSBVDccQ_AUICygC&biw=1535&bih=758#imgrc=Qa1uLKHObCfjaM
56 Bakewell, Sarah (2011) How to Live: A Life of Montaigne in one question and twenty attempts at an answer. Vintage.
57 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2013) Creativity: The Psychology of Discovery and Invention. Harper Perennial, p. 58.
58 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 159.
59 In 2010 and 2011.
60 Research by Matthew Killingsworth and Daniel Gilbert: it’s fascinating to note the researchers concluded the subjects’ mind-wandering was generally the cause, not the consequence, of their unhappiness.
61 https://www.hs-neu-ulm.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Über_uns/Familie_und_Soziales/BIZEPS/Mindfullness_meditation_improves_cognition.pdf
62 Newport, Cal (2016) Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Piatkus, Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, pp. 33–34.
Chapter 6
1 Leslie, Ian (2014) Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It. Quercus. Kindle Edition, location 243–244.
2 IDEO, ‘Unlocking creativity’ course.
3 The founder of the Young Entrepreneurs’ Organization, Verne Harnish, asserts that Bill Gates learned this technique from his mentor, Warren Buffett.
4 https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/26/bill-gates-took-solo-think-weeks-in-a-cabin-in-the-woods.html
5 Leslie, Ian (2014) Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It. Quercus. Kindle Edition, location 1,313.
6 A little curious, I recently had my DNA tested through the genomics and biotechnology company 23andme (www.23andme.com), revealing that I am 67.5 per cent British and Irish, 21.5 per cent French and German and 10.8 per cent broadly North-Western European.
7 https://quatr.us/greeks/pandoras-box-greek-mythology.htm
8 Nesta, Oxford Martin School and Pearson (2017) ‘The future of skills employment in 2030’.
9 Gratton, Lynda ‘Human resource strategy in transforming companies’.
10 Professor Gratton recounted this incident at the HR Strategy Forum at London Business School in 2018: https://events.streamgo.co.uk/paving-the-way-for-the-next-decade/events/lifelong-learning-your-competitive-advantage
11 https://www.edutopia.org/blog/why-curiosity-enhances-learning-marianne-stenger
12 https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(14)00804-6
13 Rowson, Jonathan Dr (2012) ‘The power of curiosity: How linking inquisitiveness to innovation could help to address our energy challenges’, RSA Social Brain Centre, p. 11, referencing the work of psychologist Daniel Berlyne.
14 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ohio-teen-hospitalized-after-playing-video-games-for-at-least-4-straight-days/
15 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12541769
16 https://www.wired.com/2015/12/psychology-of-clickbait/
17 Rowson, Jonathan Dr (2012) ‘The power of curiosity: How linking inquisitiveness to innovation could help to address our energy challenges’, RSA Social Brain Centre, p. 11, referencing the work of Professor George Lowenstein of the University of Pennsylvania. An economist by training, his work brings psychological considerations to bear on models and problems that are central to economics.
18 Rowson, Jonathan Dr (2012) ‘The power of curiosity: How linking inquisitiveness to innovation could help to address our energy challenges’, RSA Social Brain Centre, p. 11.
19 Academics call this epistemic curiosity.
20 Rowson, Jonathan Dr (2012) ‘The power of curiosity: How linking inquisitiveness to innovation could help to address our energy challenges’, RSA Social Brain Centre. This diagram is based on the work by the British and Canadian exploratory psychologist, Daniel Berlyne (1924–1976), reproduced in the RSA report into curiosity. I have altered some of the labelling and invented the Roam, Surf, Sample and Focus labels.
21 Rowson, Jonathan Dr (2012) ‘The power of curiosity: How linking inquisitiveness to innovation could help to address our energy challenges’, RSA Social Brain Centre, p. 21.
22 https://www.technologyreview.com/s/607886/curiosity-may-be-vital-for-truly-smart-ai/
23 Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas (2014) ‘Managing yourself: Curiosity is as important as intelligence’, Harvard Business Review.
24 In an interview in The New York Times: https://www.inc.com/empact/bill-gates-warren-buffett-and-oprah-all-use-the-5-hour-rule.html
25 http://www.theceugroup.com/9-famous-people-who-embrace-lifelong-learning/
26 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/books/obamas-secret-to-surviving-the-white-house-years-books.html
27 As far as I know, the five-hour rule was coined by Michael Simmons, founder of Empact, a US company devoted to encouraging entrepreneurs.
28 https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/317602
29 https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/famous-inventors/10-ben-franklin-inventions9.htm
30 Isaacson, Walter (2017) Leonardo Da Vinci. Simon & Schuster UK. Kindle Edition, location 175.
31 Livio, Mario (2017) Why? What Makes Us Curious. Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition, location 982.
32 https://study.com/academy/lesson/reticular-activating-system-definition-function.html
33 https://www.wired.com/2010/08/the-itch-of-curiosity/
34 https://blog.bufferapp.com/connections-in-the-brain-understanding-creativity-and-intelligenceconnections
35 http://uk.businessinsider.com/robert-palladino-calligraphy-class-inspired-steve-jobs-2016-3?r=US&IR=T
36 https://www.businessinsider.com/the-full-text-of-steve-jobs-stanford-commencement-speech-2011-10?IR=T
37 https://blog.bufferapp.com/connections-in-the-brain-understanding-creativity-and-intelligenceconnections
38 Kleon, Austin (2012) Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You About Being Creative. Workman Publishing Company. Kindle Edition, location 98.
39 Isaacson, Walter (2017) Leonardo Da Vinci. Simon & Schuster UK. Kindle Edition, location 196–197.
40 Leslie, Ian (2014) Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It. Quercus. Kindle Edition, location 537–541.
41 Adapted from Leslie, Ian (2014) Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It. Quercus. Kindle Edition, location 228–229.
42 Sutherland, Rory (2019). Alchemy. Ebury Publishing. Kindle Edition, location 1309.
43 Leslie, Ian (2014) Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It. Quercus. Kindle Edition, location 591–593.
44 Isaacson, Walter (2017) Leonardo Da Vinci. Simon & Schuster UK. Kindle Edition, location 198–201.
45 Stone, Brad (2013) The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon. Transworld Digital. Kindle Edition, location 255.
46 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUPHNQkBdVw
47 This quote is taken from an interview Grazer gave: ‘Brian Grazer: A Career in Curiosity’ – Talks at Google. The ideas are from his book: Grazer, Brian and Fishman, Charles (2015) A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. Simon & Schuster.
48 This idea was introduced to me by a South African colleague of mine, Keith Coats, co-founder of the global futurist firm TomorrowToday, who regularly arranges ‘curiosity conversations’ with people who’ll push him out of his comfort zone. Over the last few years he’s spoken to a world champion big wave surfer, a PhD fellow exploring the frontiers of virtual reality and a double lung and heart transplant patient, to mention but three.
49 Kasparov, Garry (2017) Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins. John Murray. Kindle Edition, p. 61.
Chapter 7
1 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7962212.stm
2 Fry, Hannah (2018) Hello World: How to be Human in the Age of the Machine. Transworld Digital. Kindle Edition, location 238.
3 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/25/gps-horror-stories-driving-satnav-greg-milner
4 Livio, Mario (2017) Why?: What Makes Us Curious. Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition, location 181.
5 Sadly, over time this luminosity has dimmed thanks to some unwise subsequent treatments of the painting, which have made it look darker.
6 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/13/chaos-louvre-visitors-given-just-minute-mona-lisa/
7 Maxwell, John C. (2014) Good Leaders Ask Great Questions: Your Foundation for Successful Leadership. Center Street. Kindle Edition, p. 7.
8 Psychologist Michelle Chouinard from 2007, in Leslie, Ian (2014) Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends On It. Quercus. Kindle Edition, location 558.
9 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/darwin-eternity/201306/human-herding-how-people-are-guppies
10 The term ‘filter bubble’ was coined by Internet activist Eli Pariser in his 2011 book, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.
11 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/03/largest-study-ever-fake-news-mit-twitter/555104/
12 Fry, Hannah (2018) Hello World: How to be Human in the Age of the Machine. Transworld Digital. Kindle Edition, location 254.
13 With thanks to my London Business School colleague Graeme Codrington and TomorrowToday for this excellent phrase.
14 Goddard, Jules and Eccles, Tony (2013) Uncommon Sense, Common Nonsense. Profile Books.
15 Taken from various conversations with Tammy Erickson, during our leadership programme breaks at London Business School, 2016–2019.
16 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition, location 530–532.
17 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition, location 533–535.
18 https://www.london.edu/faculty-and-research/lbsr/innovation-hacks-straight-out-of-silicon-valley#.WryacojwZPZ
19 I would advise, if you choose this well-known technique, to dig a little deeper into the prescribed method. There’s a great description of it here: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_5W.htm
20 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition, location 472.
21 https://www.inc.com/eric-markowitz/life-and-times-of-instagram-the-complete-original-story.html
22 https://www.statista.com/statistics/253577/number-of-monthly-active-instagram-users/
23 Maxwell, John C. (2014) Good Leaders Ask Great Questions: Your Foundation for Successful Leadership. Center Street. Kindle Edition, p. 15.
24 Gregersen, Hal (2018) ‘Better Brainstorming’, Harvard Business Review.
25 https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_88.htm
26 https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffboss/2016/08/03/the-power-of-questions/#5ac99be462a5
27 https://www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2013/10/04/10-disruptive-questions-for-instant-innovation/#532949506dab
28 These questions are taken from the workshops of Lisa Bodell, CEO of FutureThink, a New York City based innovation research and training firm.
29 Questions adapted from: McKinney, Phil (2012) Beyond the Obvious: Killer Questions That Spark Game-Changing Innovation. Hachette Books. Kindle Edition.
Chapter 8
1 https://lifehacker.com/5972825/inspiration-is-for-amateurs--the-rest-of-us-just-show-up-and-get-to-work
2 From IDEO’s ‘Unlocking Creativity’ course.
3 Tharp, Twyla (2008) The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. Simon & Schuster.
4 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2013, reprint from 1997) Creativity: The Psychology of Discovery and Invention. Harper Collins, p. 363.
5 2019 Netflix documentary The Creative Brain: https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81090128
6 2019 Netflix documentary The Creative Brain: https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81090128
7 A lesser-known story of unintended consequences of a particular invention is the discovery of LSD by Albert Hofmann, although that wasn’t a mistake.
8 A portmanteau of the French words velours (velvet) and crochet (hook).
9 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition, location 1,339–1,341.
10 Louis Pasteur discovered the process, which became known as pasteurisation, that kills germs.
11 https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/ellen-langer
13 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition, location 1,464.
14 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2013) Creativity: The Psychology of Discovery and Invention. Harper Perennial, p. 352.
15 https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/the-value-of-connecting-the-dots-to-create-real-learning/
16 Kelley, David and Kelley, Tom (2013) Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Creative Potential Within Us All. William Collins. Kindle Edition, p. 13.
17 Simon Baron-Cohen, the director of the Autism Research Centre at Cambridge University, has shown this: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/04/barack-obama-empathy-deficit
18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuwP5iOB-gs
19 The term ‘emotional intelligence’ is now part of our everyday language, mostly due to the 1995 best-seller Emotional Intelligence by the psychologist Daniel Goleman.
20 According to Marshall Rosenberg, psychologist and founder of Nonviolent Communication: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33287727
21 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/04/barack-obama-empathy-deficit
22 https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/threat-management/201303/i-dont-feel-your-pain-overcoming-roadblocks-empathy
23 Thanks to Judy Rees, my old colleague from journalism, for introducing me to this phrase.
24 2014 study: https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2012.0575
25 ‘Creatively successful firms’ as rated by critics.
26 https://www.businessinsider.com/adam-grant-living-abroad-makes-you-more-creative-2016-2?r=US&IR=T
27 Grant, Adam (2016) Originals: How Non-Conformists Change the World. Virgin Digital. Kindle Edition (audible version).
28 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1nS2GZDqHjPn5VQBYwfHRXK/seven-simple-ways-to-boost-your-creativity
29 Harvard researcher Jeffrey Ellenbogen found that after sleep, people are 33 per cent more creative, taken from Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition.
30 Yong, Ed (15 May 2018) ‘A new theory linking sleep and creativity: The two main phases of sleep might work together to boost creative problem-solving’, The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/05/sleep-creativity-theory/560399/
31 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-social-thinker/201712/sleep-it-boost-your-creativity
32 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-P3UpuGnYKA
33 ‘Hypnopompic’ is the state just after waking; the ‘hypnagogic’ state is that just before you fall asleep.
34 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-social-thinker/201712/sleep-it-boost-your-creativity
35 From an interview on Saturday Live, Radio 4, 15 December 2018 on the publication of Idle’s autobiography Always Look on the Bright Side of Life for the troupe’s controversial 1979 film, Life of Brian.
36 du Sautoy, Marcus (2019) The Creativity Code: How AI is Learning to Write, Paint and Think. Fourth Estate. Kindle Edition, location 607–608.
37 Isaacson, Walter (2011) Steve Jobs: The Exclusive Biography. Little, Brown Book Group. Kindle Edition, p. 61.
38 https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/harry-potter-synopsis-jk-rowling_us_59f1e294e4b043885915a95c
39 https://medium.com/@jeffgoins/dont-waste-your-words-how-to-write-a-first-draft-that-is-crappy-but-usable-c5dbf977f5a5
40 https://medium.com/@jeffgoins/dont-waste-your-words-how-to-write-a-first-draft-that-is-crappy-but-usable-c5dbf977f5a5
41 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition.
42 Fig, Joe (2009) Inside the Painter’s Studio. Princeton Architectural Press, p. 42.
43 This advice from Tom Peters in his 1991 article ‘The Pursuit of Luck’, which listed 50 strategies: https://tompeters.com/columns/the-pursuit-of-luck/
Chapter 9
1 https://www.inc.com/annabel-acton/10-pieces-of-killer-advice-from-famous-creative-ge.html
2 http://creativethinking.net/a-simple-way-to-get-ideas/#sthash.NCFYhh33.v9ULOf5m.dpbs
3 https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/history-of-braille/
4 https://medium.com/the-0mission/forget-about-the-10-000-hour-rule-7b7a39343523
5 https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/every-single-stephen-king-book-ranked/
6 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition.
7 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/thinking-strategies-used-creative-geniuses-michael-michalko/
8 https://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-fails-virgin-companies-that-went-bust-2016-5?r=US&IR=T
9 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition.
10 https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/295312
11 2019 Netflix documentary The Creative Brain: https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81090128
12 https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/exclusive-the-storyboards-of-walle/
13 http://99u.com/articles/52154/idea-sex-how-new-yorker-cartoonists-generate-500-ideas-a-week
14 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition, location 2,294.
15 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition.
16 I’m indebted to Michael Michalko, author of ThinkerToys: A Handbook of Creative-Thinking Techniques, for this metaphor: http://creativethinking.net/combine-what-exists-into-something-that-has-never-existed-before/#sthash.jeEBSktP.dpbs
17 2019 Netflix documentary The Creative Brain: https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81090128
18 https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/aug/23/masai-graham-organ-donor-funniest-joke-edinburgh-fringe-2016
19 https://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/155647/motivation/a_sense_of_humor_increases_creativity.html
20 https://www.edwddebono.com/lateral-thinking
21 https://www.laughterremedy.com/article_pdfs/Creativity.pdf
22 https://www.inc.com/yoram-solomon/humor-and-sarcasm-can-make-you-creative-science-says.html
23 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-tao-innovation/201406/the-power-humor-in-ideation-and-creativity
24 Here’s a good list of comedy warm-ups: https://learnimprov.com/warm-ups/
25 https://www.iflscience.com/technology/ais-attempts-at-oneliner-jokes-are-unintentionally-hilarious/
26 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-tao-innovation/201406/the-power-humor-in-ideation-and-creativity
27 Taken from the 2019 Netflix documentary The Creative Brain: https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81090128
28 https://www.livescience.com/43639-who-invented-the-printing-press.html
29 https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/04/8-surprising-facts-you-might-not-know-about-googles-early-days.html
30 https://www.brainpickings.org/2011/10/20/i-steve-steve-jobs-in-his-own-words/
31 I’m endebted to the video explanation of this technique, which I’ve tweaked a bit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kptxOsZitRs
32 Harford, Tim (2016) Messy: How to be Creative and Resilient in a Tidy-Minded World. Little, Brown, p. 9.
33 Kleon, Austin (2012) Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You About Being Creative. Workman Publishing Company. Kindle Edition, location 44.
34 Kleon, Austin (2012) Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You About Being Creative. Workman Publishing Company. Kindle Edition, location 49.
35 https://www.pablopicasso.org/picasso-and-dali.jsp
36 Kleon, Austin (2012) Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You About Being Creative. Workman Publishing Company. Kindle Edition, p. 167.
37 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/38rJrt2ZVRlXCzXCZbBGTlH/ten-huge-bands-who-started-out-as-tribute-or-covers-acts
38 https://www.creativethinkinghub.com/creative-thinking-and-stealing-like-an-artist/
39 I’m indebted to entrepreneur and creativity writer Kevin Ashton for this example: Ashton, Kevin (2015) How To Fly A Horse. Cornerstone Digital. Kindle Edition, pp. 66–67.
40 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/theory-of-relativity-then-and-now-180956622/
41 https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/history-of-braille/
42 Kleon, Austin (2012) Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You About Being Creative. Workman Publishing Company. Kindle Edition, location 87.
Chapter 10
1 https://www.inc.com/annabel-acton/10-pieces-of-killer-advice-from-famous-creative-ge.html
2 https://www.filmsite.org/pixaranimations.html
3 Isaacson, Walter (2017) Leonardo Da Vinci. Simon & Schuster.
4 https://medium.com/the-aspen-institute/the-myth-of-the-lone-genius-6a5146c7da10
5 https://www.nchannel.com/blog/amazon-statistics/
6 Harford, Tim (2011) Adapt: Why Success Always Starts With Failure. Little Brown, p. 3.
7 Harford, Tim (2011) Adapt: Why Success Always Starts With Failure. Little Brown, p. 2.
8 https://www.theguardian.com/science/occams-corner/2017/oct/04/myth-lone-genius-nobel-gravitational-waves-ligo
9 The 50 years in question were 1951–2001.
10 Nobel Prizes awarded to individuals – 33; Nobel Prizes awarded to teams – 36.
11 He became so renowned for what’s now known as ‘networking’ that the scientific community have invented a special unit of measurement for people who jointly wrote papers with him. If your name appeared alongside Erdős on an article you are said to have an Erdős number of one. If you wrote a paper with one of these collaborators you have a number of two, and so on. There are 40,000 people with a number of three or lower.
12 In 1973 the sociologist Mark Granovetter published a paper entitled ‘The Strength of Weak Ties’, in which he talks about and explains their value. Granovetter analogises weak ties to being like bridges that allow us to disseminate and get access to information that we might not otherwise have access to.
13 https://theguardian.com/technology/2010/mar/14/my-bright-idea-robin-dunbar
14 This behaviour is in the same category as the ‘curious conversations’ introduced earlier in this book.
15 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/opinion/sunday/innovation-and-the-bell-labs-miracle.html
16 Harford, Tim (2016) Messy: How to be Creative and Resilient in a Tidy-Minded World. Little Brown, pp. 80–82.
17 Isaacson, Walter (2012) ‘The Real Leadership Lessons from Steve Jobs’, Harvard Business Review.
18 Catmull, Ed (2014) Creativity, Inc. Bantam Press, p. 93.
19 Catmull, Ed (2014) Creativity, Inc. Bantam Press, p. 131.
20 Catmull, Ed (2014) Creativity, Inc. Bantam Press, p. 88.
21 Sawyer, Keith (2007) Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration. Basic Books, p. 16.
22 Sawyer, Keith (2013) Zig Zag: The Surprising Path to Greater Creativity. Jossey-Bass. Kindle Edition, location 3,136.
23 https://hbr.org/2014/05/leading-with-humor
24 https://www.humorthatworks.com/benefits/30-benefits-of-humor-at-work/
25 https://www.humorthatworks.com/benefits/30-benefits-of-humor-at-work/
26 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-tao-innovation/201406/the-power-humor-in-ideation-and-creativity
27 https://www.fastcompany.com/3009489/why-humor-makes-you-more-creative
28 Rock, David, Siegel, Daniel J., Poelmans, A.Y. and Payne, Jessica (2015) ‘The Healthy Mind Platter’, NeuroLeadership Journal, Vol. 4.
29 https://www.laughterremedy.com/article_pdfs/Creativity.pdf
30 https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2013/05/03/10-reasons-why-humor-is-a-key-to-success-at-work/#28ded47e5c90
31 Li Huang of INSEAD Business School, Adam D. Galinsky of Columbia University: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sarcasm-spurs-creative-thinking/
32 https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2013/05/03/10-reasons-why-humor-is-a-key-to-success-at-work/#28ded47e5c90
33 https://hbr.org/2014/05/leading-with-humor
34 https://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/155647/motivation/a_sense_of_humor_increases_creativity.html
35 Burt, Gabor George and Anderson, Jamie (2019) ‘Use Humor to Energize the Global Workplace’, Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM): https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-using-humor-to-energize-the-global-workplace.aspx
36 https://www.fastcompany.com/3024535/yes-and-improv-techniques-to-make-you-a-better-boss
37 Zak, Paul J. (2014) ‘Why Your Brain Loves Good Storytelling’, Harvard Business Review.
38 With thanks to my London Business School colleague Professor Niro Sivanathan (who’s a great storyteller!).
Chapter 11
1 https://medium.com/the-0mission/forget-about-the-10-000-hour-rule-7b7a39343523
2 Harford, Tim (2011) Adapt: Why Success Always Starts With Failure. Little Brown, p. 7.
3 Thanks to my London Business School colleague and strategy execution expert Andrew MacLennan for this anecdote.
4 https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/11/chinas-steve-jobs-debate-and-deng-xiaoping/248080/
5 https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/the-hunt-for-dark-matter-the-missing-ingredient-without-which-our-universe-would-not-exist-physics-astronomy
6 I’m indebted to Tammy Erickson for this wonderful analogy.
7 Thanks to Eric Ries for this excellent analogy.
8 https://www.ted.com/talks/simon_sinek_how_great_leaders_inspire_action/
9 https://hbr.org/2009/02/how-to-design-smart-business-experiments
10 https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/fast-food.htm
11 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u00S-hCnmFY
12 Davenport, Thomas H. (2009) ‘How to Design Smart Business Experiments’, Harvard Business Review: https://hbr.org/2009/02/how-to-design-smart-business-experiments
13 https://hbr.org/2009/02/how-to-design-smart-business-experiments
14 https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/google-crunches-data-on-munching-in-office/2013/09/01/3902b444-0e83-11e3-85b6-d27422650fd5_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.38c2b7f59bd1
15 I first came across this different spin on the M.V.P. (Minimum Viable Product) and the four ‘Ss’ from my London Business School colleague, Andrew MacLennan.
16 https://simplicable.com/new/business-experiments
17 This involves trying one version of the email, font or brand colour and then comparing it to another to see which one works best.
18 Ironic, as this is the same format that creates the code for computers and AI. Writing this book has never been anything less than thought-provoking!
19 (2013) ‘HBR’s 10 Must Reads on Innovation’, Harvard Business Review, p. 99.
Epilogue
1 Tegmark, Max (2017) Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition, location 731–732.
2 Kasparov, Garry (2017) Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins. John Murray. Kindle Edition, p. 249.
3 Kasparov, Garry (2017) Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins. John Murray. Kindle Edition, p. 249.
4 https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/enterprise-office/public/Table-of-Disruptive-Technologies.pdf
5 London Business School panel event, 2019.
6 https://www.forbes.com/sites/falonfatemi/2018/08/17/how-ai-will-augment-human-creativity/#7523edbd711b
7 https://www.forbes.com/sites/falonfatemi/2018/08/17/how-ai-will-augment-human-creativity/#20152a1b711b
8 https://www.forbes.com/sites/falonfatemi/2018/08/17/how-ai-will-augment-human-creativity/#1a7c634d711b
9 Mentioned to me by the MIT academic, technologist and entrepreneur Michael Davies.
10 Daugherty, Paul R. and Wilson, H. James (2018) Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI. Harvard Business Review Press, p. 7.
11 Cognizant (2018) ‘21 Jobs of The Future’, Center for the Future of Work, p. 3.
12 http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151201-the-cyborg-chess-players-that-cant-be-beaten
13 du Sautoy, Marcus (2019) The Creativity Code: How AI is Learning to Write, Paint and Think. Fourth Estate. Kindle Edition, location 155–157.
14 Boden’s ‘Transformational’ creativity aligns with psychologist Irving A. Taylor’s ‘Innovative/Emergent’ levels we looked at in Chapter 3. His whole scale was: Expressive, Productive, Inventive, Innovative and Emergent.