Index

aerospace industry, R&D

investment/sales percentage 9

aircraft industry, US 15

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 13

Australia, corporate R&D investors 10

automotive industry

R&D investment/sales percentage 9

US 15

Belgium

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

benefits realization, knowledge transfer 95–8

'Big Pharma' 25

broadband access 18

budget costs, consultants 108–10

Canada

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

R&D spend, as percentage of GDP 8

CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) 13

CEST (Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology), survey 134–5

chemical industry, R&D investment/sales percentage 9

China, R&D spend 17

Chrysler company 59

Cisco systems 25, 59

competitive tender, for and against 69–72

consultants 99–117

budget costs 108–10

caution in using 101–4, 146

costs of using 102

deliverables 105–6

delivery 115–16

disengagement 116–17

and EDM 100

knowledge-base assessment 85

lessons learned 117

need for 101

purpose 99

requirement definition 104–5

tendering 111–15

contract pricing

cost plus fixed fee 75

cost plus percentage 75

firm price 74

fixed price 74

fixed stage payments 147–8

negotiated-open book 75

part fixed price 75

time and materials 74, 146–7

contract research 57, 120–21

royalties 139–41

universities 134–41

US 15

Cooper Report (1989), UK 135, 139–40

copyright

international 30–31

meaning 30

protection 30

software 30, 31

corporations see organizations

CROs (Contract Research Organizations)

advantages 120–21

and due diligence 121

examples 118–19

and innovation 124–5

success factors 128–31

supplier assessment 129

work specification 129–30

deliverables, consultants 105–6

Dell company 24

Denmark

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

knowledge investment 19

R&D investment 13

design rights

registered 34

unregistered 34

disengagement, consultants 116–17

due diligence

concept 64, 66

and CROs 121

knowledge acquisition 64

Dyson vacuum cleaner 25

economic growth, and human capital 17–18

EDM (effective decision-maker), and consultants 100

electronics industry

patenting 47

R&D investment/sales percentage 9

energy industry, R&D investment/sales percentage 9

ESRF (European Synchroton Radiation Facility) 13

EU (European Union)

contract research 10

Framework Programme 14

GDP 13

harmonized patent 50–51

R&D investment 13–14, 20

R&D spend, as percentage of GDP 8, 13

science policy 13

university science degrees 17

Euro currency 14

European Commission, model R&D

contract 36–7

Finland

knowledge investment 19

R&D investment 13

Ford company 59

Framework Programme, EU 14

France

contract research 10

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

National Centre for Scientific Research 14

R&D investment 13

R&D spend, as percentage of GDP 8

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

EU 13

Japan 13

South Korea 13

US 13

GE (General Electric), overseas research 20–21

General Motors company 59

Germany

contract research 10

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

Max Planck institutes 14

R&D investment 13

R&D spend, as percentage of GDP 8

Gillette company 24

GlaxoSmithKline company, and IRS 48–9

globalization 16, 18, 58

of knowledge 45

and new product development 119

Granstrand study 53, 54, 57, 122

Greece, knowledge investment 19

high technology goods, trade 18

high-tech, mul-tech products 122–3

human capital

components 60

and economic growth 17–18

IC (intellectual capital) 59–63

components 59, 60, 61

tree analogy 60

value 59

see also human capital; structural capital

Iceland, knowledge investment 19

ICT (information and communications technology)

investment in 17

spread 18

India

knowledge workers 21

R&D spend 17

information

search 124

sources 53

supply 124–5

innovation

changes required 24–5

andCROs 124–5

disruptive 25

increasing 26

invention, difference 24

integration

knowledge acquisition 55, 56–7, 58, 119

levels 55–6

Intel company 59

intellectual capital see IC

intellectual property see IP

Internet

online purchasing 18

spread 18

invention

innovation, difference 24

ownership issues 32–3

secrecy 29

inventors, rights 32–3

IP (intellectual property)

dispute resolution 46

knowledge acquisition 27–8, 35–6

laws

enforceability 46

suggestions 45–7

licence revenue 41

meaning 27

organizations 28

protection 28

public domain 46

and tax havens 48–50

universities 135

see also copyright; patenting; utility models

IPRs (intellectual property rights)

background rights 37–8

foreground and background

meaning 36–7

ownership issues 35–6

protection 29

Ireland, knowledge investment 19

IRS (Inland Revenue Service)

and GlaxoSmithKline 48–9

and Westreco 49

Italy

contract research 10

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

R&D investment 13

R&D spend, as percentage of GDP 8

ITT (invitation to tender) 64, 109

preparation 111–12

purpose 111

see also tender evaluation

Japan

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

GDP 13

overseas manufacturing 22–3

R&D investment 8, 12–13, 20

R&D spend, as percentage of GDP 8, 13

Science and Technology Basic Plan 12

joint ventures

knowledge acquisition 56

knowledge exploitation 54

key staff, technology acquisition 126–7

KM (knowledge management) 3, 4, 16, 28, 52, 64

know-how 34

knowledge

advancement, organizations 3–4

brokers, universities 132–4

categories 1–2

competencies 83

and competitive advantage 4, 5

creation 17

definition 1

embedding 91–5

environment 28

exploitation 55

joint ventures 54

flow, restrictions 41–2

globalization of 45

growth 4

industries 41

integration 55–6

internally generated, drawbacks 127

investment

global 20

OECD 19

life cycle 4–5, 84–5

monitoring 15–16

new 62

philosophy of 2–3

proximity 5

scanning 54, 55, 57

services, buying 4, 16

time-honoured 62

types 62, 84

workers, India 21

knowledge acquisition 54–5, 56–7, 58

due diligence 64

external 8, 57

integration 55, 56–7, 58, 119

and internal R&D 54

internal research 56

IP issues 27–8, 35–6

joint ventures 56

licensing 57

pressures for 3–4

strategies 44–5, 54, 56–9

targeting 63

see also knowledge procurement; outsourcing; technology acquisition

knowledge management see KM

knowledge procurement 16

competitive tendering 69–72

contract pricing 74–5

process 65

project management 75–9

security issues 68

service providers 106–7

supplier assessment 66–9

timescales 73

universities 134–7

work specification 72–4

work standard 74

knowledge purchasing see knowledge acquisition

knowledge transfer 80–98

aspiration level 125

benefits realization 95–8

embedding 91–5

individual impact 93–5

meaning 81

military pilots 91–2

models 86–8

organizational impact 93

problems 80

ROI 95–6

staff shadowing 88–9

see also skills transfer

knowledge-base assessment 81–5

consultants 85

knowledge competencies 83, 90

purpose 81

size 62

stages 82

lessons learned, consultants 117

licence revenue, IP 41

licensing, knowledge acquisition 57

life cycle, knowledge 4–5, 84–5

managers, role 52

Max Planck institutes, Germany 14

mechanical engineering optics industry, R&D investment/sales percentage 9

Mexico, knowledge investment 19

MFP (multifactor productivity) growth 18–19

Microsoft company 41, 59

researchers 127

MTCs (multitechnology corporations), technology issues 53–4

mul-tech, high-tech, products 122–3

National Centre for Scientific Research, France 14

Netherlands

contract research 10

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

R&D investment 13

Norway, corporate R&D investors 10

OECD

knowledge investment 19

patenting 17

R&D investment 17, 19

R&D spend, as percentage of GDP 8

online purchasing 18

organizations

IP issues 28

knowledge

proximity 5

sources 52

knowledge advancement 3–4

knowledge transfer, impact 93

R&D investment 10

science policy 12

strategic choices 58–9

outsourcing

non-core business 123

R&D services 119, 121–4

R&D toolkit 38, 64, 119, 142–3

patenting

electronics industry 47

limitations 42–3

OECD 17

pharmaceutical industry 47

patents

background 36

foreground 36

harmonized, EU 50–51

multilateral 47

purpose 31–2

US 17, 39–41

Patents Act (1977) 32

pharmaceutical industry

innovation 25

patenting 47

R&D investment/sales percentage 9

Portugal, knowledge investment 19

project appraisal 128–9

project management 75–9

contract close-out 78–9

milestone reports 76–7

monthly reports 76

periodic reviews 78

Project Memo 77–8

example 144

public domain, IP 46

R&D

internal, and knowledge acquisition 54

model contract 36–7

publications 7, 8

toolkit, outsourcing 142–3

R&D investment

corporations, national rankings 10

EU 13–14, 20

OECD 17, 19

sales percentage, industry sector 9

universities 133–4

see also under individual countries

R&D services

buying in 118–31

outsourcing 119

reasons 120–21

strategy issues 121–4

R&D spend

EU 8

government/industry share 8, 9

national corporate 6–7

P/E ratio 6

R&D/Sales ratio 6

as percentage of GDP 8

see also under individual countries

research fellowships 139

researchers, Microsoft company 127

RFI (requests for information) 109

RFP (requests for proposals) 109

ROI (return on investment), knowledge transfer 95–6

royalties, contract research 139–41

science policy

EU 13

organizations 12

South Korea 13

SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) 59

secrecy

inventions 29

trade 33–4

US patents 39

service bills

components 148

control of 146, 149

fixed stage payments-type work 147

invoice details 146–7

legal bills, challenging 147–8

overcharging, reasons 145

service experts, use of 148–9

time and materials-type work 146–7

service providers, knowledge procurement 106–7

Skandia company 60

skills transfer 81, 89–90

software, copyright 30, 38

South Korea

corporate R&D investors 10

GDP 13

R&D investment 13

science policy 13

Spain, corporate R&D investors 10

staff shadowing, knowledge transfer 88–9

structural capital, components 60, 61

supplier assessment

CROs 129

knowledge procurement 66–9

suppliers

evaluation 107–8

shortlisting 110

Sweden

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

knowledge investment 19

R&D investment 13

Switzerland

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

tax havens, and IP 48–50

team philosophy, development 130–31

technology acquisition 53–4

factors 126

key staff 126–7

successful 126

technology licensing 127–8

technology licensing 127–8

tender

award 114

evaluation 112–13

letters of intent 114

see also ITT

Texas Instruments company 41

trade

high technology goods 18

secrecy 33–4

transfer pricing 48

Twenty-First Century Patent Coalition 40

UK

contract research 10

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

R&D investment 13

R&D spend, as percentage of GDP 8

universities

contract research 134–7

cost control 136–7

pitfalls 137–9

research fellowships 139

royalties 139–41

IP issues 135

knowledge brokers 132–4

R&D investment 133–4

science degrees

EU 17

US 17

teaching/research balance 135

US

aircraft industry 15

automotive industry 15

contract research 15

corporate R&D investors 10

corporate R&D spend 6

P/E ratio 6

corporate R&D/Sales ratio 6

GDP 13

knowledge investment 19

patents 17, 39–41

reform 39–40

secrecy 39

R&D investment 14–15, 42

R&D spend 8

as percentage of GDP 8

science degrees, universities 17

utility models 34–5

VHS/Betamax technologies 122

Westreco, and IRS 49

work specification

CROs 129–30

knowledge procurement 72–4