a
- acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 77, 81, 88, 109, 155, 236
- advanced recycling fees (ARFs) 44
- air current separation 138
- air tables 113–114
- Alcaligenes eutrophus 284
- amphiphilic siderophores 198
- anaerobic bacteria 279
- anaerobic sulfur-reducing bacteria 200
- 9,10-anthraquinones (9,10-AQ) 262
- approximation 2 method 63
- arsenic (III)-binding peptides 195
- Australian Battery Recycling Initiative 51
b
- Bacillus weihenstephanensis 284
- Basel Action Network 35, 39
- Basel Convention 34–35, 49
- BATENUS process 176–177
- batteries 176
- hybrid cars batteries 180
- lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) 7
- primary batteries 176
- rechargeable batteries 176
- 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ) 264
- bio-ceramics (biocers) 193, 196
- bio-electro-hydrometallurgical process 191
- bio-Pd 200–201
- bioaccumulation 189, 199–201
- biodegradable electronic systems 258–260, 272, 283, 285
- biodegradation 270, 276
- bioflotation 189, 197–199
- of pyrite and chalcopyrite 197
- biogenic cyanide 190
- biohydrometallurgy 189–202
- bioleaching 189–191, 197
- biological half-life 275
- biomass 191–192, 201, 222, 258, 270, 279, 283
- biopolymers 192, 196, 197, 260, 265, 268, 270
- bioreactor design 271
- bioreduction 189, 199–201
- biosorption
- challenges 192
- chelators derived from nature 196–197
- defined 191
- via metal selective peptides 194–196
- REE recovery 192
- biosurfactants 197
- Brazilian Policy of Solid Waste (BPSW) 47
- brominated flame retardants (BFRs) 136, 155
- Burkholderia fungorum 284
c
- CadR 193
- Canadian WEEE management systems 46
- carbon-neutral circular economy 311
- Carnegie Mellon method 64, 65
- Cartridges 4 Planet Ark 51
- cathode ray tube TV and monitor units 79–80
- cellphone devices
- cellulose 192, 194, 196, 213–214, 260, 268, 270, 275, 281
- centrifugal classifier 104–105
- China WEEE regulation 48
- chip bonding process 260
- circular economy
- barriers 300
- challenges for e-waste recycling 304–306
- demand for recyclable products 309–310
- digitalization 301–302
- drivers for change 306–309
- recycling 302–304
- classical microbiology 276–277
- classification process 104
- CLEANLEAD process 177
- climate change 300, 311
- closed-circuit comminution circuit 102
- column flotation cells 118
- composting biodegradation process 282
- composting kinetics modeling 274
- composting of organic waste 255, 271, 275, 279
- composting process 271
- materials half-life 274–275
- compost’s quality and eco-safety assessment 274
- microbiome 272
- schematic illustration 271
- specific endpoint parameters, monitoring of 274
- computers and notebooks 78–79
- consumption and use/leaching/approximation 1 method 62–63
- copper matte smelting 138
- copper recovery from e-waste 150
- copper smelting processes
- secondary smelters 142
- sulfide route 138–142
- copper-rich scrap 142
- copper-rich slag 139
- corona electrostatic separation 108–109, 138
- COVID pandemic 41
- COVID-19 pandemic 302
- cradle-to-cradle flow concept 300
- criticality-based impact assessment (CIAM) method 236
- cryogrinding technology 100
- crystalline silicon PV modules 85
- c-Si modules, recycling process of 174–176
- Cu nanoparticle synthesis, via bioreduction 201
- CuFeS-SiO 2-O 2 system 138
d
- degradation 155–156, 166, 200, 221, 259, 262, 269–275, 280–285
- of green PLA-based composites 275
- demand for recyclable products 305, 309–310
- density-based float-sink separation 219
- DHI-melanin 267–268
- DHICA-melanin 267
- diamagnetic particles 106
- digitalization 301–302, 311
- direct-to-copper smelting 139–140
- direction smelting 143–144
- dismantling process 96, 241, 244, 247–248, 250
- distillation 153–155
- distribution delay method 63–64, 67
- DNA metagenomic techniques 276–277
- domestic e-waste recyclers 22
- dopamine (DA) 265–266
e
- e-glass analysis 215
- e-waste 2, 255, 302
- average metal content 5
- collection and recycling 3
- definition 2, 15
- developed economies 21
- estimated value of materials present 4
- generation pattern 15
- imports/exports, permissions/bans for
- known routes 35, 40
- legislations and regulations 35–39
- international legislation 34–41
- international management and transboundary movement 18–19
- management
- in Australia 22
- in Brazil 23
- community awareness 17
- cost of 20
- in developed countries 21–22
- developing countries 23–26
- extended producer responsibility 41
- flowchart 16
- goal of 20
- in India 23–24
- in Japan 22
- in Nigeria 25
- in South Africa 24
- in Switzerland 21–22
- in Taiwan 21, 25–26
- management programs 8
- recycling, multidisciplinary aspects of 8, 9
- take-back systems 17
- total generation 3
- total raw material value 34
- transboundary movement 40
- utilization as secondary raw material 165
- yearly generation 34
- e-waste collection rate 69
- e-waste for repair 36
- e-waste generation 33, 95
- consumption and use/leaching/approximation 1 method 62
- econometric analysis 61–62
- estimation methods 65
- global estimation 66
- and gross domestic product (GDP) 61, 62
- market supply method 63–64
- and purchasing power parity 61, 62
- sales/approximation 2 method 63
- time step method 64–65
- e-waste generation statistics 61
- e-waste landfill 45, 135
- e-waste recycling 20, 141, 304
- e-waste regulations 41
- in Asia
- in China 48
- India 49
- in Japan 47–48
- in Taiwan 49
- in Australia 50–51
- Brazil 47
- in Canada 46–47
- in Europe
- France 43
- Germany 43
- Norway 44
- Switzerland 44
- in Nigeria 50
- in South Africa 49–50
- in United States of America 45–46
- e-waste trafficking 36
- eco-design 90, 255, 257, 304, 311
- eco-friendliness 257
- eco-organizations 43
- econometric analysis 61–62
- eddy current separation 108, 110–111, 138
- electrical and electronic equipment 1–2, 15, 18, 33, 48, 62, 73–74, 135–157, 166, 231, 301–302
- electrical separation 108–111, 220
- electrochemical energy storage
- electrochemical processes 147–148
- high-temperature electrolysis 148–149
- low-temperature electrolysis 149–152
- review 147
- electroflotation process 198
- electronic products, lifespan of 65–66
- electronic waste 3, 34, 45, 50, 61–62, 95, 110, 137, 146–157, 165, 180, 190–191, 260, 284, 303, 310
- ellagitannins 268
- empirical degradation models 274
- end-of-life (EoL) 15–16, 18, 23, 33, 35, 40–41, 43–44, 46–47, 66, 86, 90, 165, 174, 231, 257, 276, 285, 300
- energy band bending 261
- engineered composting facility 278, 282
- Environmental Handling Fees (EHF) 46
- environmental impact, of WEEE recycling systems 235–236
- eumelanin 265–267
- European Green Deal 311
- European Recycling Platform 43, 119, 122
- European WEEE Directive 34–35
- Exiguobacterium aestuarii 284
- extended producer responsibility (EPR) 16, 18, 41–42, 44–45, 49–50, 52
- extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 196–198
f
- Falcon centrifugal concentrator 114–115
- fayalite slag 138–139
- feature phone formal collection scenario 241–243
- feature phone informal collection 243–244
- fiberglass 112, 117, 214–216, 218–223, 305
- flash smelting 139–140
- float-sink test 115–116
- fluorescent lamps (FL) 3, 86, 88, 178, 180, 199, 236
- fluorinated pentacenequinone (FPCQ) 262
- foreign downstream recycling enterprises 18
- formal government-certified recycling companies 249
- froth flotation 116–220, 168, 198, 220
- full recovery end-of-life photovoltaic (FRELP) 174, 175
- fusion proteins 193–196
g
- galena (PbS) 142
- gallium recovery, from LED waste 179
- gallotannins 268
- Gaudin–Schuhmann equation 101
- Global E-waste Monitor 66, 255
- global market economy 299
- global warming potential (GWP) impact 241
- gravitational classifiers 105
- gravity separation 111–116, 157, 219–220
- green organic electronics 258, 269, 285
- greenhouse gas (GHG) 135, 222, 241–250
- gross domestic product (GDP) 15, 19, 33, 61, 62
h
- hammer mill 96–98, 102–103, 106, 174, 219
- hard disk magnets
- average percent weight of common metals 6
- Harmonized System (HS) codes 67
- H-bonded organic pigments 259
- H-bonded organic semiconductors 259, 261
- H-bonded pigments 259
- high impact polystyrene (HIPS) 155, 236
- high performance quinone-based OFETs 263
- high voltage pulse fragmentation 97–99
- high-intensity magnetic separators 106–108
- high-temperature electrochemical processes 135
- high-temperature electrolysis 148–149
- hybrid car batteries 180
- hydrocyclone 102, 104–105, 111, 115, 219
- hydrolyzable tannins 268
- hydrometallurgical processing 7
- for batteries 176–178
- of e-waste 166
- metals recovery in LED waste 178–180
- hypothetical biodegradable electronics
i
- impact assessment, LCA 233–234
- Indium, in LCD screens 81
- induced roll magnetic separator 108
- industrial composter 281–282
- informal end-of-life e-waste practices 23
- Information Revolution 1
- inoculation, of compost 283
- international legislation 34–41, 49
- international WEEE management 18–19
- inverse gas chromatography (IGC) 117, 123
- ionic liquids 8, 150–151, 180
- IT and telecommunications equipment
- computers and notebooks 78–79
- mobile phones 81–83
- monitors and screens 79–81
- printed circuit boards 83–85
k
- Kayser recycling system 141
- Knelson centrifugal concentrator 114–115
- knife mill 100
l
- large household appliances (LHA) 75–77, 166
- LCD screens 81
- leaching techniques 7
- lead bullion 142–144, 146
- lead smelting processes 142–146
- Li batteries, organic vs. inorganic electrode materials 264
- life cycle assessment (LCA) 231
- hazardous potential of WEEE management and recycling 236
- heavy metal risk assessment 236
- impact assessment 234
- noise assessment 236
- purpose of 233
- theory of 232–234
- waste mobile phone recycling 237
- functional unit 237–238
- life cycle inventory data 238–241
- system boundaries 238
- life cycle cost (LCC) analysis 248
- life cycle environmental impacts
- of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) 234
- of feature phone formal collection scenario 241–243
- of feature phone informal collection 243–244
- of smartphone formal collection scenario 244–245
- of smartphone informal collection scenario 246–247
- life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis 231, 233–241
- light emitting diodes (LEDs) 2–3, 79–81, 86, 88, 89, 167, 178–180, 191, 236, 257
- lightning equipment 86
- lignin 259, 266, 268–270, 279–283
- lignin/PEDOT composite 269
- lignin/PPy hybrid electrode material 269
- linear model economy 299
- lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) 1, 7, 114, 269
- low vapor pressure metals 141
- low-grade scrap 142, 151
- low-intensity magnetic separators 106–108
- low-temperature electrolysis 149–152
m
- magnetic nanoparticles 181
- magnetic separation 96, 106–108, 138, 157, 166, 172, 177, 220
- marinobactin 198
- market supply method 63
- Carnegie Mellon method 64
- distribution delay method 63–64
- simple delay method 63
- mass balance method 64
- material efficiency 302–305
- material-selective peptides 194
- mechanical recycling, of waste PCB 96
- mechanical size classification equipment 106
- melanin/carbon paper electrodes 267
- melanins 265–268
- metal concentrations, in PCB 83
- metal electronic refining process 241–250
- metallothioneins (MT) 193, 195
- Metso equation 103
- microbiology techniques 276, 277
- microbiome 270–272, 274, 276–285
- mobile phones (MP) 81–83
- Cu recovery from mobile phone 172
- waste mobile phone recycling 237–242
- molten salt oxidation treatment 152–153
- monitors and screens 79–81
- Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) 241, 243, 244, 246
- municipal composting facility 278, 281–282
- municipal recycling strategy 255–256
n
- nanocatalysts 200
- nanoparticles 181, 193, 195, 199–201
- National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) classification 49, 214
- National Environmental Management Act 49
- National Solid Waste Plan 47
- National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme (NTCRS) 50, 51
- naturally occurring conjugated polymers 260
- N-butyl sulfonate pyridinium hydrosulfate 151
- Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnets 89
- neuromelanin 265
- N-heteropentacenequinones (NHPCQ) 261, 262
- Ni-ion biosorption process 195
- Nigeria’s e-waste management system 50
- noble metals 138, 141, 146, 147, 151, 190
- noble metal and rare-earth recovery 151
- non-homogeneous waste 307
- non-metal fraction composition, PCBs 214–215
- non-metal fraction recycling
- chemical recycling 221
- PCBs 215
- economic benefits 215–216
- environmental protection and public health 216–218
- Noranda process 137, 141, 146
- Norway’s Waste Regulations 44
o
- organic electronics 257–258, 259, 269, 271, 276, 285
- organic field-effect transistors (OFETs)
- bis(trifluoromethylethynyl)-9,10-anthraquinones 262
- functionalized quinone thin film-based organic semiconductor channels 262
- high-performance 261
- quinacridones 262–263
- source and drain metal electrodes 260
- organic semiconductors, molecular structures of 257, 258
- organic waste treatment facilities 276
p
- particle size analysis 100–102
- PbS-O 2-S 2-(SiO 2)0.4(FeO)0.3(CaO)0.1 predominance diagram 144, 145
- Pd(0) nanoparticles 200
- perforated vibratory screen deck 103
- photovoltaic (PV) panels 85–86
- photovoltaic modules (PV modules) 6, 172
- average percent weight of common metals 6
- types of 174
- physical recycling, NMF 218
- electrical separation 220
- froth flotation 220
- gravity separation 219–220
- magnetic separation 220
- size classification 219
- phytochelatins (PCs) 18, 20, 22, 45, 48, 84, 193
- PLACID process 177
- plastics 141
- PLINT process 177
- polychlorinated biphenyls 79, 217
- polydopamine-coated few-walled carbon nanotubes 265
- primary batteries 176
- printed circuit boards (PCB) 83, 136, 213
- average percent weight of common metals 6
- non-metal fraction composition 214–215
- non-metal fraction recycling
- benefits 215–216
- chemical recycling 221
- physical recycling 218
- potential usage 221–223
- percentage weight of 213
- types 214
- producer responsibility organizations (PRO) 21, 44, 50
- “product-as-service” business model 309
- purchasing power parity (PPP) 61, 62, 67
- pyrolysis 155–157
- pyrolysis process
- pyrometallurgical recycling routes 7
- pyrometallurgy 135
- advantage 135
- distillation 153–155
- electrochemical processes 147–148
- molten salt oxidation treatment 152–153
- Noranda process 137
- printed circuit boards (PCB) 136–137
- pyrolysis 155–157
- roasting 152
- smelting 135, 138
q
- QLED 90
- quinacridones (QAs) 261–263
- quinone-based redox active biomolecules and biopolymers 265
- quinones 261, 262, 264–265, 267
r
- rare earth elements (REE) 1, 2, 6, 86, 89, 149, 151, 157, 178, 181, 190, 305, 306
- rare earth roll separator 106
- re-cycling efficiency 136
- reactive metals 141, 146, 148
- rechargeable batteries 176, 264, 268
- recycling 302
- chemical recycling 221
- circular economy 302–304
- physical recycling 218
- processing routes 7
- recycling methods, for e-waste 95
- centrifugal classifier 104–105
- classification process 104–106
- comminution/size-reduction 97–100
- cryogrinding 100
- hammer mill 98
- high voltage pulse fragmentation 98–99
- knife mill 100
- shredders 97
- electrical separation 108–109
- corona electrostatic separation 108
- eddy current separation 110–111
- triboelectric separator 109–110
- end-processing stage 95
- froth flotation 116–119
- gravitational classifiers 105–106
- gravity separation 111–116
- centrifugal concentrators 114–115
- concentration criterion 112
- dense media separation 115–116
- jigs 112
- shaking tables 113–114
- spirals 112
- zig-zag classifiers 114
- high-intensity magnetic separators 107–108
- low-intensity magnetic separators 106–107
- magnetic separation 106–108
- particle size analysis 100–101
- pre-processing stage 95
- sensor-based sorting 119
- size separation 102–106
- REE recovery, from LED waste 178, 179
- refining copper, from waste mobile phones 248
- resource conservation 74
- roasting 148, 152, 153
- RoHS Directive 34, 90
- Rosin–Rammler distribution 101
- ruminant-hay natural ecosystem 279–280
s
- sales method 63
- SASIL photovoltaic waste treatment project 174–175
- scrap materials 40, 41
- screening process 102–103
- sensor-based sorting 119
- shaking tables 113–114
- short-range π-electron delocalization 261
- shredders 96, 97
- simple delay method 63, 64
- sintering-smelting 143
- small household appliances (SHA) 76–78
- smartphones 178, 180, 235, 237–240, 244–250, 302, 309, 311
- smartphone formal collection scenario 244–245
- smartphone informal collection scenario 246–247
- smelting 138
- advantages 146–147
- copper smelting processes - secondary smelters 142
- copper smelting processes - sulfide route 138–142
- lead smelting processes 142–146
- limitations 147
- SO 2-rich gaseous phase 138
- solid waste management 19, 234
- solution-based processing, of organic electronic materials 258
- specialized inoculant
- adapted to heavy metals 283–284
- adapted to organic matter 282–283
- spirals 105, 112–113, 220
- steel recycling 166
- StEP Initiative 73
- submerged tuyere smelting 139
- substrate degradation models 274
- supercritical fluid technology 180, 181
- sustainability 1, 136, 147, 234, 300, 302, 306, 307, 309–311
- sustainability principles 307
- synthetic eumelanin 267
t
- Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) 25, 49
- tannins 268
- technological innovation 255–256
- termite-wood natural ecosystem 280–281
- tetrabomobisphenol A (TBBPA) 155
- 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tetra-CDD) 217
- time step method 64–65
- TNO process, for NiCd batteries 176, 177
- Toxco process 177
- toxic dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) 217, 218
- toxic emissions 135, 155
- toxicity equivalency (TEQ) 217, 218
- transboundary WEEE movement 18–19
- transistors 73, 167, 257, 259, 260–263
- triboelectric separation 109–110, 220
- true environmental sustainability 300
v
- vertical-lance smelting (ISASMELT) 140
- Vibrating Screen Manufacturers Association (VSMA) equation 103
- volatile metals 141, 178
w
- waste cellphones 238
- battery disposal 240
- electronic refining for materials 241
- formal collection process 239
- informal collection process 239
- mechanical dismantling 239–240
- plastic recycling 240
- screen glass recycling 240
- waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) 15, 135, 302
- characterization and recycling 74
- generic material composition 75
- recycling 8
- standard categorizations 74
- waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) 136, 167, 172
- Cu recovery from mobile phone 172
- of digital video discs (DVD) 167–168
- extraction and recovery by leaching process 170–171
- mass percentage of main metals 167–168
- metal recycling/recovery 167
- non-magnetic fraction 170
- of vacuum cleaners 167, 168
- whole recycling value chain 167, 169
- WEEE categories 74
- future trends 89–90
- IT and telecommunications equipment
- computers and notebooks 78–79
- mobile phones 81–83
- monitors and screens 79–81
- printed circuit boards 83–85
- large household appliances (LHA) 75–76
- lightning equipment 86
- photovoltaic (PV) panels 85–86
- small household appliances (SHA) 76–78
- toys, leisure and sport 86–89
- WEEELABEX 40
- Weibull distribution 63, 66–68
- white goods 76
- white rot fungi 270
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