Index

a

  • acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 77, 81, 88, 109, 155, 236
  • advanced recycling fees (ARFs) 44
  • air current separation 138
  • air tables 113–114
  • Alcaligenes eutrophus 284
  • amphiphilic siderophores 198
  • anaerobic bacteria 279
  • anaerobic sulfur-reducing bacteria 200
  • 9,10-anthraquinones (9,10-AQ) 262
  • approximation 2 method 63
  • arsenic (III)-binding peptides 195
  • Australian Battery Recycling Initiative 51

b

  • Bacillus weihenstephanensis 284
  • Basel Action Network 35, 39
  • Basel Convention 34–35, 49
  • BATENUS process 176–177
  • batteries 176
    • hybrid cars batteries 180
    • lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) 7
    • primary batteries 176
    • rechargeable batteries 176
  • 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ) 264
  • bio-ceramics (biocers) 193, 196
  • bio-electro-hydrometallurgical process 191
  • bio-Pd 200–201
  • bioaccumulation 189, 199–201
  • biodegradable electronic systems 258–260, 272, 283, 285
  • biodegradation 270, 276
    • half-lives 275
    • principle 285
  • bioflotation 189, 197–199
    • of pyrite and chalcopyrite 197
  • biogenic cyanide 190
  • biohydrometallurgy 189–202
  • bioleaching 189–191, 197
  • biological half-life 275
  • biomass 191–192, 201, 222, 258, 270, 279, 283
  • biopolymers 192, 196, 197, 260, 265, 268, 270
  • bioreactor design 271
  • bioreduction 189, 199–201
  • biosorption
    • challenges 192
    • chelators derived from nature 196–197
    • defined 191
    • via metal selective peptides 194–196
    • REE recovery 192
  • biosurfactants 197
  • Brazilian Policy of Solid Waste (BPSW) 47
  • brominated flame retardants (BFRs) 136, 155
  • Burkholderia fungorum 284

c

  • CadR 193
  • Canadian WEEE management systems 46
  • carbon-neutral circular economy 311
  • Carnegie Mellon method 64, 65
  • Cartridges 4 Planet Ark 51
  • cathode ray tube TV and monitor units 79–80
  • cellphone devices
    • gold and silver in 6
  • cellulose 192, 194, 196, 213–214, 260, 268, 270, 275, 281
  • centrifugal classifier 104–105
  • China WEEE regulation 48
  • chip bonding process 260
  • circular economy
    • barriers 300
    • challenges for e-waste recycling 304–306
    • demand for recyclable products 309–310
    • digitalization 301–302
    • drivers for change 306–309
    • recycling 302–304
  • classical microbiology 276–277
  • classification process 104
  • CLEANLEAD process 177
  • climate change 300, 311
  • closed-circuit comminution circuit 102
  • column flotation cells 118
  • composting biodegradation process 282
  • composting kinetics modeling 274
  • composting of organic waste 255, 271, 275, 279
  • composting process 271
    • materials half-life 274–275
    • compost’s quality and eco-safety assessment 274
    • microbiome 272
    • schematic illustration 271
    • specific endpoint parameters, monitoring of 274
  • computers and notebooks 78–79
  • consumption and use/leaching/approximation 1 method 62–63
  • copper matte smelting 138
  • copper recovery from e-waste 150
  • copper smelting processes
    • secondary smelters 142
    • sulfide route 138–142
  • copper-rich scrap 142
  • copper-rich slag 139
  • corona electrostatic separation 108–109, 138
  • COVID pandemic 41
  • COVID-19 pandemic 302
  • cradle-to-cradle flow concept 300
  • criticality-based impact assessment (CIAM) method 236
  • cryogrinding technology 100
  • crystalline silicon PV modules 85
  • c-Si modules, recycling process of 174–176
  • Cu nanoparticle synthesis, via bioreduction 201
  • CuFeS-SiO 2-O 2 system 138

d

  • degradation 155–156, 166, 200, 221, 259, 262, 269–275, 280–285
    • of green PLA-based composites 275
  • demand for recyclable products 305, 309–310
  • density-based float-sink separation 219
  • DHI-melanin 267–268
  • DHICA-melanin 267
  • diamagnetic particles 106
  • digitalization 301–302, 311
  • direct-to-copper smelting 139–140
  • direction smelting 143–144
  • dismantling process 96, 241, 244, 247–248, 250
  • distillation 153–155
  • distribution delay method 63–64, 67
  • DNA metagenomic techniques 276–277
  • domestic e-waste recyclers 22
  • dopamine (DA) 265–266

e

  • e-glass analysis 215
  • e-waste 2, 255, 302
    • average metal content 5
    • collection and recycling 3
    • definition 2, 15
    • developed economies 21
    • estimated value of materials present 4
    • generation pattern 15
    • imports/exports, permissions/bans for
      • known routes 35, 40
      • legislations and regulations 35–39
    • international legislation 34–41
    • international management and transboundary movement 18–19
    • management
      • in Australia 22
      • in Brazil 23
      • community awareness 17
      • cost of 20
      • in developed countries 21–22
      • developing countries 23–26
      • extended producer responsibility 41
      • flowchart 16
      • goal of 20
      • in India 23–24
      • in Japan 22
      • in Nigeria 25
      • in South Africa 24
      • in Switzerland 21–22
      • in Taiwan 21, 25–26
    • management programs 8
    • recycling, multidisciplinary aspects of 8, 9
    • take-back systems 17
    • total generation 3
    • total raw material value 34
    • transboundary movement 40
    • utilization as secondary raw material 165
    • yearly generation 34
  • e-waste collection rate 69
  • e-waste for repair 36
  • e-waste generation 33, 95
    • consumption and use/leaching/approximation 1 method 62
    • econometric analysis 61–62
    • estimation methods 65
    • global estimation 66
    • and gross domestic product (GDP) 61, 62
    • market supply method 63–64
    • and purchasing power parity 61, 62
    • sales/approximation 2 method 63
    • time step method 64–65
  • e-waste generation statistics 61
  • e-waste landfill 45, 135
  • e-waste recycling 20, 141, 304
    • advantages 165
    • challenge 165
  • e-waste regulations 41
    • in Asia
      • in China 48
      • India 49
      • in Japan 47–48
      • in Taiwan 49
    • in Australia 50–51
    • Brazil 47
    • in Canada 46–47
    • in Europe
      • France 43
      • Germany 43
      • Norway 44
      • Switzerland 44
    • in Nigeria 50
    • in South Africa 49–50
    • in United States of America 45–46
  • e-waste trafficking 36
  • eco-design 90, 255, 257, 304, 311
  • eco-friendliness 257
  • eco-organizations 43
  • econometric analysis 61–62
  • eddy current separation 108, 110–111, 138
  • electrical and electronic equipment 1–2, 15, 18, 33, 48, 62, 73–74, 135–157, 166, 231, 301–302
  • electrical separation 108–111, 220
  • electrochemical energy storage
    • dopamine 265
    • lignin 269
    • melanins 265–268
    • quinones 264–265
    • tannins 268
  • electrochemical processes 147–148
    • high-temperature electrolysis 148–149
    • low-temperature electrolysis 149–152
    • review 147
  • electroflotation process 198
  • electronic products, lifespan of 65–66
  • electronic waste 3, 34, 45, 50, 61–62, 95, 110, 137, 146–157, 165, 180, 190–191, 260, 284, 303, 310
  • ellagitannins 268
  • empirical degradation models 274
  • end-of-life (EoL) 15–16, 18, 23, 33, 35, 40–41, 43–44, 46–47, 66, 86, 90, 165, 174, 231, 257, 276, 285, 300
  • energy band bending 261
  • engineered composting facility 278, 282
  • Environmental Handling Fees (EHF) 46
  • environmental impact, of WEEE recycling systems 235–236
  • eumelanin 265–267
  • European Green Deal 311
  • European Recycling Platform 43, 119, 122
  • European WEEE Directive 34–35
  • Exiguobacterium aestuarii 284
  • extended producer responsibility (EPR) 16, 18, 41–42, 44–45, 49–50, 52
  • extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 196–198

f

  • Falcon centrifugal concentrator 114–115
  • fayalite slag 138–139
  • feature phone formal collection scenario 241–243
  • feature phone informal collection 243–244
  • fiberglass 112, 117, 214–216, 218–223, 305
  • flash smelting 139–140
  • float-sink test 115–116
  • fluorescent lamps (FL) 3, 86, 88, 178, 180, 199, 236
  • fluorinated pentacenequinone (FPCQ) 262
  • foreign downstream recycling enterprises 18
  • formal government-certified recycling companies 249
  • froth flotation 116–220, 168, 198, 220
  • full recovery end-of-life photovoltaic (FRELP) 174, 175
  • fusion proteins 193–196

g

  • galena (PbS) 142
  • gallium recovery, from LED waste 179
  • gallotannins 268
  • Gaudin–Schuhmann equation 101
  • Global E-waste Monitor 66, 255
  • global market economy 299
  • global warming potential (GWP) impact 241
  • gravitational classifiers 105
  • gravity separation 111–116, 157, 219–220
  • green organic electronics 258, 269, 285
  • greenhouse gas (GHG) 135, 222, 241–250
  • gross domestic product (GDP) 15, 19, 33, 61, 62

h

  • hammer mill 96–98, 102–103, 106, 174, 219
  • hard disk magnets
    • average percent weight of common metals 6
  • Harmonized System (HS) codes 67
  • H-bonded organic pigments 259
  • H-bonded organic semiconductors 259, 261
  • H-bonded pigments 259
  • high impact polystyrene (HIPS) 155, 236
  • high performance quinone-based OFETs 263
  • high voltage pulse fragmentation 97–99
  • high-intensity magnetic separators 106–108
  • high-temperature electrochemical processes 135
  • high-temperature electrolysis 148–149
  • hybrid car batteries 180
  • hydrocyclone 102, 104–105, 111, 115, 219
  • hydrolyzable tannins 268
  • hydrometallurgical processing 7
    • for batteries 176–178
    • of e-waste 166
    • metals recovery in LED waste 178–180
  • hypothetical biodegradable electronics
    • end of life of 272

i

  • impact assessment, LCA 233–234
  • Indium, in LCD screens 81
  • induced roll magnetic separator 108
  • industrial composter 281–282
  • informal end-of-life e-waste practices 23
  • Information Revolution 1
  • inoculation, of compost 283
  • international legislation 34–41, 49
  • international WEEE management 18–19
  • inverse gas chromatography (IGC) 117, 123
  • ionic liquids 8, 150–151, 180
  • IT and telecommunications equipment
    • computers and notebooks 78–79
    • mobile phones 81–83
    • monitors and screens 79–81
    • printed circuit boards 83–85

j

k

  • Kayser recycling system 141
  • Knelson centrifugal concentrator 114–115
  • knife mill 100

l

  • large household appliances (LHA) 75–77, 166
  • LCD screens 81
  • leaching techniques 7
  • lead bullion 142–144, 146
  • lead smelting processes 142–146
  • Li batteries, organic vs. inorganic electrode materials 264
  • life cycle assessment (LCA) 231
    • hazardous potential of WEEE management and recycling 236
    • heavy metal risk assessment 236
    • impact assessment 234
    • noise assessment 236
    • purpose of 233
    • theory of 232–234
    • waste mobile phone recycling 237
      • functional unit 237–238
      • life cycle inventory data 238–241
      • system boundaries 238
    • in WEEE management 232
  • life cycle cost (LCC) analysis 248
  • life cycle environmental impacts
    • of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) 234
    • of feature phone formal collection scenario 241–243
    • of feature phone informal collection 243–244
    • of smartphone formal collection scenario 244–245
    • of smartphone informal collection scenario 246–247
  • life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis 231, 233–241
  • light emitting diodes (LEDs) 2–3, 79–81, 86, 88, 89, 167, 178–180, 191, 236, 257
  • lightning equipment 86
  • lignin 259, 266, 268–270, 279–283
    • degradation 270
  • lignin/PEDOT composite 269
  • lignin/PPy hybrid electrode material 269
  • linear model economy 299
  • lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) 1, 7, 114, 269
  • low vapor pressure metals 141
  • low-grade scrap 142, 151
  • low-intensity magnetic separators 106–108
  • low-temperature electrolysis 149–152

m

  • magnetic nanoparticles 181
  • magnetic separation 96, 106–108, 138, 157, 166, 172, 177, 220
  • marinobactin 198
  • market supply method 63
    • Carnegie Mellon method 64
    • distribution delay method 63–64
    • simple delay method 63
  • mass balance method 64
  • material efficiency 302–305
  • material-selective peptides 194
  • mechanical recycling, of waste PCB 96
  • mechanical size classification equipment 106
  • melanin/carbon paper electrodes 267
  • melanins 265–268
  • metal concentrations, in PCB 83
  • metal electronic refining process 241–250
  • metallothioneins (MT) 193, 195
  • Metso equation 103
  • microbiology techniques 276, 277
  • microbiome 270–272, 274, 276–285
  • mobile phones (MP) 81–83
    • Cu recovery from mobile phone 172
    • waste mobile phone recycling 237–242
  • molten salt oxidation treatment 152–153
  • monitors and screens 79–81
  • Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) 241, 243, 244, 246
  • municipal composting facility 278, 281–282
  • municipal recycling strategy 255–256

n

  • nanocatalysts 200
  • nanoparticles 181, 193, 195, 199–201
  • National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) classification 49, 214
  • National Environmental Management Act 49
  • National Solid Waste Plan 47
  • National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme (NTCRS) 50, 51
  • naturally occurring conjugated polymers 260
  • N-butyl sulfonate pyridinium hydrosulfate 151
  • Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnets 89
  • neuromelanin 265
  • N-heteropentacenequinones (NHPCQ) 261, 262
  • Ni-ion biosorption process 195
  • Nigeria’s e-waste management system 50
  • noble metals 138, 141, 146, 147, 151, 190
  • noble metal and rare-earth recovery 151
  • non-homogeneous waste 307
  • non-metal fraction composition, PCBs 214–215
  • non-metal fraction recycling
    • chemical recycling 221
    • PCBs 215
      • economic benefits 215–216
      • environmental protection and public health 216–218
    • physical recycling 218
  • Noranda process 137, 141, 146
  • Norway’s Waste Regulations 44

o

  • organic electronics 257–258, 259, 269, 271, 276, 285
  • organic field-effect transistors (OFETs)
    • bis(trifluoromethylethynyl)-9,10-anthraquinones 262
    • functionalized quinone thin film-based organic semiconductor channels 262
    • high-performance 261
    • quinacridones 262–263
    • source and drain metal electrodes 260
  • organic semiconductors, molecular structures of 257, 258
  • organic waste treatment facilities 276

p

  • particle size analysis 100–102
  • PbS-O 2-S 2-(SiO 2)0.4(FeO)0.3(CaO)0.1 predominance diagram 144, 145
  • Pd(0) nanoparticles 200
  • perforated vibratory screen deck 103
  • photovoltaic (PV) panels 85–86
  • photovoltaic modules (PV modules) 6, 172
    • average percent weight of common metals 6
    • types of 174
  • physical recycling, NMF 218
    • electrical separation 220
    • froth flotation 220
    • gravity separation 219–220
    • magnetic separation 220
    • size classification 219
  • phytochelatins (PCs) 18, 20, 22, 45, 48, 84, 193
  • PLACID process 177
  • plastics 141
  • PLINT process 177
  • polychlorinated biphenyls 79, 217
  • polydopamine-coated few-walled carbon nanotubes 265
  • primary batteries 176
  • printed circuit boards (PCB) 83, 136, 213
    • average percent weight of common metals 6
    • non-metal fraction composition 214–215
    • non-metal fraction recycling
      • benefits 215–216
      • chemical recycling 221
      • physical recycling 218
      • potential usage 221–223
    • percentage weight of 213
    • types 214
  • producer responsibility organizations (PRO) 21, 44, 50
  • “product-as-service” business model 309
  • purchasing power parity (PPP) 61, 62, 67
  • pyrolysis 155–157
  • pyrolysis process
    • drawbacks 7
  • pyrometallurgical recycling routes 7
  • pyrometallurgy 135
    • advantage 135
    • distillation 153–155
    • electrochemical processes 147–148
    • molten salt oxidation treatment 152–153
    • Noranda process 137
    • printed circuit boards (PCB) 136–137
    • pyrolysis 155–157
    • roasting 152
    • smelting 135, 138

q

  • QLED 90
  • quinacridones (QAs) 261–263
  • quinone-based redox active biomolecules and biopolymers 265
  • quinones 261, 262, 264–265, 267

r

  • rare earth elements (REE) 1, 2, 6, 86, 89, 149, 151, 157, 178, 181, 190, 305, 306
  • rare earth roll separator 106
  • re-cycling efficiency 136
  • reactive metals 141, 146, 148
  • rechargeable batteries 176, 264, 268
  • recycling 302
    • chemical recycling 221
    • circular economy 302–304
    • physical recycling 218
    • processing routes 7
  • recycling methods, for e-waste 95
    • centrifugal classifier 104–105
    • classification process 104–106
    • comminution/size-reduction 97–100
      • cryogrinding 100
      • hammer mill 98
      • high voltage pulse fragmentation 98–99
      • knife mill 100
      • shredders 97
    • electrical separation 108–109
      • corona electrostatic separation 108
      • eddy current separation 110–111
      • triboelectric separator 109–110
    • end-processing stage 95
    • froth flotation 116–119
    • gravitational classifiers 105–106
    • gravity separation 111–116
      • centrifugal concentrators 114–115
      • concentration criterion 112
      • dense media separation 115–116
      • jigs 112
      • shaking tables 113–114
      • spirals 112
      • zig-zag classifiers 114
    • high-intensity magnetic separators 107–108
    • low-intensity magnetic separators 106–107
    • magnetic separation 106–108
    • particle size analysis 100–101
    • pre-processing stage 95
    • sensor-based sorting 119
    • size separation 102–106
      • screening 102–103
  • REE recovery, from LED waste 178, 179
  • refining copper, from waste mobile phones 248
  • resource conservation 74
  • roasting 148, 152, 153
  • RoHS Directive 34, 90
  • Rosin–Rammler distribution 101
  • ruminant-hay natural ecosystem 279–280

s

  • sales method 63
  • SASIL photovoltaic waste treatment project 174–175
  • scrap materials 40, 41
  • screening process 102–103
  • sensor-based sorting 119
  • shaking tables 113–114
  • short-range π-electron delocalization 261
  • shredders 96, 97
  • simple delay method 63, 64
  • sintering-smelting 143
  • small household appliances (SHA) 76–78
  • smartphones 178, 180, 235, 237–240, 244–250, 302, 309, 311
  • smartphone formal collection scenario 244–245
  • smartphone informal collection scenario 246–247
  • smelting 138
    • advantages 146–147
    • copper smelting processes - secondary smelters 142
    • copper smelting processes - sulfide route 138–142
    • lead smelting processes 142–146
    • limitations 147
  • SO 2-rich gaseous phase 138
  • solid waste management 19, 234
  • solution-based processing, of organic electronic materials 258
  • specialized inoculant
    • adapted to heavy metals 283–284
    • adapted to organic matter 282–283
  • spirals 105, 112–113, 220
  • steel recycling 166
  • StEP Initiative 73
  • submerged tuyere smelting 139
  • substrate degradation models 274
  • supercritical fluid technology 180, 181
  • sustainability 1, 136, 147, 234, 300, 302, 306, 307, 309–311
  • sustainability principles 307
  • synthetic eumelanin 267

t

  • Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) 25, 49
  • tannins 268
  • technological innovation 255–256
  • termite-wood natural ecosystem 280–281
  • tetrabomobisphenol A (TBBPA) 155
  • 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tetra-CDD) 217
  • time step method 64–65
  • TNO process, for NiCd batteries 176, 177
  • Toxco process 177
  • toxic dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) 217, 218
  • toxic emissions 135, 155
  • toxicity equivalency (TEQ) 217, 218
  • transboundary WEEE movement 18–19
  • transistors 73, 167, 257, 259, 260–263
  • triboelectric separation 109–110, 220
  • true environmental sustainability 300

u

v

  • vertical-lance smelting (ISASMELT) 140
  • Vibrating Screen Manufacturers Association (VSMA) equation 103
  • volatile metals 141, 178

w

  • waste cellphones 238
    • battery disposal 240
    • electronic refining for materials 241
    • formal collection process 239
    • informal collection process 239
    • mechanical dismantling 239–240
    • plastic recycling 240
    • screen glass recycling 240
  • waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) 15, 135, 302
    • characterization and recycling 74
    • generic material composition 75
    • recycling 8
    • standard categorizations 74
  • waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) 136, 167, 172
    • Cu recovery from mobile phone 172
    • of digital video discs (DVD) 167–168
    • extraction and recovery by leaching process 170–171
    • mass percentage of main metals 167–168
    • metal recycling/recovery 167
    • non-magnetic fraction 170
    • of vacuum cleaners 167, 168
    • whole recycling value chain 167, 169
  • WEEE categories 74
    • future trends 89–90
    • IT and telecommunications equipment
      • computers and notebooks 78–79
      • mobile phones 81–83
      • monitors and screens 79–81
      • printed circuit boards 83–85
    • large household appliances (LHA) 75–76
    • lightning equipment 86
    • photovoltaic (PV) panels 85–86
    • small household appliances (SHA) 76–78
    • toys, leisure and sport 86–89
  • WEEELABEX 40
  • Weibull distribution 63, 66–68
  • white goods 76
  • white rot fungi 270

y

  • yersinobactin 196

z

  • zig-zag classifiers 114
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