The matrix() function takes the input of as a vector, number of rows, number of columns, and whether the arrangement should be by row or not. The function then places the elements of the vector into a two-dimensional arrangement based on the nrow and ncol values. By default, it fills the elements column by column if byrow is not explicitly specified. However, if byrow=TRUE is specified, then the elements fill by one row at a time.

The cbind() and rbind() functions are very similar to the concatenation function c(), but the cbind() function places the vector as columns in a two-dimensional representation and rbind() places the vectors as rows in a two-dimensional representation to create a matrix.

The array() function takes two necessary inputs: one is a vector of elements and another is a vector of dimensions. If you use only two numbers in the dim = argument, then this function will create a matrix and the elements will be filled column by column.