Indexes
Photographers Index
A
Abram, Aaron, 85
Adams, John, 186
Aria, Satoko, 324
B
Blackburn, Beau, 319
Bridges, Marilyn, 70
Budels, Kristina, 10
C
Call, Howard, 79
Crichton, Emily, 22
D
Davidhazy, Andrew, 56
DeWolfe, George, 254
Drake, Matthew, 90
E
Elkin, Joanne, 263
F
Ferino, Kyle, 122
G
Goldenberg, Jodi, 308
H
Hillard, Jaren, 296
Hoffman, Alexandra, 181
Holt, Lance, 302
Holtz, Don, cover, 190
K
Kuehl, Adam, 248
L
Lassiter, Ken, 261
le Jacq, Yannick, 285
M
McNamara, Collin, 236
Meier, Matthew, 40
Moreno, Elizabeth, 160
N
Nannen, Stacy, 332
Norcross-Willson, Cynthia, 127
O
Olson, Susan, 48
P
Page, David, 185
Pascarella, John, 134
Payson, Ross, 268
Petzov, Gueorgui, 144
R
Rand, Glenn, 6
S
Spindel, David, 292
Stanbro, Pat, ii, 220
Sullivan, E.J., 330
Swanson, Mary Virginia, xvi
V
Valujeva, Marta, 312
Valujeva, Viktorija, 312
W
Walsh, James, 32
Watts, Elmira, 168
Woods, Casey, 107
Y
Young, James, 211
Z
Zakia, Richard, 2
Quotations and Contributors Index
A
Adorno, Theodor, 197
American Association for Higher Education, 148, 149
Andaloro, Anthony, 102
Anonymous, 14, 49, 67, 242, 273
Antoninus, Marcus, 277
Aristotle, 167
Arlidge-Zakia, Lois, 18
Arnheim, Rudolf, 75
Art News, 143
Ashman, Steve, 43
B
Bain, Ken, 159
Baker-Tate, Trudy, 291
Bandura, Albert, 266
Bennett, Bo, 275
Berra, Yogi, 169
Buddha, 140
C
Cage, John, 76
Camus, Albert, 193
Carnegie, Dale, 286
Carver, George Washington, 109
Chi, Chen, 52
Chiarenza, Carl, 97
Churchill, Winston, 104, 124, 171, 210, 241
Clinton, William Jefferson, 249
Cole, Cara, 274
Collins, Marva, 98
Colton, Charles Caleb, 153, 287
Confucius, 269
Coolidge, Calvin, 279
Cori-Norman, Jaclyn, 138
Courvoisier, Gerald, 218
Cushing, Richard C, 229
D
Dali Lama, 189
Davidson, Bruce, 74
Davis, Bill, 58
Day, Peter, 173
De Zouche, Dorothy, 157
DiNatale, Bob, 20
Disraeli, Benjamin, 47
Drucker, Peter F., 233
Dubos, René, 200
E
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 226
Elisha, Rashid, 137
Evans, Edith, 145
F
Fahey, Richard, 154
Feynman, Richard P., 95
Fletcher, Dirk, 23
Foote, Ruth, 78
Ford, Henry, 280
Franklin, Benjamin, 262
Freiberg, H. Jerome, 226
Freud, Anna, 89
Fromm, Erich, 92
G
Galilei, Galileo, 3
Graham, Martha, 311
H
Hamilton, Edith, 182
Hammerstein, Oscar, 11
Heinecken, Robert, 80
Heraclitus, 114
Hodnett, Edward, 36
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 150
Horace, 290
Horowitz, Vladimir, 30
I
Innes, Callum, 51
J
James, William, 192
Jefferson, Thomas, 253
Jewell, Edwin, 61
Johnson, Lillian, 224
Johnson, Samuel, 271
Jung, Carl G, 121
K
Keen, Sam, 44
Kepes, Gyorgy, 12
Klee, Paul, 135
Kline, Morris, 113
Kohler, Wolfgang, 78
Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 71
Kyi, Aung San Suu, 291
L
Lakein, Alan, 223
Landry, Tom, 232
Lewis, Peter, 147
Locke, John, 17
Lombardi, Vince, 213
M
Maher, Bill, 139
Maisel, Jay, 140
Man Ray, 82
Mann, Thomas, 237
Marietta, Siegfried, 75
Marquis, Don, 288
McKeachie, Wilbert, 167
McLuhan, Marshall, 222
Miller, Paul, 252
Moore, Henry, 62
N
Nebeuts, E. Kim, 265
Neblette, C.B., 282
Neill, Monty, 164
NeJame, Arthur, 217
NeJame, Fatima, 217
Newman, Frank, 175
Nicklaus, Jack, 68
Nightingale, Earl, 286
Nolan, Rebecca, 82
Norcross-Willson, Cynthia, 128
Nureyev, Rudolf, 50
O
Olson, Mark, 120
P
Pappas, Theoni, 112
Penketh, Paul, 225
Picasso, Pablo, 37
Plato, 196
Proverb, 176
Q
Quintanilla, Guadalupe, 105
R
Rand, Paul, 133
Rand, Sally, 13
Richards, Jef, 163
Richter, Hans, 114
Rogers, Carl, 226
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 111
S
Sammon, Rick, 197
Santayana, George, 174
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 31
Seeger, Pete, 272
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 19, 239
Sexton, John, 16
Shahn, Ben, 73
Shakespeare, William, 89
Shaw, George Bernard, 102
Simpkins, Howard, 242, 273, 284
Sioux Indian Proverb, 221
Sizer, Theodore, 156
Society for Photographic Education, 247
Socrates, 191
Sophocles, 62
St. Anthony, 170
Stay, Emily, 76
Steinmetz, Charles, 46
Stevens, Jane Alden, 42, 243, 267
Stroebel, Leslie, 57
Sullivan, Ann, 110
Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro, 59
T
The Talmud, 130
Todd, Hollis, 37
Tolstoy, Leo, 89
Tripi, Keith, 283
U
Uelsmann, Jerry, 129
V
Voltaire, 35
W
Ward, William Arthur, 121
Washington, Booker T, 158
Westerblom, Hans, 54
Wheeler, Dan, 238
Whitehead, Alfred North, 115, 215
Wolfe, Thomas, 80
Y
Z
Zevin, Dan, 281
Subject Index
A
Abram, Aaron, 85
abstract answers, 44
academic positions, 275
academic systems, 227
accommodation of special needs, 210–212
Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS), 187, 188
active-voiced objectives, 19
activities, mentor planning, 259
activity-based learning method, 116
Adams, Ansel, 16
Adams, John, 186
Administrative Instructional Responsibilities, 177
administrative teacher evaluations, 175–176
Admissions and Career Services, 178
Adobe Certified Expert (ACE), 272
Adorno, Theodor, 197
adult learners, 27
aesthetic developmental function, 126
affective domain, 13
age-appropriate learning, 18, 25
Alexander, Christopher, 237
American Association for Higher Education (AAHE), 148, 149, 310
Andaloro, Anthony, 102
answer machine approach, 106
answering questions, 39–47 answerers, 45–46 learned from questions, 46–47 necessity of, 47 time requirements, 41–42 types of, 42–45 understandable, 37–39
answers abstract answers, 44 direct answers, 43 method-based answers, 43 open-ended subjective answers, 182 paradoxical answers, 44–45 self-actuating answers, 36 sequential answers, 43
Antoninus, Marcus, 277
aptitude test, 148
Aria, Satoko, 324
Aristotle, 167
Arizona iBooks, 265
Arlidge-Zakia, Lois, 18
Arnheim, Rudolf, 75
art books, 288
art education, 30–31; see also creativity education
Art News, 92
art speak narratives, 299
artistic education and technical education, 27
artistic ideas, 31
artistic/aesthetic problem solving, 103
art/technique, 31
Ashman, Steve, 43
assessment/review process, 183
assignments, 116–121, 214–215, 328–329 examples of, 325–334 24 images of one thing, 329–331 collaborative, 326–329 handmade negatives, 325–326 Mail Art, 331–334 guidelines for, 118–119 model approach for, 119–121
Associate degree in Applied Science (AAS), 221
atmosphere of critique, 130
attendance regulations, 214
attractors, 86
audience perception of art, 72–75
Audrey photograph, 22
Austin Community College, 301
authentic response, for visual awareness, 306
authoritarian teachers, 197
averages, 164
B
Babbage, Charles, 71
Baker-Tate, Trudy, 291
Bandura, Albert, 266
Barrett, Terry, 132
Basic Daylight Exposure (BDE), 21, 64
beginner groups, 125
behavioral influences, 208
Bennett, Bo, 275
Berra, Yogi, 169
BFA degree, 222
Big Russ and Me, book, 36
Blackburn, Beau, 319
block puzzles, 101
Bodily-kinesthetic multiple intelligence, 14
body program, 226
books, 57; see also specific names of books
Briarcliffe College, 315
Bridges, Marilyn, 69
brief-response evaluations, 174
Britten, Texas photograph, 319
Brooke, James T., 132
Brooks Institute of Photography, 21, 175, 177, 258, 315
Broughton, Christopher, 104, 268
BS degree, 222
Buddha, 140
Budels, Kristina, 10
Bunnell, Peter, 221
C
Cage, John, 76
Call, Howard, 79
camera types, 49
Cameron, Julia, 201
Camus, Albert, 193
capital expenditures budget, 253, 255
Carnegie, Dale, 286
Carver, George Washington, 109
celebration of student effort in critiques, 125–126
Central Michigan University, MI, 303
chance, 114
change, 221–247 curricular design, 242–247 implementation, 234–238 outcomes of, 224–226 overview, 221–222 planning and implementation models, 238–241 planning for, 226–232 categories of, 230–231 as linear process, 231–232 Natural Philosophy analogy, 226–228 surfing analogy, 228–230 resource inventory, 232–234 transitional and transformational, 28–29 why needed, 222–224
changeability and environment, 208–209
chaos, concept of, 84
Chi, Chen, 52
Chinese Proverb, 230
Chronicle of Higher Education, The, book, 271
Churchill, Winston, 104, 124, 171, 210
class meeting environment, 201
classroom, see environment
Clayton State College and University, GA, 13
Clinton, William Jefferson, 249
coffee table books, 288
coherent structures, 87
Cole, Cara, 274
collaborative assignments, 326–329
collections, 275
College Art Association (CAA), 280
collegiate settings, 26
Collins, Marva, 98
color correctness, 200
Color Technology Division, 5
Colton, Charles Caleb, 153, 287
Columbia College Chicago, 295–298
comfort in classroom, 209
commercial assignments, 136
Commercial/Illustration
committees, 291
communicative function of art, 314
communitarian model, 320
community, teacher service to, 291
Community College, 307
comparative devices, 174
comparing learners, 16
complex process manipulation, 97
complexity of environment, 204–205
compositional principles, 325
computer-generated presentations, 61
computer-mediated lecture/demonstration method, 120
computers, laptop, 266
Confucius, 269
constructive assessment, 126
contact address, 272
contact sheet, 78
continued education for teachers, 255–257
continuous/regular processes, 171–172
Conversations: Text and Image exhibition, 297
Coolidge, Calvin, 279
cooperative attitude, 192
Cori-Norman, Jadyn, 138
correction of technique, 67–68
corrective critique, 125
courses course of life, 274 “Creative Photography” course, 102 “Introduction to Photography” course, 307
courses (continued) “Personal Mythology” course, 322 sequential courses, 240 vertical courses, 240
Courvoisier, Gerald, 218
“Creative Photography” course, 102
creative problem-solving techniques, 106
creativity, 104
creativity education, 71–93 aesthetics, perception, and meaning, 72–75 difficulty of in institutions, 88–89 expressing uniqueness, 76–78, 81–82 fine art and commercial photography, 89–92 and inspiration, 80–81 and nonlinearity, 84–88 overview, 71–72 versus technique, 78–80 using art, 82–84
credit/no credit grading system, 167
crib notes, 155
Crichton, Emily, 22
critical path planning, 239
Criticizing Photographs, book, 132
critique, 123–143, 303–305 celebrating student efforts, 125–126
energy, 141 and evaluation, 126–128 methodology, 141–143 negative criticism in, 128 overview, 123–124 participation, 138–140 of personal expression and photo series, 135–137 preparation of, 129–135 atmosphere, 130 for newer learners, 132–135 setting parameters, 131–132 student involvement, 124–125 value of as jumping-off point, 128–129
critique leader, 139
cross-referential methodologies, 321
curriculum vitae (CV), 274
curved grade, 157
Cushing, Richard C, 229
D
Dale, Edgar, 228
Darkroom Dynamics, book, 63
Davidson, Bruce, 53, 74, 91, 221
Davis, Bill, 58
Day, Peter, 173
De Zouche, Dorothy, 157
Deming, W. Edwards, 171
Deming's Total Quality Management, 310
department meetings, 178
Department of Photography, 323
Design's current curriculum, 246–247
deterministic two-dimensional problems, 97
dialogues one-to-one, 155 question/answer, 44 teaching/learning, 55
Diane Rehm Show, 28
digital format, 142
digital photography, 24, 244–247
dilatory attitude, 213
DiNatale, Bob, 20
direct answers, 43
Director of Education (DOE), 177
Disraeli, Benjamin, 47
distribution curve, 158
D-log E curve, 51
dogmatic teachers, 197
Drucker, Peter F., 233
DuBois, Bill, 270
Dubos, René, 200
Duke University, NC, 306
dynamical systems, 84
E
early learners, 55
Eastern philosophies, 23
Eastman, George, 222
education, see art education, creativity education, teachers, teaching, technique education
educational/professional development activities, 256
ego space, 207
Einstein, Albert, 59, 64, 71, 204
Eisenhower, Dwight D, 226
electronic communication devices, 212
electronic/web-based information society, 265
Ehsha, Rashid, 137
Elkin, Joanne, 263
Emerson, Peter Henry, 74
emotional learning, 13
empty notes, 60
Encarta World English Dictionary, 145
energy in critiques, 141
enlightenment, 114
entropy, 227
environment, 191–219 anxiety, 195–196 class size, 209–210 comfort, 209 complexity and time, 204–205 faculty as team, 212–213 first classes, 213–215 improvisation versus rigidity, 195 online, 219 overview, 191 psycho-social limits, 205–209 relationships, 192 respecting rights, 197–198 spatial demands, 198–204 lighting, 201–202 overview, 198–199sonic territory, 203–204 sound, 202–203 vision, 199–201 special accommodations, 210–212 students, 192–194 teaching methods, 196–197 workshops, 215–218
episodic learning, 14
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), 272
errors, correcting, 126
Esthétique Scientifique, 74
evaluations, 126–128, 145–146; see also grading; tests developers of, 173 of programs, 182–189 accreditation, 186–189 overview, 182 reviews, 183–184 rubrics, 184–186 of student, 145–167 of teachers, 169–182 administrative, 175–176 instruments for, 180–182 overview, 169–170 professional development plans, 176–180 by students, 172–175 variation from standards, 170–172 of test scores, 166 tools, 180
Evans, Edith, 145
Evans, Walker, 297
evolution, 110
examinations, see tests
example assignments, see assignments
extended-response tests, 152–154
external pressure, 227
external stimuli, 205
F
face-to-face situations, 208
fact-based empirical models, 240
facts, 228
faculty, 212–213; see also professional development; teachers
Faculty Performance Review Criteria, 177–179
Fahey, Richard, 154
fantasies spaces, 207
Fellini, Frederico, 84
Fergus-Jean, Elizabeth, 321–323
Ferino, Kyle, 122
Ferris Wheel photograph, 94
Feynman, Richard P., 95
Fiction Writing Department, 297
film negative, litho, 63
final examinations, 152
fine art institutions, 283
finished images, 129
first learning question, 34
first teaching positions, 270–271
five-dimensional problem, 97
fixing, 299
Fletcher, Dirk, 23
Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, 3rd edition, 91
Force Field Analysis, 234
Ford, Henry, 280
formalized creativity, 88
formative evaluation goal, 169
Franklin, Benjamin, 262
Freiberg, H. Jerome, 226
Freud, Anna, 89
Fromm, Erich, 92
Front and back of Mail Art photograph, 332
frustration in questioning, 45
Fuller, R. Buckminster, 44
Fundamentals class, 303
G
gang interviews, 280
Gardner, Howard, 14
Gestalt closure, 228
Gestalt Philosophy, 18
Glendinning, Peter, 127–128, 316–318
Global World-View for Educators in Photography, 318
Goldberg, Jim, 297
Goldenberg, Jodi, 308
grading, 126–128, 156–167 alternatives to, 307–310 final grades, 164–167 overview, 156–157 rating scales, 157–161 success and failure, 161–163
Graham, Martha, 311 groups, beginner and intermediate, 125 guidelines, assignment, 118–119
H
Hahn, Betty, 131
Hamilton, Edith, 182
Hamlet, 89
Hammerstein, Oscar, 11
handouts, 64
hard copy “look-up-tables” (LUTs), 60
Harrington College of Design curriculum, 246–247
Hass, Ernst, 105
Hattersley, Ralph, 4, 17–18, 323
headline status, 251
Heart-Mind knowing, 23
Heinecken, Robert, 80
Henry, Charles, 74
Heraditus, 114
high-contrast film-based image, 62
high-contrast print, 63
higher art, 91
high-level work, comparing, 16
History of Art, book, 77
Hodnett, Edward, 36
Hoffman, Alexandra, 181
Hohmath-Lemonick, Elaine, 10, 285
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 150
Holt, Lance, 302
Horace, 290
horizontal displacement, 224
Horowitz, Vladimir, 30
Houghton, Barbara, 27, 80, 131
human problem solvers, 106
I
If-Then format, 98
image-makers, 299
images 24 Images about One Thing, assignment, 329–331 and afterimages, 298–300 finished, 129 photographs/images, 31 slide-capable images, 129 viewing, 199–200
imaging, teaching, 50
imminent spaces, 207
implementation of change, 234–241 models for, 238–241 successful, requirements for, 234–238
improvisation, 195
in-class critiques, 304
individualized instruction, 210
industry, teacher support by, 260–261
informal models, 238
informal references, 278
initial condition, 86
Innes, Callum, 51
in-service training/ orientation, 178, 270
institutional-specific screening process, 279
institutions, 88–89, 290–291 fine art institutions, 283 papering institutions, 281 professional teaching institutions, 283 for research, 283 researching institutions, 273 service, 178 teaching-only institutions, 283
instruction, individualized, 210
insults, from teachers, 196
intellectual resource, 233
intellectualization of thought, 23
intentional fallacy, 133
interactional three-dimensional problems, 97
interdisciplinary studies, 321–323
intermediate groups, 125
intermediate-level critiques, 132
Internet environment, 219
Interpersonal multiple intelligence, 14
interrelated linear techniques, 53
Intrapersonal multiple intelligence, 14
“Introduction to Photography” course, 307
Inver Hills Community College, 310
J
Jacq, Yannick le, 285
James, William, 192
Janson, H.W, 77
Jefferson, Thomas, 253
Jewell, Edwin, 61
jobs, teaching, see teaching
Johnson, Lillian, 224
Johnson, Ray, 333
Johnson, Samuel, 271
jokes, 29
Josephson, Ken, 221
juried periodicals, 288
K
Kandinsky, 313
Keen, Sam, 44
Kenna, Michael, 91
Kent-Robinson, Ian, 50, 229–230
Kim, Young, 134
kinesthetic learning, 78
King and I, The, 11
Klee, Paul, 135
Kline, Morris, 113
Kohler, Wolfgang, 78
Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 71
Kuehl, Adam, 248
Kyi, Aung San Suu, 291
L
lab books, 60
laboratories, 65–67; see also environment monitored labs, 66 open labs, 67, 210 Photoshop lab, 65 structured labs, 68
Lakein, Alan, 223
Lama, Dali, 189
Landry, Tom, 232
Language of Vision, book, 294
Lansing Community College, MI, 13, 245–246
laptop computers, 266
Lassiter, Ken, 261
laughing, 29
Leah photograph, 263
learners, see students
learning, 12–20; see also environment; questions activation of, 15–18 by doing, 119 expectations of, 27–28 methods, 46 objectives, 18–20 student responsibility for, 29 transitional and transformational change, 28–29
letter grades, 167
Lewin, Kurt, 234
Lewis, Peter, 147
Liebovitz, Annie, 91
light condition, 21
light value, 21
light-blocking boards, 201
lighting of classroom, 201–202
linear learning process, 54–57
linear problem solving, 106–109
linear single-dimensional problems, 96–97
linguistic multiple intelligence, 14
litho film negative, 63
Lithuanian photography, 320–321
Liu, Eric, 28
Locke, John, 17
logical mathematical multiple intelligence, 14
Lombardi, Vince, 213
long-term relationships, 259
“look-up-tables” (LUTs), 20–21, 26, 60, 64
M
machine problem solvers, 106
Maher, Bill, 139
Maisel, Jay, 140
Man in Yard photograph, 134
Mann, Thomas, 237
Marietta, Siegfried, 75
Marquis, Don, 288
Martin, John, 32, 168, 205, 263, 289
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 12
mastery, skills, see skills mastery
mathematical considerations, 99
matriculation controls, 25
McKeachie, Wilbert, 167
McLuhan, Marshall, 222
Media Studies department, 322
Meier, Matthew, 40
memorization, 14
mental abilities, 25
mental data, 14
Metallic Oxide Semiconductor (MOS), 152–153
metaphorical seeing, 295
method-based answers, 43
“Methodology,” 176
Meyers, Tim, 181
MFA degree, 222
Michals, Duane, 91
micro-lenses, 153
Miller, Paul, 252
Mills, Buck, 48, 119, 172, 211
Minor White Teaching the Zone System photograph, 292
misunderstanding questions, 46–47
models communitarian model, 320 fact-based empirical models, 240 informal models, 238 Museum School model, 309 planning models, 231 quantitative/objective model, 182
monitored labs, 66
Monk photograph, 107
Moore, Henry, 62
MS degree, 222
multiple class observations, 177
multi-stimulus inputs, 204
Museum of Contemporary Photography, Illinois, 295–298
Museum School model, 309
Musical multiple intelligence, 14
N
Nannen, Stacy, 332
narrative documentary photograph, 89
National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), 187
Natural Philosophy analogy, 226–228
Naturalistic Photography for Students of the Arts, 74
negative comments, 279
negative criticism, 128
negatives, litho film, 63
Neill, Monty, 164
NeJame, Fatima and Arthur, 217
New Landscape in Science and Art, The, 294
New York State Regents
examinations, 159
New York Times, 29
Newhall, Beaumont, 4
Newman, Frank, 175
Newton, Isaac, 226
Nightingale, Earl, 286
Nolan, Rebecca, 82
nonlinear effects, 88
nonlinear problem solving, 106–109
nonlinear problems, 108
nonsocialized stimuli, 206
nonstimulatory environment, 200
non-teaching activities, 283
non-textbook environments, 266
nontraditional opportunities, 215
Norcross-Willson, Cynthia, 127–128
North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (North Central], 188
“Nude 1936” photograph, 19
numerical grades, 167
numerical measurement, 173
Nureyev, Rudolf, 50
O
objectified learning, 19
objective method, 164
objective space, 207
objectives, learning, 18–20, 37
observed spaces, 207
Ohio Board of Regents, 187
Olson, Mark, 120
Olson, Susan, 48
“on the job” training, 270
one-directional presentation, 58–59
100 meter Butterfly photograph, 302
one-person operations, 212
one-to-one dialogue, 155
online environment, 219
open structures, 109
open-book exams, 155
open-ended questions, 174
open-ended subjective answers, 182
open-resource tests, 155
operational budget, 253
opposite seating, 207
outcome-based curricular planning, 243
outcome-based objective, 19
owning photography, 12
P
papering institutions, 281
Pappas, Theoni, 112
participation in critiques, 138–140
Pascarella, John, 134
pass/fail grading system, 167
passive-use format, 264
Pasteur, Louis, 131
path-determining problems, 97
Pattern Language of Architecture, book, 237
Payson, Ross, 268
Penketh, Paul, 225
Perception of Images, 2nd edition, 136
perceptions of space, see spatial environment
performance, see evaluations
periodicals, 288
“Personal Mythology” course, 322
personal photography, 136
personal space, 209
personal/professional development, 179
“Photo Therapy” movement, 136
photographic art, studying, 83
photographic language, 30
Photographic Science, 5
Photographic Workshops, 215
photographs, series of, 135–137
photography profession, 289
Picasso, Pablo, 37
Pictorialism, 88
planning for change, 226–232 categories of, 230–231 as linear process, 231–232 models for, 238–241 Natural Philosophy analogy, 226–228 surfing analogy, 228–230
planning process, 28
Plato, 196
portable walls, 201
positive words, 279
praising students, 301
preparation for demonstrations, 62–64
preparation of critiques, 129–135 atmosphere, 130 for newer learners, 132–135 setting parameters, 131–132
prescriptive rules, 109
presence, for visual awareness, 306
“Presentation Proficiency,” 175
presentation techniques, 58–68 correction process, 67–68 demonstrations, 61–64 laboratories, 65–67 lectures, 58–59 note taking, 60–61
Princeton Day School, 8
print-on-demand technologies, 266
problem solving, 95–121; see also problems assignments, 116–121 guidelines for, 118–119 model approach for, 119–121 feedback, 115–116 overview, 95–96 solutions, 104–112 creative, 105–106 non-solved problems, 104–105 strategies, 106–109 types of; 109–112 structure of problems, 96–99 tools for, 112–115 types of problems, 99–104
problems, see also problem solving artistic, 102, 103 creativity-generating, 102 deterministic two-dimensional, 97 five-dimensional, 97 interactional three-dimensional, 97 linear single-dimensional, 96–97 nonlinear, 108 non-solved, 104 path-determining, 97 photographic, 102 problem/solution environment, 96 scientific, 102 sequential-based, 44 time-based three dimensional, 97 tool-based, 99
product knowledge, 178
professional development, 176–180, 255–257, 289–290
professional restraint, 280
professional teaching institutions, 283
program evaluations, 182–189 accreditation, 186–189 overview, 182 reviews, 183–184 rubrics, 184–186
programs, service, 178
Project Evaluation Review Technique (P.E.R.T.), 239
projection-supported lecture, 59
promotion, tenure, and retention (PTR), 282–291 professional development, 289–290 publishing, 287–289 service to community, 291 service to institution, 290–291
proscriptive rules, 109
proxemics, see spatial environment
psychomotor learning activities, 13, 14, 15
psycho-social limits and environment, 205–209
Purdue Union photograph, 6
Q
qualitative/open-ended questions, 182
quantitative/objective model, 182
questions, 33–47 answers, 39–47 answerers, 45–46 learned from questions, 46–47 necessity of, 47 time requirements, 41–42 types of, 42–45 methods for students, 36–39 overview, 33–34 types of questions, 34–36
Quintanilla, Guadalupe, 105
quizzes, see tests
R
Rakichevich, Nino, 40
Rand, Paul, 133
Rand, Sally, 13
rated statements, 173
rational planning methods, 238–239
Ray, Man, 82
reassurance for students, 193
references, informal, 278
required qualifications, 272
research institutions, 283
researching institutions, 273
resolution, 111
restricted-response tests, 152–154
retention, see promotion, tenure, and retention (PTR)
revolution, 110
rhetorical questions, 35
Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), 320
Richards, Jef, 163
Richter, Hans, 114
Rickmers, Al, 4
riddles, 101
rigidity, 195
Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 3–4, 5, 221
Rogers, Carl, 226
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 111
rote problem solving, 113
Rubik's Cube, 100
Russert, Tim, 36
S
Sammon, Rick, 197
Santayana, George, 174
sarcasm, from teachers, 196
scholarships, 275
School of Photographic Arts and Science, 5
scientific problems, 102
seating, 207
Second Law of Thermodynamics, 227
secondary education, 26
Seeger, Pete, 272
Seeley, J., 63, 94, 124, 207, 264, 326–329
self-actuating answers, 36
self-impose pressure, 108
self-referencing paradoxes, 45, 103
self-sufficient students, 193
seminar/working sessions, 271
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 19, 239
sequential answers, 43
sequential courses, 240
sequential-based problems, 44
series of photographs, 135–137
Sexton, John, 16, 64, 80, 91, 125
Shahn, Ben, 73
Shakespeare, William, 89
Shaw, George Bernard, 102
Shoemaker, Bill, 4
Shopenhauer, 31
shopper's market, 279
short-term negative comments, 123
short-term planning, 230
side-by-side seating, 207
signal-to-noise aspects, 203
silver photography, 51
Simpkins, Howard, 242, 273, 284
Simpson, Lorna, 297
simultaneous demonstrations, 62
single-participant critique, 142
single-teacher-to-many-students format, 191
Sioux Indian Proverb, 221
Sister Mary Margaret photograph, 2
Sizer, Theodore, 156
skills mastery, 11–31 humor, 29 knowing, 20–23 learning, 12–20 activation of, 15–18 expectations of, 27–28 objectives, 18–20 student responsibility for, 29 transitional and transformational change, 28–29 overview, 11–12 owning, 23–24 teaching, 24–27, 30–31 technique, 68–69
slide-capable images, 129
Smith, Henry Holmes, 131, 141, 193, 290
Smith, Ian R., 116, 172, 249–250
Smith, Robert, 220
Smoke, Petrov, 144
social environment, 192
social limits and environment, 206–207
Society for Photographic Education, 247
sociopetal structure, 241
Socrates, 191
solutions, 104–112 creative, 105–106 non-solved problems, 104–105
strategies, 106–109 types of, 109–112
Sookmyung Women's University, Korea, 300
Sophocles, 62
spatial arrangement, 207
spatial demands, 198
spatial environment, 198–204 lighting, 201–202 overview, 198–199 sonic territory, 203–204 sound, 202–203 vision, 199–201
spatial multiple intelligence, 14
special variations, 171
specialized budget, 253
Spindel, David, 292
Stanbro, Pat, 220
statistical averaging process, 166
Stay, Emily, 76
Steinmetz, Charles, 46
Stevens, Craig, 65, 128, 217–218, 248
Stevens, Jane Alden, 42, 243, 267
Stones, Jim, 63
strategic planning, 230
structured labs, 68
student faculty, 177
student-oriented teachers, 195
students, see also grading; tests adult learners, 27 advanced learners, 55, 132 asking questions, 36–39 comparing learners, 16 critique for newer, 132–135 early learners, 55 and environment, 192–194 evaluations, 145–167 involvement and celebration of in critiques, 124–126 levels of, 55 mentoring and teaching by, 310–311 need for focus on, 306–307 praising, 301 reassurance for, 193 relationship to teacher, 300–301 responsibility for learning, 29 rights of, 197–198 self-sufficient, 193 services for, 178 teacher evaluations by, 172–175 younger learners, 18, 25–26, 77, 109
student-to-teacher ratios, 208–209
subject-oriented teachers, 195
subject-specific language, 37–39
Sublime, 329
Sullivan, Ann, 110
Sullivan, E.J., 330
summative evaluation goal, 169
supplemental materials, 262, 264
support activities, 249–267 administration, 249–252 budget, 253–255 digital text sources, 265–266 mentorship, 257–259 overview, 249 politics, 252–253 professional development, 255–257 technology, 266–267 textbooks, 261–265 working with industry, 260–261
Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro, 59
synamorphic behavior, 208
systemic variations, 171
T
take-home exams, 156
Talkin' Back: Chicago Youth Respond exhibition, 297
Talmud, 130
tardiness, 213
teachers, see also support activities; teaching authoritarian, 197 changing mindset and direction of, 3–8 dogmatic, 197 evaluations of, 169–182 administrative, 175–176 instruments for, 180–182 overview, 169–170 professional development plans, 176–180 by students, 172–175 variation from standards, 170–172 insults from, 196 relationship to students, 300–301 relationship with students, 38 rights of, 197–198 sarcasm from, 196 single-teacher-to-many-students format, 191 student-oriented, 195 student-to-teacher ratios, 208–209 subject-oriented, 195 working as team with other faculty members, 212–213
teaching, 293–323; see also critique; promotion, tenure, and retention (PTR); teachers entering profession, 269–291 finding positions, 271–274 first teaching positions, 270–271 interviews, 280–282 overview, 269–270 portfolios, 276–277 positive language, 279 references, 278–279 screening, 279–280 vita and résumé, 274–276 focus on students, 306–307 Game Theory, 301–303 grading alternatives, 307–310 image and afterimage, 298–300 interdisciplinary studies, 321–323 mentoring, 310–311 methods, 196–197 Museum of Contemporary Photography courses, 295–298 need for global world-view, 316–318 principles of visual organization, 293–295 rules of photography, 316–318 skills mastery, 24–27, 30–31 spirituality, 311–314 transitioning from photography to, 315–316 visual awareness, 305–306
teaching-only institutions, 283
technical creativity, 82
technical education and artistic education, 27
technique education, 30–31, 49–69 versus creativity, 78–80 knowing and perfecting technique, 68–69 overview, 49 presentation techniques, 58–68 correction process, 67–68 demonstrations, 61–64 laboratories, 65–67 lectures, 58–59 note taking, 60–61 and technology, 50–52 tools, 52–57
technique-based objective, 19
telephonic interview, 280
Tenneson, Joyce, 91
tenure, see promotion, tenure, and retention (PTR)
tests, 146–156 aptitude test, 148 disadvantages of, 149–151 evaluating scores, 166 extended-response, 152–154 final examinations, 152 functions of, 147–149 New York State Regents examinations, 159 nontraditional, 155–156 objective tests, 152, 153 objectives of, 151–152 open-resource tests, 155 oral examinations, 152, 155 overview, 146–147 restricted-response, 152–154, 156 short-answer tests, 152 subjective tests, 152 take-home exams, 156 timed-monitored tests, 155
Thomas, Lewis, 114
time-based three dimensional problems, 97
timed-monitored tests, 155
time-on-task focus, 205
Tolstoy Leo, 89
tool-based problems, 99
tools photographic, 52–57 problem solving, 112–115 total quality methods [TQM], 240 tranquil environment, 29 transformational change, 28–29 transit behavior, 208 transitional change, 28–29 transparencies, 142 trick photography, 295 Tripi, Keith, 283 Tsu, Lao, 250–251 Turner, Peter, 221 2-Headed camera, 326 24 images of one thing exercise, 329–331
U
Uelsmann, Jerry, 129, 131, 221
understandable questions and answers, 37–39
“Understanding Photography” class, 301
V
vacation setting, 218
valuation tool, 135
Valujeva, Marta, 312
Valujeva, Viktorija, 312
verbal problem solving, 115
verbalize/visualize solutions, 115
vertical courses, 240
vertical learning paradigm, 17
View Camera Technique, 7th edition, 57
Viewer's Guide to Looking at Photographs, A, 132
Vilnius Academy of Art, 318, 320
virtual classrooms, 219
visual language, 30, 52, 76, 78
visual organization principles, 293–295
visual problem solving, 115
Visual Studies Workshop, 215
visual/artistic education, 314
vocabulary in questions, 39
vocational educational settings, 26
Voltaire, 35
W
Wahl, Gary, 22, 108, 174, 324, 325–326
Walsh, James, 32
Ward, William Arthur, 121
Washington, Booker T., 158
Watts, Elmira, 168
weeding-out process, 161
Westerblom, Hans, 54
Weston, Edward, 19
What the Best College Teachers Do, 4
Wheeler, Dan, 238
White, Minor, 5, 15, 135, 137, 216, 293
White Cloud photograph, 254
Whitehead, Alfred North, 115, 215
Winspear, Roy, 85
Wolfe, Thomas, 80
Wooden Doors photograph, 268
Woods, Casey, 107
written language, 30
written learning objectives, 20
Y
Young, James, 211
younger learners, 18, 25–26, 77, 109
Z
Zakia, Richard D., 2–7, 45, 70, 136, 221–222, 239–240, 292
Zevin, Dan, 281