Table of Contents
Part I: Development and optimisation of biorefining processes
1. Green chemistry, biorefineries and second generation strategies for re-use of waste: an overview
1.2 Introduction to biorefineries
1.4 Conclusion and future trends
1.5 Sources of further information and advice
2. Techno-economic assessment (TEA) of advanced biochemical and thermochemical biorefineries
2.2 Biorefinery economic assessment
2.3 Trade of biomass and subsidies
2.4 Market establishment: national/regional facilities
2.5 Conclusion and future trends
3. Environmental and sustainability assessment of biorefineries
3.2 Methodological foundations of environmental and sustainability assessment of technologies
3.3 Life cycle assessment (LCA) for biorefineries
3.4 Sustainability issues: synopsis of results from assessment of economic and social aspects
3.5 Conclusion and future trends
4. Biorefinery plant design, engineering and process optimisation
4.2 Microalgae biomass for biorefinery systems
4.3 Planning, design and development of biorefinery systems
4.4 Case study: a second generation lignocellulosic biorefinery (Inbicon® Biorefinery)
4.5 Upgrading biorefinery operations
4.6 Optimising biorefinery processes using process analysis
4.7 Conclusion and future trends
5. Current and emerging separations technologies in biorefining
5.4 Glycerin desalting as a value added co-product from biodiesel production
5.7 Biofuels recovery by solvent extraction in an ionic liquid assisted membrane contactor
5.8 Emerging trends in separations technology for advanced biofuels
6. Catalytic processes and catalyst development in biorefining
6.2 Catalysts for depolymerization of biomass
6.3 Catalysts for biomass products upgrading
6.4 Conclusion and future trends
7. Enzymatic processes and enzyme development in biorefining
7.3 Development of enzyme technology and techniques
7.5 Benchmarking enzymes and enzymatic conversion processes
7.6 Advantages and limitations of techniques
7.7 Conclusion and future trends
7.8 Sources of further information and advice
8. Biomass pretreatment for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)
8.2 Process configurations for biofuel production
8.3 Models for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)
8.4 Microorganisms, enzyme systems, and bioenergetics of CBP
9. Developments in bioethanol fuel-focused biorefineries
9.3 The lignocellulose to ethanol process
9.4 Design options for biorefining processes
9.5 Process intensification: increasing the dry-matter content
9.6 Different types of ethanol biorefineries
9.9 Sources of further information and advice
10. Developments in cereal-based biorefineries
10.2 Wheat-based biorefineries
10.3 Fuel ethanol production from wheat
10.4 Succinic acid production from wheat
10.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from wheat
10.6 Utilization of wheat straw
10.7 Conclusion and future trends
10.8 Sources of further information and advice
11. Developments in grass-/forage-based biorefineries
11.2 Overview of grass-/forage-based biorefineries
11.3 Field to biorefinery – impact of herbage chemical composition
11.4 Green biorefinery products
12. Developments in glycerol byproduct-based biorefineries
12.2 Composition and purification of glycerol produced from biodiesel
12.3 Applications of glycerol in the fuel sector
12.4 Glycerol as raw material for the chemical industry
12.5 Conclusions and future trends
12.6 Sources of further information
Part II: Biofuels and other added value products from biorefineries
13. Improving the use of liquid biofuels in internal combustion engines
13.2 Competing fuels and energy carriers
13.3 Market penetration of liquid biofuels
13.4 Use of liquid biofuels in internal combustion engines
13.5 Vehicle and blending technologies for alcohol fuels and gasoline
13.6 Future provision of renewable liquid fuels
13.9 References and further reading
13.10 Appendix: List of abbreviations
14. Biodiesel and renewable diesel production methods
14.2 Overview of biodiesel and renewable diesel
14.3 Renewable diesel production routes
14.4 Biodiesel production routes
14.5 Traditional and emerging feedstocks
14.7 Advantages and limitations of biodiesel
14.8 Conclusion and future trends
14.9 Sources of further information and advice
15. Biomethane and biohydrogen production via anaerobic digestion/fermentation
15.2 Basic principles of biogas and hydrogen production
15.3 Biogas and biohydrogen production: technological aspects
15.4 Production of biogas (methane) and biohydrogen from different feedstocks
15.5 Current status and limitations
15.7 Sources of further information and advice
16. The production and application of biochar in soils
16.2 Effects of application of biochar to soil
16.3 Agricultural uses of biochar
16.5 Larger-scale commercial production of biochar
16.6 Testing biochar properties
16.7 Markets and uses for biochar
16.8 Conclusion and future trends
17. Development, properties and applications of high-performance biolubricants
17.3 Biolubricant performance requirements
17.4 Applications of biolubricants
17.5 Feedstocks for biolubricants: key properties
17.6 Chemical modifications of biolubricant feedstocks
18. Bio-based nutraceuticals from biorefining
18.2 Lipid-based nutraceuticals
18.3 Protein and peptide-based nutraceuticals
18.4 Carbohydrate-based nutraceuticals
18.6 Conclusion and future trends
19. Bio-based chemicals from biorefining: carbohydrate conversion and utilisation
19.2 Sustainable carbohydrate sources
19.3 Chemical hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars
19.4 Types and properties of carbohydrate-based chemicals
19.5 Routes to market for bio-based feedstocks
19.6 Conclusion and future trends
19.7 Sources of further information and advice
20. Bio-based chemicals from biorefining: lignin conversion and utilisation
20.2 Structure and properties of lignin
20.3 Traditional processes for the production of lignin
20.4 Emerging processes for the production of lignin
20.5 Applications of lignin and lignin-based products: an overview
20.7 Sources of further information and advice
21. Bio-based chemicals from biorefining: lipid and wax conversion and utilization
21.2 Types and properties of lipids and waxes
21.3 Sources of lipids and waxes
21.4 Methods to extract and analyze lipids and waxes
21.5 Utilization of lipids and waxes
21.6 Conclusion and future trends
22. Bio-based chemicals from biorefining: protein conversion and utilisation
22.2 Protein and amino acid sources derived from biofuel production
22.3 Protein isolation, hydrolysis and isolation of amino acid chemical feedstocks
22.4 (Bio)chemical conversion of amino acids to platform and speciality chemicals
22.5 Alternative and novel feedstocks and production routes
22.6 Conclusion and future trends
23. Types, processing and properties of bioadhesives for wood and fibers
23.4 Mixed tannin-lignin adhesives
23.7 Unsaturated oil adhesives
23.8 Wood welding without adhesives
23.9 Conclusion and future trends
24. Types, properties and processing of bio-based animal feed
24.3 Types and properties of bio-based feed ingredients
24.4 Impact of processing technology on co-product quality
24.5 Improving feedstocks, processes and yields
24.8 Sources of further information and advice
25. The use of biomass to produce bio-based composites and building materials
25.3 Fiber types and isolation
25.6 Improving performance properties
25.7 Conclusion and future trends
25.8 Sources of further information and advice
26. The use of biomass for packaging films and coatings
26.2 Components of packaging films and coatings from the biomass
26.3 Processes for producing bio-based films
26.4 Processes for producing edible coatings
26.5 Products from biomass as film and/or coating matrices
26.6 Products from biomass as film plasticizers
26.7 Products from biomass as crosslinking agents for packaging materials
26.8 Products from biomass as reinforcements for packaging materials