INDEX

A

Action. See Lines (of action); Movement and action

Age, depicting, 54–57, 76–77, 110

Anatomy, 25–41, 124

arms, 30–32, 83, 90

facial, 96

feet, 37, 81, 90, 127

hands, 33, 55, 81, 91, 126

head and skull, 38–40, 96

legs, 34–36, 83, 90

torso, 26–29, 80, 124. See also Faces;

Heads; Muscles; Skeleton and bones

Angles, 19

and active body, 85, 86

and faces and heads, 48, 67, 72, 115

and noses, 69

Artistic license, 90, 120, 139

B

Babies. See Children (babies)

Background

and children in action, 87

importance of, 107

and placement of figures, 21

and portraits and faces, 18, 23, 52, 60, 107, 135

Blending

and clothing, 82

and skin, 102

and smudging, 13

and tortillons, 8, 11, 117

and values, 123

and white charcoal, 9

and wrinkles, 63, 110

Blocking in, 21, 38, 45, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 68, 70, 73, 76, 79, 81, 90, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 130, 132, 134, 137, 138

Body proportions, 78–79, 125, 136

Bones. See Skeleton and bones

Breasts, 28

Bristol board, 13, 46, 72, 76

C

Charcoal, 8, 9, 52, 53, 58, 63, 89

Children, 14

in action, 87, 137

babies, 112, 113, 116–117

at beach, 21

body proportions of, 79, 136

faces and heads of, 22, 23, 58, 74–75, 112–113, 114–115, 116–117, 118–119

limbs of toddlers, 136

and portraiture, 22, 23, 118

portraying features of, 114–115

Chins, 59

and children, 112, 115, 116, 117

and elderly people, 56, 77, 110

and ethnicity, 122

and head and facial proportions, 66, 98

and planes of face, 97

and portraits, 88, 106

in profile, 45, 46–47, 99, 104, 105

in three-quarter view, 49, 99

Clothing, 82, 85, 90, 91, 111, 115, 122, 123, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139

Composition, 18–19, 20, 21

Conté crayon, 9

Contour drawing, 14, 88

Crosshatching, 11, 13, 111

D

Depth

and color of paper, 8

and eyes, 68

and foreshortening, 83, 90, 91, 129

and hair, 108

and light and shadows, 133

and perspective, 16

and shading, 50, 60, 139

and values, 10

Dimension, 10. See also Three dimensions

Distance, 16, 20

Drama, creating, 106, 107, 130

Drawing board, 9, 46

Drawing elements, 10

Drawing table, 8, 9

Drawing through, 100, 130

E

Ears, 41, 55, 66, 73, 88, 98, 99, 104, 105, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 122, 134

steps in drawing, 69, 101

Easels, 8

Erasers, 8, 9, 73, 89, 100, 101, 103, 105, 109, 110, 115, 117, 121, 123, 133, 134, 135

Ethnic people, 58–59, 122–123

Eyes

balls of, 41, 44, 68, 100

brows of, 46, 47, 52, 53, 56, 57, 68, 100, 104, 105, 106, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122

and children, 74, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119

and elderly people, 54, 55, 76, 77, 110

and ethnicity, 58, 59, 122

frontal view of, 50, 51, 68, 100

glasses for, 110, 111

and guidelines, 44, 73, 98

and head and facial proportions, 66, 88, 98, 99, 136

intense, 52, 53

and line of sight, 20

as most important facial feature, 68

and portraits, 18, 88, 89, 102, 103, 106, 107

in profile, 44, 45, 46, 47, 68, 88, 100, 104, 105

and shadows, 97, 100, 106

and smiles, 71

steps in drawing, 68, 100

in three-quarter view, 99

twinkle in, 133

varying qualities of, 100

F

Faces, 43–63

adult, 23, 45–57, 88–89, 98

anatomy of, 96

children, 22, 23, 58, 112–113, 114–115, 116–117, 118–119

and emotions and expressions, 23, 40, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 68, 71, 86, 96, 100, 117, 134

and features, 22, 23, 41, 44, 48, 50–51, 54, 55, 60, 62, 66, 68–71, 88, 89, 98, 99, 100–101, 102, 112

male, 62–63

mature, 76–77

and muscles, 39, 40

planes of, 45, 50, 67, 70, 72, 73, 77, 89, 97, 122, 133

in profile, 23, 44, 45, 46–47, 56–57, 60–61, 67, 72, 88, 99, 104–105, 107, 113

three-quarter view of, 48–49, 52–53, 73, 88, 99, 113, 134, 135. See also Chins; Ears; Eyes; Heads; Lips; Mouths;

Noses; Portraiture; Proportion (and faces); Smiles

Fair features, 120–121

Figures, placing in a composition, 20–21

Fingers. See Anatomy (hands)

Fixative, 9, 89

Foreground, 21

Foreshortening, 59, 83, 90–91, 99, 103,

127, 129, 132, 137

Forms, 10

Foster, Walter T., 43

Freckles, 121

G

Gesture drawing, 14, 15, 137

Giacometti, 13

Goldman, Ken, 25

Goldman, Stephanie, 25

Gradating, 11

Guidelines. See Lines (guide)

H

Hair, 46, 47, 76

blocking in, 48

braids, 109

and children, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119

developing, 108–109

and elderly people, 56, 57, 110

and ethnicity, 122, 123

facial, 52, 53, 105, 111, 132, 133

fair, 120, 121

fine, 120

and highlights, 59, 73, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109

line, 73, 98, 99, 104, 112, 113, 122

outlines for, 62, 108

and portraits, 88, 89, 102, 103, 106, 107, 134, 135

ringlets, 108, 109

shiny black, 59

and strokes, 50, 51, 52, 53, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 122, 133, 134, 139

Hands. See Anatomy (hands)

Hatching, 11, 55, 107, 120, 131

Hats, 111, 132, 133

Heads

adult, 23, 46–57, 66

and body proportions, 78, 79, 125, 136

children, 22, 23, 58, 74–75, 112–113, 114–115, 116–117, 118–119, 136

and composition, 18

and perspective, 17

planes of, 40, 97

positions and angles of, 67, 72, 75, 98

in profile, 23, 45–47, 56–57, 60–61, 67, 72, 88, 96, 99, 104–105, 113

and skull, 38–40

three-quarter view of, 48–49, 52–53, 73, 88, 99, 106, 113, 138. See also Faces;

Portraiture; Proportion (and heads)

Highlights

and clothing, 134, 139

and ears, 101

and eyes, 44, 52, 68, 89, 97, 100, 114, 116, 117, 133

and faces, 57, 58, 71, 97, 103, 139

and feet, 127

and forms, 139

and hair, 59, 73, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109

and hands, 126

and light, 10, 131

and lighting, 106, 130

and lips, 47, 70, 71, 101, 105, 117, 121, 123

and mouths, 117

and noses, 97, 101, 123

and skin, 131

and three dimensions, 10

and value scale, 10

I

India ink, 53, 57, 59

K

Knives, 8, 9

L

Life drawing, 103, 132–133

Lifting out, 13

Light

back, 106

and highlights, shading, and shadows, 10, 40, 88, 97, 105, 106, 123, 126, 127, 133

and life drawing, 103

and planes of face, 97

and portraiture, 88, 103, 106, 118

strong natural, 131

Lighting, 8, 106, 118, 130–131

Lines

of action, 15, 84, 86, 87, 92, 128, 137

center, 18, 22, 45, 79, 84, 98, 99, 112, 113, 114, 138

and contour drawing, 14

division, 69, 70, 74

experiments with, by great artists, 13

guide, 18, 20, 22, 23, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 67, 70, 73, 76, 82, 85, 98, 99, 102, 104, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 132, 134, 138

horizon, 16, 17, 18, 20

indented, 13

looping, 13

and pencil point, 12

perspective, 18, 20

practicing different types of, 12

and shapes and forms, 8, 10

short and sweeping, 13

of sight, 20

and writing hand position, 11

zigzagging, 19

Lips

and children, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119

and dark skin, 122

drawing, 41, 70, 101

and elderly people, 76, 110

and ethnicity, 58, 122, 123

and fair features, 121

frontal view, 44, 50

and head and facial proportions, 66, 98

and portraits, 88

in profile, 44, 45, 47, 99, 104, 105

and smiles, 71

three-quarter view, 49

M

Men

body proportions of, 125

elderly, 56–57

faces of, 62–63

three-quarter view of, 52–53

Middle ground, 21

Models, 103, 132–133, 138

Mood

and background, 107

and composition, 19

and elderly woman, 55

and eyes, 68

and facial features, 100

and lighting, 106, 130

and strokes, 13

Mouths, 73, 101

and children, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119

and elderly people, 54, 55, 110

and ethnicity, 122

and portraiture, 88, 89, 102, 103, 106, 107

in profile, 44, 45, 46–47, 99, 104. See also Lips; Smiles

Movement and action, 86, 92–93, 128

and balance, 84

and bending, twisting, and stretching, 85, 128

and children, 87, 137

and gesture drawing, 15, 137

sports figures, 86, 137

Muscles, 26–37, 39, 40, 80, 96, 124, 125, 126, 127

N

Noses

and children, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117

and elderly people, 55, 57, 110

and ethnicity, 58, 122, 123

and eyes, 100

and facial proportions, 98

frontal view, 50, 51

and head proportions, 66

make-up of, 41

and planes of face, 97

and portraits, 88, 102, 103, 106, 107

in profile, 45, 46–47, 72, 99, 104, 105

steps in drawing, 69, 101

in three-quarter view, 48, 73, 99

types of, 101

O

Outdoor drawing, 8, 9

P

Paper, 8, 9, 12, 47

Paper stump, 63, 72, 77, 82

Pencils

sharpening, 9

techniques with, 11–13

types, 9

Perspective, 16–17, 18, 20, 83, 90, 92

Photos

choosing, 118–119, 138

and poses, 138

use of, 14, 21, 22, 44, 46, 52, 59, 78, 79, 89, 90, 102, 106, 107, 120, 131, 134

Picture plane, 18, 20, 21

Point of interest, 19, 20

Portraiture

and background, 107

beginning, 22–23

bridal, 134–135

and capturing likeness to subject, 102

and choosing photos, 118

and composition, 18

developing, 88–89

and life drawing, 103

and lighting, 106

and planes of head, 40. See also Faces;

Heads

Poses, choosing, 138–139

Powell, William F., 65

Profile. See Faces (in profile); Heads (in profile)

Proportion

and adult body, 78, 124, 125

and child’s body, 79, 87, 136

and faces, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62, 88, 98, 99, 102, 104, 112–113, 114

and foreshortening, 83, 90

and hands, 55, 81

and heads, 66, 73, 74–75, 98, 99

and life drawing, 132

and lips, 70

and movement, 86

and multiple figures, 20

and portraits, 22, 23, 102, 103, 134

and profiles, 104

and torso, 29

R

Realism, 8, 68, 71, 82, 84, 96, 109, 139

Rubbing, 13

S

Sandpaper block, 9, 12

Seeing, 14–15

Seurat, 13

Shading

and background, 107

and body contours, 80

and bones, 66

and children, 74, 75, 114, 115, 116, 117

and chins, 116

and clothing, 82, 85, 132, 133, 134

and ears, 69, 101, 105, 114, 116

and eyes, 68, 88, 100, 102, 105, 107, 110, 114, 116

and faces, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 67, 72, 73, 76, 88, 89, 97, 106, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 133, 139

and feet, 81, 127

and fixative, 9

and foreshortening, 83, 91

forms, 139

and hair, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 119, 134, 135, 139

and heads, 40, 56, 66, 97

and life drawing, 132, 133

and light, 10, 131

and lighting, 130

and lips, 70, 88, 101, 105, 114, 116, 117, 119, 122

and mouths, 101, 102, 110, 116

and movement, 137

and noses, 69, 88, 101, 105, 110, 122

and older people, 76, 77

and pencil types, 9, 12

and planes, 97

and portraits, 23, 88, 89, 102, 103, 134, 135

and skin and wrinkles, 56, 63, 131, 134

and smudging, 13

techniques, 11–13

and thinning hair, 56

and three dimensions, 8

and underhand position, 11, 12

and wrinkles, 76, 110

Shadows

cast, 10, 58, 97, 111, 131, 133

core, 10, 97

and feet, 127

and foreshortening, 91

and hands, 126

and heads, faces, and portraits, 22, 40, 88, 89, 97, 100, 103, 106, 114

and light, 10, 97, 123, 131

and lighting, 106, 130

and three dimensions, 10

Shapes, 8

basic, 10

and child’s body proportions, 79

and faces, 44, 48

and figures, 21, 29

Skeletal structure, basic, 80, 124, 125

Skeleton and bones, 26–38, 41, 66, 77, 80, 96, 124, 125, 126, 127

Sketching

and base of figure drawing, 29

and pads, 8

Skin, 54, 56, 58, 74, 77, 89, 96, 102, 103, 110, 111, 131, 134, 136

dark, 122–123

fair, 120, 121

and values, 123. See also Wrinkles

Skulls. See Anatomy (head and skull);

Skeleton and bones

Smiles, 71, 89, 101, 102

Smudging, 13

Stippling, 13

Strokes

and background, 52

and clothing, 82, 123

diagonal, 56, 82, 107, 131, 135

and eyes, 100

and hair, 50, 51, 52, 53, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 122, 133, 134, 139 and hand position, 11

hatching, 11, 55, 107, 120, 131

and lines, 12

and lips, 47

and mood, 13

and shading, 11, 12, 13, 54, 58, 106, 134, 135

and smudging, 13

and tools, 9

T

Teeth, 70, 71, 101, 102, 118, 119, 122

Texture

and clothing, 115

and paper, 8

and shading, 11

and types of lines, 12

Three dimensions, 8, 10, 16, 73, 81, 90, 99, 100, 111, 124, 129

Tone, 12

Tools and materials, 8–9. See also specific

tools and materials

Tortillons, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 46, 110, 117, 133, 135

V

Values

and background, 107

dramatic contrasts in, 131

and fair features, 120

and form, 10

and hair, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 120

and lighting, 106

and lips, 47

and noses, 101

scale of, 10

and skin, 123

variations and gradations in, 10, 89, 139

and wrinkles, 110

Van Gogh, 13

Vanishing points, 16, 17, 18, 20

W

Washes, 13

Women

body proportions of, 125

elderly, 54–55

facial profiles of, 46–47

frontal view of, 50–51

three-quarter view of, 48–49

Work station, 8

Wrinkles, 54, 55, 56, 63, 72, 76, 77, 100, 133, 136

keys to drawing, 110

Y

Yaun, Debra Kauffman, 95