- Dedicated to the memory of E.F.Codd
- A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
- Foreword
- Preface
- One. Introduction
- 1.1. A Remark on Terminology
- 1.2. Principles, Not Products
- 1.3. A Review of the Original Model
- 1.4. Model Versus Implementation
- 1.5. Properties of Relations
- 1.6. Relations Versus Relvars
- 1.7. Values Versus Variables
- 1.8. Summary
- 1.9. Exercises
- 1.9.1.
- 1.9.1.1. Exercise 1-1
- 1.9.1.2. Exercise 1-2
- 1.9.1.3. Exercise 1-3
- 1.9.1.4. Exercise 1-4
- 1.9.1.5. Exercise 1-5
- 1.9.1.6. Exercise 1-6
- 1.9.1.7. Exercise 1-7
- 1.9.1.8. Exercise 1-8
- 1.9.1.9. Exercise 1-9
- 1.9.1.10. Exercise 1-10
- 1.9.1.11. Exercise 1-11
- 1.9.1.12. Exercise 1-12
- 1.9.1.13. Exercise 1-13
- 1.9.1.14. Exercise 1-14
- 1.9.1.15. Exercise 1-15
- 1.9.1.16. Exercise 1-16
- 1.9.1.17. Exercise 1-17
- 1.9.1.18. Exercise 1-18
- 1.9.1.
- Two. Relations Versus Types
- 2.1. Domain-Constrained Comparisons
- 2.2. Data Value Atomicity
- 2.3. So What’s a Type?
- 2.4. Scalar Versus Nonscalar Types
- 2.5. Summary
- 2.6. Exercises
- 2.6.1.
- 2.6.1.1. Exercise 2-1
- 2.6.1.2. Exercise 2-2
- 2.6.1.3. Exercise 2-3
- 2.6.1.4. Exercise 2-4
- 2.6.1.5. Exercise 2-5
- 2.6.1.6. Exercise 2-6
- 2.6.1.7. Exercise 2-7
- 2.6.1.8. Exercise 2-8
- 2.6.1.9. Exercise 2-9
- 2.6.1.10. Exercise 2-10
- 2.6.1.11. Exercise 2-11
- 2.6.1.12. Exercise 2-12
- 2.6.1.13. Exercise 2-13
- 2.6.1.14. Exercise 2-14
- 2.6.1.15. Exercise 2-15
- 2.6.1.16. Exercise 2-16
- 2.6.1.17. Exercise 2-17
- 2.6.1.18. Exercise 2-18
- 2.6.1.19. Exercise 2-19
- 2.6.1.20. Exercise 2-20
- 2.6.1.21. Exercise 2-21
- 2.6.1.22. Exercise 2-22
- 2.6.1.23. Exercise 2-23
- 2.6.1.24. Exercise 2-24
- 2.6.1.
- Three. Tuples and Relations
- 3.1. What’s a Tuple?
- 3.2. Some Important Consequences
- 3.3. What’s a Relation?
- 3.4. Further Important Consequences
- 3.5. Why Duplicate Tuples Are Prohibited
- 3.6. Why Nulls Are Prohibited
- 3.7. TABLE_DUM and TABLE_DEE
- 3.8. Summary
- 3.9. Exercises
- 3.9.1.
- 3.9.1.1. Exercise 3-1
- 3.9.1.2. Exercise 3-2
- 3.9.1.3. Exercise 3-3
- 3.9.1.4. Exercise 3-4
- 3.9.1.5. Exercise 3-5
- 3.9.1.6. Exercise 3-6
- 3.9.1.7. Exercise 3-7
- 3.9.1.8. Exercise 3-8
- 3.9.1.9. Exercise 3-9
- 3.9.1.10. Exercise 3-10
- 3.9.1.11. Exercise 3-11
- 3.9.1.12. Exercise 3-12
- 3.9.1.13. Exercise 3-13
- 3.9.1.14. Exercise 3-14
- 3.9.1.15. Exercise 3-15
- 3.9.1.16. Exercise 3-16
- 3.9.1.17. Exercise 3-17
- 3.9.1.18. Exercise 3-18
- 3.9.1.19. Exercise 3-19
- 3.9.1.20. Exercise 3-20
- 3.9.1.21. Exercise 3-21
- 3.9.1.
- Four. Relation Variables
- 4.1. Updating Is Set-at-a-Time
- 4.2. More on Candidate Keys
- 4.3. More on Foreign Keys
- 4.4. More on Views
- 4.5. Relvars and Predicates
- 4.6. More on Relations Versus Types
- 4.7. Summary
- 4.8. Exercises
- 4.8.1.
- 4.8.1.1. Exercise 4-1
- 4.8.1.2. Exercise 4-2
- 4.8.1.3. Exercise 4-3
- 4.8.1.4. Exercise 4-4
- 4.8.1.5. Exercise 4-5
- 4.8.1.6. Exercise 4-6
- 4.8.1.7. Exercise 4-7
- 4.8.1.8. Exercise 4-8
- 4.8.1.9. Exercise 4-9
- 4.8.1.10. Exercise 4-10
- 4.8.1.11. Exercise 4-11
- 4.8.1.12. Exercise 4-12
- 4.8.1.13. Exercise 4-13
- 4.8.1.14. Exercise 4-14
- 4.8.1.15. Exercise 4-15
- 4.8.1.16. Exercise 4-16
- 4.8.1.17. Exercise 4-17
- 4.8.1.18. Exercise 4-18
- 4.8.1.19. Exercise 4-19
- 4.8.1.20. Exercise 4-20
- 4.8.1.21. Exercise 4-21
- 4.8.1.22. Exercise 4-22
- 4.8.1.23. Exercise 4-23
- 4.8.1.24. Exercise 4-24
- 4.8.1.25. Exercise 4-25
- 4.8.1.26. Exercise 4-26
- 4.8.1.27. Exercise 4-27
- 4.8.1.28. Exercise 4-28
- 4.8.1.29. Exercise 4-29
- 4.8.1.30. Exercise 4-30
- 4.8.1.
- Five. Relational Algebra
- 5.1. More on Closure
- 5.2. The Original Operators
- 5.3. Evaluating SQL Expressions
- 5.4. Extend and Summarize
- 5.5. Group and Ungroup
- 5.6. Expression Transformation
- 5.7. Relational Comparisons
- 5.8. More on Relational Assignment
- 5.9. The ORDER BY Operator
- 5.10. Summary
- 5.11. Exercises
- 5.11.1.
- 5.11.1.1. Exercise 5-1.
- 5.11.1.2. Exercise 5-2.
- 5.11.1.3. Exercise 5-3.
- 5.11.1.4. Exercise 5-4.
- 5.11.1.5. Exercise 5-5.
- 5.11.1.6. Exercise 5-6.
- 5.11.1.7. Exercise 5-7.
- 5.11.1.8. Exercise 5-8.
- 5.11.1.9. Exercise 5-9.
- 5.11.1.10. Exercise 5-10.
- 5.11.1.11. Exercise 5-11.
- 5.11.1.12. Exercise 5-12.
- 5.11.1.13. Exercise 5-13.
- 5.11.1.14. Exercise 5-14.
- 5.11.1.15. Exercise 5-15.
- 5.11.1.16. Exercise 5-16.
- 5.11.1.17. Exercise 5-17.
- 5.11.1.18. Exercise 5-18.
- 5.11.1.19. Exercise 5-19.
- 5.11.1.20. Exercise 5-20.
- 5.11.1.21. Exercise 5-21.
- 5.11.1.22. Exercise 5-22.
- 5.11.1.23. Exercise 5-23.
- 5.11.1.24. Exercise 5-24.
- 5.11.1.25. Exercise 5-25.
- 5.11.1.26. Exercise 5-26.
- 5.11.1.27. Exercise 5-27.
- 5.11.1.28. Exercise 5-28.
- 5.11.1.29. Exercise 5-29.
- 5.11.1.30. Exercise 5-30.
- 5.11.1.31. Exercise 5-31.
- 5.11.1.
- Six. Integrity Constraints
- 6.1. Type Constraints
- 6.2. Database Constraints
- 6.3. Transactions
- 6.4. Why Database Constraint Checking Must Be Immediate
- 6.5. But Doesn’t Some Checking Have to Be Deferred?
- 6.6. Constraints and Predicates
- 6.7. Miscellaneous Issues
- 6.8. Summary
- 6.9. Exercises
- 6.9.1.
- 6.9.1.1. Exercise 6-1.
- 6.9.1.2. Exercise 6-2
- 6.9.1.3. Exercise 6-3
- 6.9.1.4. Exercise 6-4
- 6.9.1.5. Exercise 6-5
- 6.9.1.6. Exercise 6-6
- 6.9.1.7. Exercise 6-7
- 6.9.1.8. Exercise 6-8
- 6.9.1.9. Exercise 6-9
- 6.9.1.10. Exercise 6-10
- 6.9.1.11. Exercise 6-11
- 6.9.1.12. Exercise 6-12
- 6.9.1.13. Exercise 6-13
- 6.9.1.14. Exercise 6-14
- 6.9.1.15. Exercise 6-15
- 6.9.1.16. Exercise 6-16
- 6.9.1.17. Exercise 6-17
- 6.9.1.18. Exercise 6-18
- 6.9.1.19. Exercise 6-19
- 6.9.1.20. Exercise 6-20
- 6.9.1.21. Exercise 6-21
- 6.9.1.22. Exercise 6-22
- 6.9.1.23. Exercise 6-23
- 6.9.1.24. Exercise 6-24
- 6.9.1.25. Exercise 6-25
- 6.9.1.
- Seven. Database Design Theory
- 7.1. The Place of Design Theory
- 7.2. Functional Dependencies and Boyce/Codd Normal Form
- 7.3. Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form
- 7.4. Two Cheers for Normalization
- 7.5. Orthogonality
- 7.6. Some Remarks on Physical Design
- 7.7. Summary
- 7.8. Exercises
- 7.8.1.
- 7.8.1.1. Exercise 7-1
- 7.8.1.2. Exercise 7-2
- 7.8.1.3. Exercise 7-3
- 7.8.1.4. Exercise 7-4
- 7.8.1.5. Exercise 7-5
- 7.8.1.6. Exercise 7-6
- 7.8.1.7. Exercise 7-7
- 7.8.1.8. Exercise 7-8
- 7.8.1.9. Exercise 7-9
- 7.8.1.10. Exercise 7-10
- 7.8.1.11. Exercise 7-11
- 7.8.1.12. Exercise 7-12
- 7.8.1.13. Exercise 7-13
- 7.8.1.14. Exercise 7-14
- 7.8.1.15. Exercise 7-15
- 7.8.1.16. Exercise 7-16
- 7.8.1.17. Exercise 7-17
- 7.8.1.18. Exercise 7-18
- 7.8.1.19. Exercise 7-19
- 7.8.1.20. Exercise 7-20
- 7.8.1.21. Exercise 7-21
- 7.7.1.22. Exercise 7-22
- 7.8.1.23. Exercise 7-23
- 7.8.1.24. Exercise 7-24
- 7.8.1.25. Exercise 7-25
- 7.8.1.26. Exercise 7-26
- 7.8.1.27. Exercise 7-27
- 7.8.1.28. Exercise 7-28
- 7.8.1.
- Eight. What Is the Relational Model?
- 8.1. The Relational Model Defined
- 8.2. Objectives of the Relational Model
- 8.3. Some Database Principles
- 8.4. The Relational Model Versus Others
- 8.5. What Remains to Be Done?
- 8.6. Summary
- 8.7. Exercises
- 5.7.1.
- 5.7.1.1. Exercise 8-1
- 5.7.1.2. Exercise 8-2
- 5.7.1.3. Exercise 8-3
- 5.7.1.4. Exercise 8-4
- 5.7.1.5. Exercise 8-5
- 5.7.1.6. Exercise 8-6
- 5.7.1.7. Exercise 8-7
- 5.7.1.8. Exercise 8-8
- 5.7.1.9. Exercise 8-9
- 5.7.1.10. Exercise 8-10
- 5.7.1.11. Exercise 8-11
- 5.7.1.12. Exercise 8-12
- 5.7.1.13. Exercise 8-13
- 5.7.1.14. Exercise 8-14
- 5.7.1.15. Exercise 8-15
- 5.7.1.16. Exercise 8-16
- 5.7.1.17. Exercise 8-17
- 5.7.1.18. Exercise 8-18
- 5.7.1.19. Exercise 8-19
- 5.7.1.20. Exercise 8-20
- 5.7.1.21. Exercise 8-21
- 5.7.1.22. Exercise 8-22
- 5.7.1.23. Exercise 8-23
- 5.7.1.24. Exercise 8-24
- 5.7.1.25. Exercise 8-25
- 5.7.1.26. Exercise 8-26
- 5.7.1.27. Exercise 8-27
- 5.7.1.28. Exercise 8-28
- 5.7.1.29. Exercise 8-29
- 5.7.1.30. Exercise 8-30
- 5.7.1.31. Exercise 8-31
- 5.7.1.32. Exercise 8-32
- 5.7.1.33. Exercise 8-33
- 5.7.1.34. Exercise 8-34
- 5.7.1.35. Exercise 8-35
- 5.7.1.36. Exercise 8-36
- 5.7.1.37. Exercise 8-37
- 5.7.1.38. Exercise 8-38
- 5.7.1.39. Exercise 8-39
- 5.7.1.40. Exercise 8-40
- 5.7.1.41. Exercise 8-41
- 5.7.1.42. Exercise 8-42
- 5.7.1.43. Exercise 8-43
- 5.7.1.44. Exercise 8-44
- 5.7.1.45. Exercise 8-45
- 5.7.1.46. Exercise 8-46
- 5.7.1.47. Exercise 8-47
- 5.7.1.48. Exercise 8-48
- 5.7.1.49. Exercise 8-49
- 5.7.1.50. Exercise 8-50
- 5.7.1.51. Exercise 8-51
- 5.7.1.52. Exercise 8-52
- 5.7.1.53. Exercise 8-53
- 5.7.1.54. Exercise 8-54
- 5.7.1.55. Exercise 8-55
- 5.7.1.56. Exercise 8-56
- 5.7.1.57. Exercise 8-57
- 5.7.1.58. Exercise 8-58
- 5.7.1.59. Exercise 8-59
- 5.7.1.60. Exercise 8-60
- 5.7.1.
- A. A Little Bit of Logic
- B. Suggestions for Further Reading
- Colophon
- Copyright
Dedicated to the memory of E.F.Codd
Those who are enamored of practice without theory are like a pilot who goes into a ship without rudder or compass and never has any certainty where he is going. Practice should always be based upon a sound knowledge of theory.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
The trouble with people is not that they don’t know but that they know so much that ain’t so.
Josh Billings (1818-1885)
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