Bayes, Thomas, 122
Benford, Gregory, 188
Bernoulli, James, 28n9, 33–34, 52, 209
Bertrand, Joseph, 148
binomial: coefficient, 37, 43; theorem, 143, 145
Brams, Steven, 188
Carroll, Lewis. See Dodgson, Charles
conditional probability, 49, 118–125, 141
Davis, Matt, 26
de Moivre, Abraham, 6, 8–10, 13, 16
density function, 110–111, 128, 140, 154, 196, 210
difference equation, 19, 25–26, 28n6, 157–159, 161, 165–166, 203–204
Dirichlet, Lejeune, 131
distribution function, 108–109, 111, 128, 140, 142, 154
dominant decision strategy, 184, 186
Dresher, Melvin, 183
Euler’s constant, 92
exponential (probability law), 139–141
false negative (positive), 117–119
Flood, Merill, 183
floor (MATLAB® command), 21
Fontana, Niccolo, 5
gambler’s ruin problem, 5–13, 28n9
Gauss, Carl, 97
geometric probability, 63, 190, 192
Gombaud, Antoine. See de Méré, Chevalier
Groves, Leslie, 29n14
Hein, Piet, 188
Huygens, Christiaan, 6
indicator function, 48
integral: differentiation of, 99; equation, 171
joint probability: in density, 98, 111–112, 210; in distribution, 112–114
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 122–124
life expectancy table, 168, 172–173
Markov, Andrei, 157
max (MATLAB® command), 152
maximum function, 108–109, 142, 154
memoryless property, 140–141, 148. See also exponential (probability law)
minimum function, 108–110, 142, 145
Newcomb, William, 184–185, 188
Newton, Isaac, 6, 13–18, 28n9, 29n11, 54
Newton-Raphson method, 101
normally distributed (random variable), 96
Pascal, Blaise de, 1–2, 5–7, 27n1
Pepys, Samuel, 13–16, 18, 29nn11, 12
perms (MATLAB® command), 76
polar coordinates, 98
quad (MATLAB® command), 101
random number generator, 213–216
rejection method, 199
sample space, 3, 63, 120, 189–190, 192–194
Simpson, Edward, 22
Simpson, Thomas, 173
solve (MATLAB® command), 71
standard deviation, 97
state-transition matrix, 157–158, 161–162
Steinhaus, Hugo, 17
Stirling’s formula, 41
subroutine, 205
Tartaglia. See Fontana, Niccolo
Todhunter, Isaac, 179
total probability (theorem of), 120, 125n1
transitivity: in bingo cards, 75–78; in dice, 17–18
triangular inequality, 189, 191–193, 195
Trybuła, Stanislaw, 17
Tucker, Albert, 183
Viviani, Vincenzo, 30
vos Savant, Marilyn, 175–176, 180, 181n1
Yule, George, 22