List of Credits

Figure 1.1Courtesy of the Doug Engelbart Institute dougengelbar.org.

Figure 1.2Photo courtesy of Karl Van Zandt.

Figure 1.5Courtesy of Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images [email protected] http://wellcomeimages.org.

Figure 1.6Courtesy of NDI.

Table 1.1Courtesy of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society https://www.hfes.org/web/TechnicalGroups/descriptions.html.

Figure 2.1From Stokes, D.E. 1997. Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation. (p. 196). Washington, DC: Brookings.

Figure 2.8 From Marras, W.S. and Kroemer, K.H.E., Human Factors, 22, 389–399, 1980. Copyright 1980 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 2.1Estimated from Lovasik, J.V. et al., Human Factors, 31, 273–289, 1989.

Table 2.4From Marras, W.S. and Kroemer, K.H.E., Human Factors, 22, 389–399, 1980.

Figure 3.2 From D.A. Wiegmann & S.A. Shappell (2003). A Human Error Approach to Aviation Accident Analysis. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. Copyright 2003 by Ashgate Publishing.

Table 3.1From Meister, D. 1989. Conceptual Aspects of Human Factors. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Table 3.2From Berliner, D.C., Angell, D. & Shearer, J.W. 1964. Behaviors, measures and instruments for performance evaluation in simulated environments. Paper presented at a Symposium and Workshop on Quantification of Human Performance, Albuquerque, NM.

Figure B3.1From R. Schweickert, D.L. Fisher, & R.W. Proctor (2003). Steps toward building mathematical and computer models from cognitive task analyses. Reprinted from Human Factors, 45(1), 77–103. Copyright 2003 by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 3.6 From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 3.10From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 4.1From J.T. Townsend & R.N. Roos (1973). Memory & Cognition, 1, 319–332. Reprinted by permission of Psychonomic Society, Inc.

Figure 4.3Adapted from B.H. Kantowitz, The role of human information processing models in system development. Adapted with permission from Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, 1989, pp. 979–983. Copyright 1989 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure B4.1From D.E. Meyer & D.E. Kieras (1997). A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: I. Basic mechanisms. Psychological Review, 104(1), 3–65. Published 1997 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 5.2Public domain, NIH National Eye Institute.

Figure 5.3From M. W. Matlin & H. J. Foley (1992). Sensation and Perception, Third Edition. Copyright 1992 by Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 5.4From J.M. Wolfe, K.R. Kluender, D.M. Levi, L.M. Bartoshuk, R.S. Herz, R.L. Klatzky, Lederman, S. J., & Merfeld, D. M. (2015). Sensation and Perception (4^th ed.) Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Adapted with permission.

Figure 5.5From M. W. Matlin & H. J. Foley (1992). Sensation and Perception, Third Edition. Copyright 1992 by Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 5.7From M.W. Matlin (1992). Sensation and Perception, Third Edition. Copyright 1992 by Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 5.13Adapted with permission from A.L. Gilchrist (1977). Perceived lightness depends on perceived spatial arrangement, Science, 195, 185–187. Copyright 1977 by the AAAS.

Figure 5.17From A.B. Watson (1986). Temporal sensitivity. In K.R. Boff & J.P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. Copyright 1986 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Table 6.1From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 6.2From G. Wyszecki (1986). Color appearance. In K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Copyright 1986 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 6.3From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 6.6Provided by NASA.

Figure 6.8From J. Beck (1966). Effect of orientation and of shape similarity on perceptual grouping. Perception & Psychophysics, 1, 300–302. Reprinted by permission of Psychonomic Society, Inc.

Figure 6.10From W. Prinzmetal & W. P. Banks (1977). Good continuation affects visual detection. Perception & Psychophysics, 21, 389–395. Reprinted by permission of Psychonomic Society, Inc.

Figure 6.11From R. Sekuler & R. Blake (1994). Perception, Third Edition. Copyright 1994 Reprinted with permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies.

Figure 6.12Adapted from Hochberg, 1978.

Figure 6.13From Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

Figure 6.14From M. Kubovy(1988). The Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Art. Copyright 1988 by Cambridge University Press. Reprinted by permission of Michael Kubovy.

Figure 6.16From D.A. Kleffner & V.S. Ramachandran (1992). On the perception of shape from shading. Perception & Psychophysics, 52, 18–36. Reprinted by permission of Psychonomics Society, Inc.

Figure 6.19From B. Julesz (1971). Foundations of Cyclopean Perception, University of Chicago Press. Copyright 1971 by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 6.20By Fred Hsu (March, 2005; Wikipedia Commons). Reproduced under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

Figure 6.21From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 6.22From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 6.23From J.R. Pomerantz (1981). Perceptual organization in information processing. In M. Kubovy & J.R. Pomerantz (Eds.), Perceptual organization (pp. 141–180). Copyright 1981 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Inc.

Figure 7.1From S. Coren, L. M. Ward, & J. T. Enns (2004) Sensation and Perception. Fourth Edition. © 2004. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Figure 7.3From M. W. Matlin, Sensation and Perception, Third Edition. © 1992 by Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 7.4From M. W. Matlin, Sensation and Perception, Third Edition. © 1992 by Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 7.5From Andrei N. Temchin, Nola C. Rich, Mario A. Ruggero. Journal of Neurophysiology Nov 2008, 100 (5) 2889–2898; DOI:10.1152/jn.90637.2008

Figure 7.6From S. Coren, L. M. Ward, & J. T. Enns (2004) Sensation and Perception. Fourth Edition. © 2004. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Figure 7.7From P. H. Linday & D. A. Norman, Human Information Processing, Second Edition. Credit: Copyright © 1977 Academic Press, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 7.9Reprinted with permission from S. S. Stevens (1935). The relation of pitch to intensity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 6, 150–154.

Figure 7.10Reprinted with permission from J. Tonndorf (1960). Shearing motion in scala media of cochlear models. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32, 238–244.

Figure 7.11Adapted with permission from H. F. Olson (1967), Music, Physics, and Engineering (2nd ed.). Dover Publications.

Figure 7.13From S. Coren, L. M. Ward, & J. T. Enns (2004) Sensation and Perception. Fourth Edition. © 2004. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Figure 7.14Courtesy of David Pisoni.

Figure 7.15From S. Coren, L. M. Ward, & J. T. Enns (2004) Sensation and Perception. Fourth Edition. © 2004. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc

Figure 7.16Adapted from The Cerebral Cortex of Man by W. Penfield & T. Rasmussen, 1950 Macmillan Publishing Company.

Figure 7.17From S. Weinstein (1968), in D. R. Kenshalo, The Skin Senses. Reprinted with permission of Charles C. Thomas Publisher.

Figure 8.2From P.G. Garvey, M.T. Pietrucha, & D.T. Meeker (1998). Clearer road signs ahead. Ergonomics in Design, 6(3), 7–11. Reprinted with permission of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Figure 8.4Reprinted with permission from Zwaga, H.J., Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, 1989, pp. 979–983. Copyright 1989 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.5From H.J. Zwaga, Comprehensibility estimates of public information symbols: Their validity and use. Reprinted with permission from Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, 1989, pp. 979–983. Copyright 1989 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.6From M.E. Wicklund & B.A. Loring, Human factors design of an AIDS prevention pamphlet. Reprinted with permission from Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting, 1990, pp. 988–992. Copyright 1990 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.7From M.E. Wicklund & B.A. Loring, Human factors design of an AIDS prevention pamphlet. Reprinted with permission from Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting, 1990, pp. 988–992. Copyright 1990 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.8Adapted from R.S. Easterby (1970). The perception of symbols for machine displays. Ergonomics, 13, 149–158. Adapted with permission of Taylor & Francis.

Figure 8.9From J.D. Hitt (1961). An evaluation of five different abstract coding methods –Experiment IV. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, 3(2), 120–130. Copyright 1961 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 8.10From Hitt, J.D. 1961. An evaluation of five different abstract coding methods—Experiment IV. Human Factors, 3, 120–130.

Figure 8.11From M.G. Helander (1987). Design of visual displays. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of Human Factors (pp. 507–549). Copyright 1987 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 8.14Photograph by Rama, Wikimedia Commons, Cc-by-sa-2.0-fr.

Figure 8.15Image courtesy of BAE Systems.

Figure 8.16From J.C.R. Licklider, D. Bindra, & I. Pollack (1948). The intelligibility of rectangular speech waves. American Journal of Psychology, 61, 1–20. Reprinted by permission of University of Illinois Press.

Table 8.1From B.H. Deatherage (1972). Auditory and other sensory forms of information presentation. In H.P. Van Cott & R.G. Kinkade (Eds.), Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design (revised edition, pp. 123–160). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Table 8.2From Woodson, W.E., Human Factors Design, Handbook, 483. Copyright © 1981 McGraw-Hill, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Table 8.3From W.F. Grether & C.A. Baker (1972). Visual presentation of information. In H.P. Van Cott & R.G. Kinkade (Eds.), Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design (revised edition, pp. 123–160). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Table 8.4From M.G. Helander (1987). Design of visual displays. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of Human Factors (pp. 507–549). Copyright 1987 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Table 8.5From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 9.3From D. Kahneman (1973). Attention and Effort. Copyright 1973 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Daniel Kahneman.

Figure 9.4From M.I. Posner & S.J. Boies (1971). Components of attention. Psychological Review, 78, 391–408. Reprinted by permission of the American Psychological Association.

Figure 9.5From C.D. Wickens (1984). Processing resources in attention. In R. Parasuraman & R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of Attention (pp. 63–102). Copyright 1984 by Academic Press, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 9.8From R.W.H.M. Ponds, W.B. Brouwer, & P.C. Van Wolffelaar (1988). Age differences in divided attention in a simulated driving task. Journal of Gerontology, 43, P151–P156. Copyright 1988 by the Gerontological Society of America. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 9.10From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 9.11From R.J. Lysaght et al. (1989). Operator Workload: Comprehensive Review and Evaluation of Operator Workload Methodologies. Technical Report 851, United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

Figure 9.12From R.J. Lysaght et al. (1989). Operator Workload: Comprehensive Review and Evaluation of Operator Workload Methodologies. Technical Report 851, United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

Figure 9.13From J.B. Isreal et al. (1980). The event-related brain potential as an index of display-monitoring workload. Adapted from Human Factors, 22(2), 211–224. Copyright 1980 by the Human Factors Society.

Figure 9.14From W.W. Wierwille & J.G. Casali, A validated rating scale for global mental workload measurement applications. Reprinted with permission from Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, 1983, pp. 129–133. Copyright 1983 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure B9.1From Simons & Chabris (1999); Figure provided by Daniel Simons.

Table 9.1From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Table 9.2From G.B. Reid, C.A. Shingledecker, & F.T. Eggemeier, Application of conjoint measurement in workload scale development. Reprinted with permission from Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, 1983, pp. 522–526. Copyright 1981 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 9.3From S.G. Hart & L.E. Staveland (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In P.A. Hancock & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human Mental Workload. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier Science Publishers.

Figure 10.3From Peterson, L.R. and Peterson, M.J., Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193–198, 1959.

Figure 10.4From Sternberg, S., Science, 153, 652–654, 1966.

Figure 10.5From A. Baddeley (1990). Human Memory: Theory and Practice. Copyright 1990 by Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 10.6From A. Baddeley (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417–423. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier.

Figure 10.7Reprinted by permission from Brooks (1968). Spatial and verbal components of the act of recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 22, 349–368.

Figure 10.8From N. Cowan (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163–191. Adapted by permission of the American Psychological Association.

Figure 10.9From S.M. Kosslyn, T.M. Ball, & B.J. Reiser (1978). Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 47–60. Reprinted by permission of the American Psychological Association.

Figure 10.10From G.H. Bower et al. (1969). Hierarchical retrieval schemes in recall of categorized word lists. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 323–343. Copyright 1969 by Academic Press, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 10.11From A.M. Collins & E.F. Loftus (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic memory. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428. Reprinted by permission of the American Psychological Association.

Figure 10.12From S.L. Young & M.S. Wogalter (1990). Comprehension and memory of instruction manual warnings: Conspicuous print and pictorial icons. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, 32(6), 637–649. Copyright 1990 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 10.1From J.D. Bransford & M.K. Johnson (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 717–726. Copyright 1972 by Academic Press, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

Table 10.2From Grice, H.P., Syntax and Semantics, Seminar Press, New York, 1975.

Figure 11.4From Gick, M.L. & Holyoak, K.J. 1983. Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 1–38; From M. Beveridge & E. Parkins (1987). Visual representation in analogical problem solving. Memory and Cognition, 15, 230–234. Reprinted by permission of Psychonomic Society, Inc.

Figure 12.1From J.R. Anderson (1990). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications, Third Edition. Copyright 1990 by W. H. Freeman. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 12.2From R.M. Shiffrin & W. Schneider (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127–190. Reprinted by permission of the American Psychological Association.

Figure 12.3Gluck, M.A. & Bower, G.H. 1988. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 166–195.

Figure 12.4From E. Hunt (1989). Connectionist and rule-based representations of expert knowledge. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 21, 88–95. Reprinted by permission of Psychonomic Society, Inc.

Figure 12.5From Ng, T. S., Cung, L. D., & Chicharo, J. F. DESPLATE: An expert system for abnormal shape diagnosis in the plate mill. Conference Record of the Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. Reprinted by permission.

Table 12.3Adapted from Glaser, R. and Chi, M.T.H., The Nature of Expertise, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1988.

Figure 13.4From C.A. Simpson & D.H. Williams (1980). Response time effects of alerting tone and semantic context for synthesized voice cockpit warnings. Adapted with permission from Human Factors, 22(3), 319–330. Copyright by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13.5Data from Hick, W.E., Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 11–26, 1952.)

Figure 13.6From P.M. Fitts & C.M. Seeger (1953). S-R compatibility: Spatial characteristics of stimulus and response codes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 199–210.

Figure 13.7Data From R. E. Morin & D.A. Grant (1955). Learning and performance on a key-pressing task as a function of the degree of spatial stimulus-response correspondence.

Figure 13.8Based on A. Chapanis & L.E. Lindenbaum (1959). A reaction time study of four control-display linkages. Reprinted from Human Factors, 1(4), 1–7. Copyright 1959 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 13.10Adapted from R. Seibel (1963). Discrimination reaction time for a 1,023 alternative task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 215–226. Copyright 1963 by the American Psychological Association.

Figure 13.11From H. Pashler (1989). Dissociations and dependencies between speed and accuracy: Evidence for a two-component theory of divided attention in simple tasks. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 469–514. Copyright 1989 by Academic Press, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 13.12From H. Pashler & J.C. Johnston (1989). Chronometric evidence for central postponement in temporally overlapping tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41A, 19–45. Copyright 1989 by The Experimental Psychology Society. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 13.13We thank the International Association for Study of Attention and Performance for permission to reprint the figure from D.A. Rosenbaum et al. (1990). Constraints for action selection: Overhead versus underhand grips. In M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and Performance XIII (pp. 321–342). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Figure 13.16From Hoffmann, E.R. 1990. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting (Vol. 1, pp. 457–461). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.

Figure 13.17From C.J. Worringham & D.B. Beringer (1989). Operator orientation and compatibility in visual-motor task performance. Ergonomics, 32, 387–399. Taylor & Francis, London. Reproduced with permission.

Table 13.1From Hotta, A. et al., Journal of Human Ergology, 10, 73–82, 1981. Reprinted by permission.

Table 13.2From H.J. Bullinger, P. Kern, & W.F. Muntzinger (1987). Design of controls. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of Human Factors (pp. 577–600). Copyright 1987 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 14.3Adapted from W. Penfield & T. Rasmussen (1950). The Cerebral Cortex of Man., 1950. by Macmillan Publishing Company

Figure 14.7From D.J. Povel & R. Collard (1982). Structural factors in patterned finger tapping. Acta Psychologica, 52, 107–123. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier BV.

Figure 14.8From P.M. Fitts (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381–391.

Figure 14.9From S.F. Wiker, G.D. Langolf, & D.B. Chaffin (1989). Arm posture and human movement capability. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, 31(4), 421–441. Copyright 1989 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14.12From D.C. Shapiro et al. (1981). Evidence for generalized motor programs using gait pattern analysis. Journal of Motor Behavior, 13, 33–47. Reprinted with permission of Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation. Published by Heldref Publications, 1319 18th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036–1802. Copyright 1981.

Figure 14.13From M.A. Godwin & R.A. Schmidt (1971). Muscular fatigue and discrete motor learning. This article is reprinted with permission from the Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 42, 374–383. The Education, Recreation and Dance, 1900 Association Drive, Reston, VA 22091.

Figure 14.14From T.D. Lee, R.A. Magill, & D.J. Weeks (1985). Influence of practice schedule on testing schema theory predictions in adults. Journal of Motor Behavior, 17, 283–299. Reprinted with permission of Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation. Published by Heldref Publications, 1319 18th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036–1802. Copyright 1985.

Figure 14.15From R.A. Schmidt et al. (1989). Summary knowledge of results for skill acquisition: Support for the guidance hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 352–359. Copyright 1989 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 14.16From L.G. Lindahl (1945). Movement analysis as an industrial training method. Journal of Applied Psychology

Figure 14.17From R.A. Schmidt & D.E. Young (1991). Methodology for motor learning: A paradigm for kinematic feedback. Journal of Motor Behavior, 23, 13–24. Reprinted with permission of Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation. Published by Heldref Publications, 1319 18th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036–1802. Copyright 1991.

Figure 14.18From W.R. Carroll & A. Bandura (1982). The role of visual monitoring in observational learning of action patterns: Making the unobservable observable. Journal of Motor Behavior, 14, 153–167. Reprinted with permission of Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation. Published by Heldred Publications, 1319 18th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036–1802. Copyright 1982.

Figure 15.2From D. Howland & M.E. Noble (1953). The effect of physical constants of a control on tracking performance Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 353–360.

Figure 15.6From C. R. Kelley (1962). Predictor instruments look into the future. Control Engineering, 9, March, 86–90.

Figure 15.7From R.E. Eberts & W. Schneider (1985). Internalizing the system dynamics for a second-order system. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, 27(4), 371–393. Copyright 1985 by the Human Factors Society. All rights reserved.

Figure 15.8From J. L. Seminara, W. R. Gonzalez, & S.O. Parsons (1977). Human Factors Review of Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Design (EPRI Np-309). Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute, March 1977. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 15.9From D.P. Hunt (1953). The coding of aircraft controls (Report No. 53–221). Wright Air Development Center, U.S. Air Force.

Figure 15.10From J.V. Bradley (1967). Tactual coding of cylindrical knobs. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, 9(5), 483–496. Copyright 1967 by the Human Factors Society. All rights reserved.

Figure 15.12From T.G. Moore (1974). Tactile and kinaesthetic aspects of industrial push-buttons. Applied Ergonomics, 5, 66–71-38. Copyright 1974 by Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 15.13From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 15.14From J.V. Bradley (1969). Desirable dimensions for concentric controls. Reprinted from Human Factors, 11(3), 212–226. Copyright 1969 by the Human Factors Society. All rights reserved.

Figure 15.15From W. Wierwille (1984). The design and location of controls: A brief review and introduction to new problems. In H. Schmidtke (Ed.), Ergonomic Data for Equipment Design (pp. 179–194). Copyright 1984 by Plenum Press. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 15.16From D.B. Kaber, J.M. Riley, & K.-W. Tan (2002). Improved usability of aviation automation through direct manipulation and graphical user interface design. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 12, 153–178. Copyright 1981 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 15.17From Bhise, V.D. 2006. Incorporating hard disks in vehicles—Uses and challenges. SAE Technical Paper Series (2006–01-0814). Warrendale, PA: SAE International

Table 15.1From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Table 15.2From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Table 15.3Chapanis, A. & Kinkade, R.G., Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC, 1972.

Table 15.4From A. Chapanis & R.G. Kinkade (1972). Design of controls. In H.P. Van Cott & R.G. Kinkade (Eds.) Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design (pp. 465–584). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Table 15.5From T.G. Moore (1975). Industrial push-buttons. Applied Ergonomics, 6, 33–38. Copyright 1975 by Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 16.1From Ergonomic Design for People at Work (Vol. 1). Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983. Copyright 1983 by Eastman Kodak Company. Reprinted courtesy of Eastman Kodak Company.

Figure 16.4From D.B. Chaffin & G.B.J. Andersson (1991). Occupational Biomechanics (2^nd ed.). Copyright 1991 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 16.5From E.R. Tichauer (1976). Biomechanics Sustains Occupational Health and Safety, 8(2), 46–56. Reprinted from Industrial Engineering Magazine, February. Copyright 1976 by Institute of Industrial Engineers, 25 Technology Park/Atlanta, Norcross, Georgia 30092.

Figure 16.6From R.W. Schoenmarklin & W.S. Marras (1989). Effects of handle angle and work orientation on hammering: I. Wrist motion and hammering performance. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, 31(4), 397–412. Copyright 1989 by the Human Factors Society. All rights reserved.

Figure 16.7From C.D. Williams (2003). A novel redesign of food scoops in high volume food service organizations. Work: Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 20, 131–135. Copyright 2003 by IOS Press. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 16.8From Ergonomic Design for People at Work (Vol. 2). Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983. Copyright 1983 by Eastman Kodak Company. Reprinted courtesy of Eastman Kodak Company.

Figure 16.9From T.S. Clark & E.N. Corlett (2009). The Ergonomics of Workspaces and Machines: A Design Manual (2^nd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. Reproduced with permission.

Figure 16.10From Ergonomic Design for People at Work (Vol. 2). Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983. Copyright 1983 by Eastman Kodak Company. Reprinted courtesy of Eastman Kodak Company.

Figure 16.11From D.B. Chaffin & G.B.J. Andersson (1984). Occupational Biomechanics. Copyright 1984 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 16.13From E.N. Eklund 7 E.N. Corlett (1986). In E.N. Corlett, J.W. Wilson, & I. Manenica (Eds.), The Ergonomics of Working Postures (pp. 319–330). London: Taylor & Francis. Reproduced with permission.

Figure 16.14From H.P. Rührmann (1984). Basic data for the design of consoles. In H. Schmidtke (Ed.), Ergonomic Data for Equipment Design (pp. 115–144). Copyright 1984 by Plenum Publishing Corporation. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 16.15Courtesy of Mike Pomykacz, FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center.

Figure 16.16From Design of individual workplaces (1972). In H.P. Van Cott 7 R.G. Kinkade (Eds.), Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design (pp. 381–418). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Figure 16.17Adapted from C.T. Morgan et al. (Eds.) (1963). Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design. Copyright 1963 by McGraw-Hill.

Table 16.1From K.H.E. Kroemer, H.J. Kroemer, & K.E. Kroemer-Elbert (1997). Engineering Physiology, Third Edition. Copyright 1997 by Van Nostrand Reinhold. Reprinted by permission.

Table 16.2From E. Tichauer (1978). The Biomechanical Basis of Ergonomics. Copyright 1978 by John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Table 16.3From T.J. Armstrong et al. (1982). Investigation of cumulative trauma disorders in a poultry processing plant. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 42, 103–116. Reprinted by permission.

Table 16.4Cal/OSHA Consultation Service and NIOSH, Easy Ergonomics: A Guide to Selecting Non-Powered Hand Tools, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. (2004–164), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 2004.

Table 16.5From E.N. Corlett (2005). The evaluation of industrial seating. In J.R. Wilson & E.N. Corlett (Eds.), Evaluation of Human Work, Third Edition, pp. 729–742. Reprinted by permission of CRC Press.

Figure B16.1From http://differentialdiagnosisoftos.weebly.com/carpal-tunnel-syndrome.html.

Figure B16.2

Figure 17.1From W.H. Cushman & B. Christ (1987). Illumination. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of Human Factors (pp. 670–695). Copyright 1987 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 17.2From W.H. Cushman & B. Christ (1987). Illumination. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of Human Factors (pp. 670–695). Copyright 1987 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 17.3From P.R. Boyce (2014). Human Factors in Lighting, Third Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 17.4Reprinted with permission from S.W. Smith & M.S. Rea (1978). Proofreading under different levels of illumination. Journal of Illuminating Engineering Society, 8, 47–52.

Figure 17.5From W.H. Cushman & B. Christ (1987). Illumination. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of Human Factors (pp. 670–695). Copyright 1987 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 17.6Provided by Casella USA, Amherst, NH.

Figure 17.8From L.L. Beranek (1989). Balanced noise-criterion (NCB) curves. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 86, 650–664. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 17.9From J.D. Miller (1974). Effects of noise on people. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56, 729–764.

Figure 17.10From W. Taylor et al. (1965). Study of noise and hearing in jute weaving. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 38, 113–120. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 17.11From Ergonomic Design for People at Work (Vol. 1). Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983. Copyright 1983 by Eastman Kodak Company. Reprinted courtesy of Eastman Kodak Company.

Figure 17.13From M.-Y. Park & J.G. Casali (1991). A controlled investigation of in-field attenuation performance of selected insert, earmuff, and canal cap hearing protectors. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, 33(6), 693–714. Copyright 1991 by the Human Factors Society, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 17.14Extracts of ISO 5349:1986 are reproduced with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Copies of the complete standard may be obtained from ISO, C.P. 56, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland or, in the U.S., from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

Figure 17.15From Ergonomic Design for People at Work (Vol. 1). Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983. Copyright 1983 by Eastman Kodak Company. Reprinted courtesy of Eastman Kodak Company.

Figure 17.16From G.R.J. Hockey (1986). Changes in operational efficiency as a function of environmental stress, fatigue, and circadian rhythms. In K.R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J.P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. Volume II: Cognitive Processes and Performance (pp. 44-1–44-49). Copyright 1986 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 17B.1 From A.J. Louviere & J.T. Jackson (1982). Man-machine design for space flight. In T.S. Cheston & D.L. Winter (Eds.), Human Factors of Outer Space Production, Westview Press.

Table 17.1Reprinted from J.E. Flynn (1977). A study of subjective responses to low energy and nonuniform lighting systems. Lighting Design and Application, 7(2), 6–15. Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Table 17.2From L.L. Beranek, W. Blazier, & J.J. Figwer (1971). Preferred noise criterion (PNC) curves and their application to rooms. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 50, 1223–1228. Reprinted by permission.

Table 17.3From K.R. Boff & J.E. Lincoln (Eds.) (1988). Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AAMRL.

Figure 18.1Reprinted by permission from L.N. Jewell & M. Siegall (1990). Contemporary Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Second edition. West Publisher.

Figure 18.2From G.R.J. Hockey (1986). Changes in operational efficiency as a function of environmental stress, fatigue, and circadian rhythms. In K.R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J.P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. Volume II: Cognitive Processes and Performance (pp. 44-1–44-49). Copyright 1986 Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 18.3From R.C. Browne (1949). The day and night performance of teleprinter switchboard operators. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 23, 121–126.

Figure 18.4From S. F. Folkard, Diurnal variation, In G.R.J. Hockey (Ed.). Stress and Fatigue in Human Performance (pp. 245–272). Copyright 1983 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 18.7From R.G. Gifford (2014). Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practice, Third Edition. Colville, WA: Optimal Books.

Figure 18.8From R.L. Propst (1966). The action office. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, 8(4), 299–306. Copyright 1966 by the Human Factors Society. All rights reserved.

Figure 18.9From Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s “Bullpen” office in City Hall, New York City (2013).

Figure 18.10From M.J. Brookes & A. Kaplan (1972). The office environment: Space planning and affective behavior. Reprinted with permission from Human Factors, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 373–391, 1972. Copyright 1962 by the Human Factors Society. All rights reserved.

Figure 18.11From C.D. Dumesnil (1987). Office case study: Social behavior in relation to the design of the environment. Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 4, 7–13. Copyright Locke Science Publishing Company.

Figure 18.12Reprinted by permission from L.N. Jewell & M. Siegall (1990). Contemporary Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Second edition. West Publisher.

Figure 18.13Reprinted by permission from L.N. Jewell & M. Siegall (1990). Contemporary Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Second edition. West Publisher.

Table 18.1Reprinted by permission from L.N. Jewell & M. Siegall (1990). Contemporary Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Second edition. West Publisher.

Table 18.2From E.J. McCormick, P.R. Jeanneret, & R.C. Mecham (1972). A study of job characteristics and job dimensions as based on the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ). Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 347–368.

Table 18.3Excerpted from W.O. Galitz (1984). Humanizing Office Automation: The Impact of Ergonomics on Productivity. Copyright 1984 by the QED Publishing Group. Reprinted with permission.

Table 19.1Based on D. Meister (1989). Conceptual Aspects of Human Factors. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London.

Table 19.2From S. K. Card, P. P. Moran, & A. P. Newell, The model human processor. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Perception and Human Performance (pp. 45–1 –45–35). Copyright © 1986 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Adapted with permission.

Table 19.3From B. E. John & A. Newell (1990). Toward an engineering model of stimulus-response compatibility. In R. W. Proctor & T. G. Reeve (Eds.), Stimulus-Response Compatibility: An Integrated Perspective. Copyright © 1990 by Elsevier Science Publishers, BV. Reprinted by permission.

Figure 19.1From M. E. J. van Uden & H. J. T. Rensink (2006). An up-front engineering “level of protection” through human factor design. In W. Karwowski (Ed.), International handbook of ergonomics and human factors (2^nd ed., Vol. 2: pp. 2455–2465). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Figure 19.3From S. Baron, D. S. Kruser, & B. M. Huey (Eds.) (1990). Quantitative Modeling of Human Performance in Complex, Dynamic Systems, National Academy Press.

Figure 19.4From R. Harris, R., H. P. Iavecchia, & A. O. Dick (1989). The human operator simulator (HOS-IV). In G. R. McMillan, D. Beevis, E. Salas, M. H. Strub, R. Sutton, & L. Van Breda (Eds.), Applications of human performance models to system design (pp. 275–280). Copyright © 1989 by Plenum Press. Reprinted by permission.

Chapter 8 Suggestions

Figure 8.14A head-up display.

Figure 8.15A helmet-mounted display (HMD). If BAE systems has this photo without the shopped glow over the eyepiece that would be great.

Figure 15–17“Soft” button interface of a digital synthesizer.

Chapter 18Suggestion

Figure 18.9Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s “Bullpen” office in City Hall, New York City (2013)