Contents

 

INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD EDITION

 

TELEVISION TODAY

The scale of operations

Live or taped

TELEVISION PRODUCTION

Opportunities and limitations

Style

THE PRODUCTION TEAM

THE DIRECTOR’S ROLE

The director’s task

The director’s approach

TV CAMERA UNITS

Single camera units

Multi-camera units

A STUDIO TOUR

Studio features

TV cameras

Support areas

PRODUCTION CONTROL

Typical features

Control room layout

THE TV/VIDEO CAMERA

The camera head

Main features

The zoom lens system

Types of viewfinder

CAMERA CONTROLS

Camera adjustments

Camera movements

CAMERA FACILITIES

The camera lens

The viewfinder

Indicators

Audio

SUPPORTING THE CAMERA

Hand-held cameras

The pan head/panning head

The tripod

The pedestal

Crane arms

WHAT ARE ‘LENS ANGLES’?

Zoom ratio

Image size

Lens angle and perspective

WIDE-ANGLE LENS

Advantages

Disadvantages

NARROW-ANGLE LENS

Advantages

Disadvantages

Camera handling

Depth of field

USING THE ZOOM LENS

Zoom lens controls

Take care!

WHY ZOOM?

The effect of zooming

How the zoom lens can help

Dramatic zooms

DEFINING THE SHOT

Getting the shot

Changing the shot size

Terms

Camera height

CHOOSING THE SHOT

Why change the shot?

Viewing conditions

The picture’s purpose

Pictorial variations

CLOSE SHOTS

Cameraman’s problems

Production problems

LONG SHOTS

Using long shots

Operational problems in continuous production

Cameras in shot

MOVING THE CAMERA

Camera moves

Focusing

MOTIVATED CAMERA MOVEMENT

Motivation

Panning

Changing the viewpoint

COMPOSING THE PICTURE

General approaches

Arranging people

Framing

Camera height

CLARIFYING THE SHOT

Improving clarity

Clarify detail

THE PRODUCTION SWITCHER – VISION MIXER

Switcher operation

Additional features

CHOOSING PICTURE TRANSITIONS

Selecting the right transition

The cut

The fade

The mix (dissolve)

Wipes

INTERCUT SHOTS

Guiding the audience

Typical treatment

Shooting people

CHOOSING MICROPHONES

Microphone design

Positioning the microphone

AUDIO CONTROL

The purpose of audio control

Audio control techniques

METHODS OF SOUND PICKUP

Local sound

Following action

PRACTICAL SOUND PICKUP

Local sound pickup

Using the sound boom

PRACTICAL SOUND PROBLEMS

Ideal sound

Relative volumes

Distracting sound

Sound and the picture

SCENERY

The function of scenery

Devising scenic treatment

Typical design considerations

THE AIMS OF LIGHTING

Technically speaking

Artistically speaking

Basic lighting approaches

LIGHTING PROBLEMS

Lighting and sound

Shadows

Subject position

Overbright surfaces

Precision lighting

THE AIMS OF MAKEUP

The value of makeup

The magic of makeup

General practice

CLOTHES ON TV

Problem clothing

THE NEED FOR PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES

Why have techniques?

PRODUCTION TREATMENT

Back to basics

Formality and informality

The right approach

STYLES AND FORMATS

Presentational emphasis

BASIC PRODUCTIONAL METHODS

‘Live’ production

‘Live on tape’

Basic retakes

Discontinuous recording

Isolated (ISO) camera

Dedicated VTRs

Single camera recording

SINGLE-CAMERA PRODUCTION

Intermittent shooting

Continuous shooting

Shooting static subjects

MULTI-CAMERA PRODUCTION

Why have a second camera?

Are there disadvantages?

CHANGING SHOT – MOVING PERFORMER

Performer movement

Group shots

CHANGING SHOT – CAMERA AND SWITCHING

Changes by camerawork

Changes by switching

Visual changes

SHOOTING THE MOVING SUBJECT

Framing restrictions

Camera movements

Viewpoint changes

PRODUCTION FORMATS

Regular formats

The different approach

BASIC PRODUCTION STYLES

The ‘stylized routine’ approach

The ‘exploratory’ approach

The ‘pizazz’ approach

DEVELOPING A TV PRODUCTION

PLANNING VISUAL TREATMENT

Planned viewpoints

Storyboard approach

SHOT DEVELOPMENT

Setting up the shot

Changing the viewpoint

Developing shots

PICTORIAL VARIETY

Introducing variety

WHAT FACILITIES ARE NEEDED?

A matter of degree

Alternative methods

Tempting facilities

What does the viewer see?

Coping without facilities

IS PLANNING REALLY NECESSARY?

Unplanned production

No need to plan

Plan to make it happen

Planning principles

PRODUCTION APPROACHES

Unplanned production

Outline planning

Working to a script

ORGANIZING PRODUCTION MECHANICS

Production resources

Will it work?

Typical considerations in technical planning

PLANS AND ELEVATIONS

The studio plan

How the studio plan is used

Elevations

DEVELOPING THE STAGING PLAN

Organizing the studio layout

Will it work?

PLANNING SHOTS

Working it out

Shot proportions

SCRIPTING FOR TELEVISION

Script formats

When is it written?

Script style

Getting the ideas across

Script mechanics

PRODUCTION PAPERWORK

Scripts

Running order/show format

Camera cards/shot sheets/crib cards/shot list

PRE-STUDIO REHEARSAL

Preliminaries

Pre-rehearsal/outside rehearsal

Pre-studio rehearsal hints – initial blocking

STUDIO REHEARSALS

Rehearsal begins – blocking

Final stages

Effective studio rehearsal

Rehearse/record

THE FLOOR MANAGER

Rehearsal preparations

Rehearsals begin

Videotaping

GUIDING THE CREW

Attitude to the crew

General points

Typical shot calls by the director’s assistant

PRODUCTION TIMING

Live productions

Hints on timing

Methods of timing

VISUAL PADDING

The problem

Solutions

HOW TO DIRECT AUDIENCE ATTENTION

Methods of directing

Attention

Look out for distractions

Varying concentration

CREATING AND CONTROLLING INTEREST

Interesting pictures

Progressive build-up

Elaborate presentation

INFLUENCING AUDIENCE ATTITUDE

Program openings

Staging complexity

Background associations

Prevailing key

Subject importance

Further factors

CONFUSING OR FRUSTRATING TECHNIQUES

The frustrated audience

Promises, promises!

Annoying attitudes

Unseen happenings

Wrong camera

Puzzling shots

STRETCHING THE FACILITIES

Useful devices

ECONOMY THINKING

Economical staging

Economy through camera treatment

Graphics and titling

SOUND IDEAS

The roles of sound

Interrelating picture and sound

Using audio recordings

UNORTHODOX TREATMENT

Camera treatment

Switcher treatment

Electronic treatment

Sound treatment

Lighting treatment

CONTINUITY

Regular continuity problems

Deliberate discontinuity

USING TITLING

Titling methods

Titling design and presentation

Electronic enhancement

USING GRAPHICS

Forms of graphics

Simple graphics

Care with camera graphics

Computer graphics

USING FILM

Directing techniques

Televising film

Library shots

The basics of film making

USING VIDEOTAPE

Principles

Editing the videotape

The editing process

ELECTRONIC INSERTION

Keyed insertion

Chromakey (CSO)

Take care

Typical applications

GUIDING THE TALENT

Inexperienced talent

Experienced talent

General points

CUING

Forms of cuing

Film cuing

PROMPTING

Approaches to presentation

Forms of prompting

THE COMMENTARY

The commentator’s role

Scripted commentary

Unscripted commentary

Cuing

THE SINGLE PERFORMER

Relationship with the audience

Action

Shots

INTERVIEWS

In the studio

Location interviews

TALK SHOWS

Controlling the program

Layout

Typical shots

NEWSCASTS

General setup

Basic organization

THE ILLUSTRATED TALK

Gathering material

Typical staging formats

Presentation hints

DEMONSTRATIONS

Organizing demonstrations

Demonstrations in closeup

MUSIC AND DANCE

Approaches

The soloist

Pop music

QUIZ AND GAME SHOWS

Game shows

Quiz shows

Organization

TV DRAMA

Film and TV drama.

TV drama techniques

THE STUDIO AUDIENCE

Controlling the audience

Effect on performers

Accommodating the audience

REMINDERS ON EFFECTIVE DIRECTING

Rehearse/record

A CHECK LIST OF COMMON ERRORS

SHOOTING ON LOCATION

Types of location unit

Preparations

Organization

COLOR

Color is subjective

Color is different on the screen

Comments on color

 

APPENDIX–CALCULATING SHOTS

FURTHER READING

GLOSSARY

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