Contents

images About the Authors

images About the Technical Reviewer

images Acknowledgments

images Introduction

images Chapter 1: What Is Exadata?

An Overview of Exadata

History of Exadata

Alternative Views of What Exadata Is

Data Warehouse Appliance

OLTP Machine

Consolidation Platform

Configuration Options

Exadata Database Machine X2-2

Exadata Database Machine X2-8

Hardware Components

Operating Systems

Database Servers

Storage Servers

InfiniBand

Flash Cache

Disks

Bits and Pieces

Software Components

Database Server Software

Storage Server Software

Software Architecture

Summary

images Chapter 2: Offloading / Smart Scan

Why Offloading Is Important

What Offloading Includes

Column Projection

Predicate Filtering

Storage Indexes

Simple Joins (Bloom Filters)

Function Offloading

Compression/Decompression

Encryption/Decryption

Virtual Columns

Data Mining Model Scoring

Non-Smart Scan Offloading

Smart Scan Prerequisites

Full Scans

Direct Path Reads

Exadata Storage

Smart Scan Disablers

Simply Unavailable

Reverting to Block Shipping

Skipping Some Offloading

How to Verify That Smart Scan is Happening

10046 Trace

Performance Statistics (v$sessstat)

Offload Eligible Bytes

SQL Monitoring

Parameters

Summary

images Chapter 3: Hybrid Columnar Compression

Oracle Storage Review

Oracle Compression Mechanisms

BASIC

OLTP

HCC

HCC Mechanics

HCC Performance

Load Performance

Query Performance

DML Performance

Expected Compression Ratios

Compression Advisor

Real World Examples

Restrictions/Challenges

Moving Data to a non-Exadata Platform

Disabling Serial Direct Path Reads

Locking Issues

Single Row Access

Common Usage Scenarios

Summary

images Chapter 4: Storage Indexes

Structure

Monitoring Storage Indexes

Database Statistics

Tracing

Monitoring Wrap Up

Controlling Storage Indexes

_kcfis_storageidx_disabled

_kcfis_storageidx_diag_mode

_cell_storidx_mode

Storage Software Parameters

Behavior

Performance

Special Optimization for Nulls

Physical Distribution of Values

Potential Issues

Incorrect Results

Moving Target

Partition Size

Incompatible Coding Techniques

Summary

images Chapter 5: Exadata Smart Flash Cache

Hardware

Cache vs. Flash Disk

Using Flash Memory as Cache

How ESFC is Created

Controlling ESFC Usage

Monitoring

At the Storage Layer

At the Database Layer

Performance

Summary

images Chapter 6: Exadata Parallel Operations

Parameters

Parallelization at the Storage Tier

Auto DOP

Operation and Configuration

I/O Calibration

Auto DOP Wrap Up

Parallel Statement Queuing

The Old Way

The New Way

Controlling Parallel Queuing

Parallel Statement Queuing Wrap Up

In-Memory Parallel Execution

Summary

images Chapter 7: Resource Management

Database Resource Manager

Consumer Groups

Plan Directives

Resource Plan

Resource Manager Views

The Wait Event: resmgr: cpu quantum

DBRM Example

Testing a Resource Plan

Instance Caging

Configuring and Testing Instance Caging

Over-Provisioning

I/O Resource Manager

How IORM Works

Methods for Managing I/O on Exadata

Bringing It All Together

IORM Monitoring and Metrics

Summary

images Chapter 8: Configuring Exadata

Exadata Network Components

The Management Network

The Client Access Network

The Private Network

About the Configuration Process

Configuring Exadata

Step 1: The Configuration Worksheet

Step 2: The DBM Configurator

Step 3: Upload Parameter and Deployment Files

Step 4: CheckIP (checkip.sh)

Step 5: Firstboot

Step 6: Staging the Installation Media

Step 7: Running OneCommand

Upgrading Exadata

Creating a New RAC Cluster

Upgrading the Existing Cluster

Summary

images Chapter 9: Recovering Exadata

Exadata Diagnostic Tools

Sun Diagnostics: sundiag.sh

HealthCheck

CellCLI

Backing Up Exadata

Backing Up the Database Servers

Backing Up the Storage Cell

Backing Up the Database

Disk-Based Backups

Tape-Based Backups

Backup from Standby Database

Exadata Optimizations for RMAN

Recovering Exadata

Restoring the Database Server

Recovering the Storage Cell

Summary

images Chapter 10: Exadata Wait Events

Events Specific to Exadata

The “cell” Events

Plan Steps That Trigger Events

Exadata Wait Events in the User I/O Class

cell smart table scan

cell smart index scan

cell single block physical read

cell multiblock physical read

cell list of blocks physical read

cell smart file creation

cell statistics gather

Exadata Wait Events in the System I/O Class

cell smart incremental backup

cell smart restore from backup

Exadata Wait Events in the Other and Idle Classes

cell smart flash unkeep

Old Events

direct path read

enq: KO—fast object checkpoint

reliable message

Resource Manager Events

resmgr:cpu quantum

resmgr:pq queued

Summary

images Chapter 11: Understanding Exadata Performance Metrics

Measuring Exadata's Performance Metrics

Revisiting the Prerequisites for Exadata Smart Scans

Exadata Smart Scan Performance

Understanding Exadata Smart Scan Metrics and Performance Counters

Exadata Dynamic Performance Counters

When and How to Use Performance Counters

The Meaning and Explanation of Exadata Performance Counters

Exadata Performance Counter Reference

Understanding SQL Statement Performance

Summary

images Chapter 12: Monitoring Exadata Performance

A Systematic Approach

Monitoring SQL Statement Response Time

Monitoring SQL Statements with Real-Time SQL Monitoring Reports

Monitoring SQL Statements using V$SQL and V$SQLSTATS

Monitoring the Storage Cell Layer

Accessing Cell Metrics in the Cell Layer Using CellCLI

Accessing Cell Metrics Using the Grid Control Exadata Storage Server Plug-In

Which Cell Metrics to Use?

Monitoring Exadata Storage Cell OS-level Metrics

Summary

images Chapter 13: Migrating to Exadata

Migration Strategies

Logical Migration

Extract and Load

Copying Data over a Database Link

Replication-Based Migration

Logical Migration Wrap Up

Physical Migration

Backup and Restore

Full Backup and Restore

Incremental Backup

Transportable Tablespaces (and XTTS)

Physical Standby

ASM Rebalance

Post-Migration Tasks

Wrap Up Physical Migration Section

Summary

images Chapter 14: Storage Layout

Exadata Disk Architecture

Failure Groups

Grid Disks

Storage Allocation

Creating Grid Disks

Creating Grid Disks

Grid Disk Sizing

Creating FlashDisk-Based Grid Disks

Storage Strategies

Configuration Options

Isolating Storage Cell Access

Cell Security

Cell Security Terminology

Cell Security Best Practices

Configuring ASM-Scoped Security

Configuring Database-Scoped Security

Removing Cell Security

Summary

images Chapter 15: Compute Node Layout

Provisioning Considerations

Non-RAC Configuration

RAC Clusters

Typical Exadata Configuration

Exadata Clusters

Summary

images Chapter 16: Unlearning Some Things We Thought We Knew

A Tale of Two Systems

OLTP-Oriented Workloads

Exadata Smart Flash Cache (ESFC)

Scalability

Write-Intensive OLTP Workloads

DW-Oriented Workloads

Enabling Smart Scans

Things that Can Cripple Smart Scans

Other Things to Keep in Mind

Mixed Workloads

To Index or Not to Index?

The Optimizer Doesn't Know

Using Resource Manager

Summary

images Appendix A: CellCLI and dcli

CellCLI Command Syntax

Getting Familiar with CellCLI

Sending Commands from the Operating System

Configuring and Managing the Storage Cell

dcli Command Syntax

Summary

images Appendix B: Online Exadata Resources

Exadata MOS Support Notes

Helpful Exadata MOS Support Notes

Exadata Bulletins and Blogs

images Appendix C: Diagnostic Scripts

images Index

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