Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” refer to figures.

A

Abusive relationships, and suicide, 56, 57–62, 127–129
interpersonal violence, 127
male suicide victims, 126
Acetaminophen, 211
Advice, expressed in the notes, 44
African Americans, 2–3, 6–7, 8, 13, 23, 58, 131–132, 132–133, 133, 196, 197
attitudes toward death, 132–133
distrust of the medical community, 133
levels of hope, 196
mortality from suicide, 13
religiosity among, 131–132, 197
suicide rate, 13, 13–14
black soldiers, 8
Afterlife and morality of suicide, expressed in notes, 43–44, 78, 78
Alienation, as motivation for suicide, 117–118
Altruistic suicide, 7–8, 67, 118–119
Amantacha (Louys de Saincte Foy), 3
American Dream, 2–3
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP), 187
Anomic suicide, 15
Apology, expressed in notes, 37–40
Asphyxia/asphyxiation, 78, 123, 135–136, 136, 138, 142, 152, 187
Assisted suicide, 21, 133, 133, 191, 191–192, 192–193
Attitudes toward death, 132–138

B

The Bean Trees (Barbara Kingsolver), 154
Bereaved caregivers, 101
Bereavement, 49–50, 97, 97–100
Black Robes, 3
Blame, 18, 54, 54–55, 61, 62, 77, 82, 85, 89, 99, 107
expressed in notes, 16–17, 37–40
Blue zones, 185–186, 186, 187, 188, 189

C

Capacity to commit suicide, 18–19
Cases of suicide, 25–30
abusive relationships, 53–54, 57, 58–59, 63, 127
alienation, 117
altruistic suicide, 118
among Air Force personnel and their families, 61
average age of victims, 27
bereavement, 97
bullying, 109, 109–110, 111, 111–112
categories that received no support or weak support, 114–119
child support, 176
civil issues, 179–180
DUI citation, 170–171, 171, 172
escape from issues, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84–85, 85
from physical pain, 86
failure of life, 102, 104, 104, 105, 106
financial crises, 91
in front of someone else, 30, 58, 58, 60–61
gender differences, 27–28
grief, 95, 99, 100–101, 101
guilt, 115
legal crises, 90
location, 28
mental illness, 155
anxiety disorders, 164
Asperger’s syndrome, 165
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 165
bipolar disorder (BD), 156, 156
dementia and anxiety, 163
depression, 148, 149–151, 152–153
multiple diagnoses, 160–161, 161, 161–162, 162
schizophrenia, 157–158, 159
severe persistent mental illness (SPMI), 147–148, 148
most common methods, 28
hanging, 28, 58, 59–60, 78, 135–136
using firearms, 28
most common motivation for, 29, 29–30
murder-suicide, 64–65
ratio of note writers to non-note writers, 26, 26–27, 27, 27, 28, 28–29, 29, 29
seasonality (month chosen), 28
2015 study, 25–26
substance abuse, as risk factor, 29
veteran victims, 28
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 10–11, 13
Clues to Suicide, 14
Cognitive theories of suicide, 20–21
Contagion, 216–217
Cyberbullying, 111, 111–112, 112

D

Death, 207, 207
attitudes toward, 132–138
with dignity, 191–193
living with thoughts of, 193–196
Death preparation, 185–186, 186
De Charlevoix, Pierre, 4
Dichotomous thinking, 33–34, 77
Dietary habits and suicide risk, 186–187
“Driver’s ed” course, 217–218
Driving under the influence, as risk factor for suicide, 170–174

E

Edwards, Jonathan, 5, 6
Emotions expressed in the notes, 45–48
Equation for suicide scenario, 185–186
Escape, as a motivation for suicide
from adverse life circumstances, 55, 56
due to lost romantic relationships, 76
expressed in notes, 40–41
financial crises, 76–77, 91–93, 143, 143f
legal crises, 76–77, 90–91, 141–142, 141f, 142
from multiple issues, 73–80
by people experiencing depression, 153
from physical pain, 40, 49–50, 54–55, 86–89, 134, 134–135, 134–138, 135f
from psychological pain, 40–41, 49–50, 54–55, 80–86, 137f, 138–144
use of guns, 78, 83
victims with mental illness, 82
Ethnic diversity in suicide, 58, 138
African Americans, See African Americans
escaping psychological pain, 136
rates for white men, 2, 8, 10, 14–15, 23, 27–28, 52, 53, 62–63, 66, 86, 132–133, 133, 141–142, 206, 220–221
religious beliefs and religiosity between blacks and whites, 133, 133–134
Exploiter guilt, 62
Extrafamilial murder-suicide, 65–66

F

Failure in life, as motivation for suicide, 102–109, 138, 138, 138–139, 139f
workplace bullying, 109–112
Familial suicide, 16
Familicide, 65–66
Family Intervention for Suicide Prevention (FISP) program, 219–220
Fatalistic suicide, 6
Filicide, 65–66
Financial crises and suicide risk, 76–77, 91–93, 143, 143f, 180–181
Firearms, suicide using, 28, 58, 58, 60–61, 67, 78, 83, 126, 134–135, 209–210
Forgiveness, expressed in notes, 37–40
Frequently occurting content, 42–45

G

Gender dynamics, of suicide victims, 124–132, 138
depression, 152
in intimate partner homicides, 127–129
legal problems, 131
Ghost, 128–129
God and religion, expressed in notes, 42–43
Gogh, Vincent Van, 55
Good Men Project, 132
Grief issues, as motivation for suicide, 95, 124, 138, 138–139
bereaved caregivers, 101
bereavement, 97–100
distinguishing uncomplicated and complicated grief, 96–101
prevention and intervention, 100–101
Guilt, as motivation for suicide, 115–116
among veterans, 116
“ideators” and “nonideators,” 116
Gun Shop Project, 210, 210

H

Hawley, Joseph, 5
Hegemonic masculinity, 124–125
Help-negation, 140–141
Hereditary and biological theories of suicide, 22–23
Hypermasculine, 126–127

I

Instructions, expressed in notes, 41–42
Intent to die, 122–124
See also Motivations for suicide
Interpersonal issues, as motivation for suicide, 4–5, 51–52, 121, 124–132
among Air Force personnel and their families, 61
comparison, 130–132
conflict, 52
involving children or multiple family members, 63–64
reciprocity-imbalance, 61, 61
related to exploiter guilt, 62
related to intimate partners, 52–70
abusive relationships, 57–62, 127–129
ethnic diversity, 56, 58, 59–60
frequencies and rates of nonfatal self-harm, 60
murder-suicide, 64–70
stressful life events (SLEs), 64
unknown cause, 62–63
unrequited or lost love, 52–56
use of guns, 58, 58, 60–61
victim’s ages in the abusive group, 58
Interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior, 18–19
Inventory of Complicated Grief, 101

J

Jail environment and suicide risk, 176–178, 179
Jesuit missionaries, 3, 4
Jury duty, 183–184

L

Le Clerq, 4
Legal crises and suicide risk, 76–77, 90–91, 141–142, 141f, 142
child support, 176
civil issues, 179–180
crimes
driving under the influence, 170–174
felonious assault, 175
substance/addiction related crimes, 174–176
criminal/legal involvement, 170
following incarceration, 176–178, 179
Le Jeune, Father, 3, 4
Less frequently occuring content, 45–48
Lethality, 136, 136, 136–138
Life expectancy, 189, 189
Location for suicide, 28
home, 52
Longevity, 189
factors leading to, 185–189
Love and relationships, expressed in the notes, 34–37

M

Male suicide victims, 124–132
See also Gender dynamics, of suicide victims
African-American men, 13–14, 90, 131–132
hegemonic masculinity and hypermasculinity issues and, 132
Manliness, 125, 125–126
Master-slave relationship, 6–7
“Means Matter” project, 209–210, 210
Media reporting of suicides, 212
Mental illness and suicide, 178, 179, 207–208
anxiety disorders, 164–165
Asperger’s syndrome, 165, 166
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 165, 165, 166
bipolar disorder, 154–157
borderline personality disorder (BPD), 197
clinical depression, 151
common suicide risk factors, 148
dementia, 163
depression, 149–154, 180, 182, 182
multiple diagnoses, 160–162
schizophrenia, 157–160
severe persistent mental illness (SPMI), 147–166
Micmac suicides, 4
Military personnel/soldier victims, 2, 7–8, 8, 61, 70, 118, 118, 197–198
suicidal ideation in, 116
Motivations for suicide, 4, 49–50, 121
bereavement, 49–50
chaos in life and intent to die, 122–124, 123f
escape, 49–50
failure/inadequacy, 49–50
relationship between risk factors, 205–206
Murder-suicide, 58, 64–70, 131
altruistic reasons, 67
asphyxia, 78
attitude of perpetrators of, 69
defined, 65
incidence rate, 65
mental and physical health issues, 67, 67–68
typology of, 65–66
use of firearms, 67

N

National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention, 204, 204–205
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 212
Native suicide rate, 12
Negative life events (NLEs), 182
NH Firearm Safety Coalition, 209–210

P

Partners-in-health approach to suicide prevention, 220–222
Partners in Health (PIH), 221, 221–222, 222
Peanuts, 185
Perceived burdensomeness, 18
Physical pain, escape from, See Escape, as a motivation for suicide
Physician-assisted suicide, 21
Poverty, 189
Precipitating events, expressed in the notes, 44–45
Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative, 188–189
Prevention and intervention against suicide, 100–101, 112–114
community resilience, 190–191
emergency room procedures, 213
future time perspective (FTP), 187–188
in gay men diagnosed with HIV, 196–197
“Getting-the-word-out” efforts, 223
gun dealer awareness, increasing, 210
health literacy policies, 190
helping an individual find purpose in life, 188
national agenda or an action plan for, 204–205, 215–217
California Strategic Plan on Suicide Prevention, 215, 215–216
disparity between the California and Ohio programs, 217
Minnesota’s plan, 216–217
Ohio’s plan, 216
patient-centered medical home approach, 214, 214
positive coping strategies, 188–189
positive effects of exercise, 188
protective factors for mental illness and suicidal ideation, 196–198
recommendations, 222–224
resources, 202–204
restrictions on access to guns, 209–212
restrictions on over-the-counter medication, 211
training for health-care providers, 213
universal screening for suicide risk, 213–214, 214
warning label on guns, 211
working at the local level, 217–222
caregivers, role of, 218–219
“driver’s ed” course, 217–218
Family Intervention for Suicide Prevention (FISP) program, 219–220
partners-in-health approach, 220–222
Protestant Reformation, 1
Psychache theory, 17–18, 136, 137f
Psychological pain, escape from, See Escape, as a motivation for suicide

R

Reciprocal abandonment, 61
Reciprocity, 4–5
imbalance, 55
Red zones, 189
Relationship-related suicides, 4–5
Religious affiliation and devotional practice (piety), impact of, 134
Resiliency, 198
community resilience, 190–191
societal, 206–209
Ruffin, Edmund, 8
Rumor Has It, 128–129

S

Seasonal affliction, 28, 79
The Shawshank Redemption, 102–103
Shockaholic, 112–113
The Simpson’s, 102–103
SKA2 gene, 22
Social learning theory, 21
Social support, as intervention to prevent suicide, 100, 100, 100–101, 101, 105, 138, 176–177, 177, 179, 186, 186–187, 223
categories that received no support or weak support, study of, 114–119
Societal risk factors for suicide, 206–209
Soldiers, suicide rate among, 7–8, 8, 61
Soranhes, 3
The Sorrows of Young Werther (Goethe), 1
Stages of suicide, 193–196
acceptance, 194, 195
anger, 194, 195
bargaining before death, 194
denial and isolation, 194
grief, 195
Star Wars series, 112–113
Stressful life events (SLEs), 64
Substance abuse, as risk factor for suicide, 12, 29, 48, 62–63, 63–64, 66, 69–70, 75, 77, 82, 86, 90, 106, 140–141, 142, 151–152, 174–176, 180–181, 206, 219, 221
Suicidal ideation, 22, 52–53, 60, 62–63, 75, 128, 180–181, 195–196, 213
among enslaved people, 6, 6–7, 7, 131–132
among Micmac, 4
Catholic Church stance on, 3
curious facts about, 8
history of, 1–3
America’s history, 2
in colonial British North America, 5
from early modern period to the post–civil war era, 3–8
from post-civil war to present times, 9–15
records of, 4
in law and medicine
between 1492 and 1877, 2, 2
modernized, 3
as the product of mental illness, 3
in modern world, 1–2
motivation for, See Motivations for suicide
profile for particular communities, 23
as a result of religious despair, 5
seasonal cycles of, 1–2
stages of, 193–196
Suicide hotline, 56
Suicide methods, 28
asphyxia/asphyxiation, 78, 123, 135–136, 136, 138, 142
hanging, 28, 58, 59–60, 78, 135–136
using firearms, 28, 58, 58, 60–61, 67, 78, 83, 126
Suicide notes, 30–32, 81, 82, 83, 89, 142
content, 30–31, 34
accused of a crime or wrongdoing, 45–46
advice, 44
afterlife and morality of suicide, 43–44
apologizing, 82
apology, blame, and forgiveness, 37–40
emotions, 45–48
escape, 40–41
feelings, 78
frequently occuring, 42–45
glimpses of personality or talents, 31–32
God and religion, 42–43
instructions, 41–42
less frequently occuring, 45–48
love and relationships, 34–37
organized thoughts, 32–33
phrase “Whack bang,” 30–31
precipitating events, 44–45
“to do” lists of steps, 30–31
very frequently occuring, 34–42
work- or school-related problems, 46
crimes and substance/addiction related crimes, 174–175, 175
difficulty in deciphering, 31
future studies, 48–49
medium of, 31
overall structure of, 32–34
from people experiencing depression, 152, 153
purpose, 30
in relationship issues, 53, 53, 53–54, 55
content, 55
via modern media, 31
Suicide Prevention Resource Center (SPRC), 210
Suicide Resilience Inventory–25 (SRI-25), 198
Suicidologists, 4–5
Suicidology, 14

T

Terminally ill patient and suicidal risk, 194
Theories of suicide, 15–17
Bandura’s social learning theory, 21
Baumeister’s theory, 20–21
cognitive, 20–21
de Catanzaro’s theory, 22–23, 23
Durkheim’s theory, 15, 16, 118, 118
hereditary and biological, 22–23
interpersonal theory, 18–19, 177
Naroll’s theory, 19
Shneidman’s theory, 17–18
in thwarting disorientation contexts, 19–20
10 Things I Hate About You, 128–129
Thwarted belongingness, 18, 18, 18–19
Thwarting disorientation contexts and suicide, 19–20
Tunnel vision, 33–34, 55–56, 77, 139

V

Veteran victims, 28, 116
Violent suicides, 79

W

Warning signs, 185–186, 186
White southerners’ suicide rate, 10–11
Willful suicide, 3
Witnesses of suicides, 30, 58, 58, 60–61, 61, 64
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 7
Wuthering Heights, 128–129

Z

Zero Suicide approach, 204–205
Zero Suicides, 214, 214–215
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