Chapter 19
1. The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and, more recently, the East Asia Summit (EAS) are Japanese proposals.
2. For a brief review, see Amitav Acharya, ‘Realism, Institutionalism and the Asian Economic Crisis’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 21, No. 1, April 1999, pp. 1–29; Thomas Berger, ‘Set for Stability? Prospects for Conflict and Cooperation in East Asia’, Review of lnternational Studies, Vol. 26, No.3, July 2000, pp. 411–526.
3. John J. Mearsheimer, ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, International, Security, Vol. 19, No.3, Winter 1994–95, p. 7.
4. Ibid.
5. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1939), quoted in Rajesh Rajagopalan, ‘Why the Non-Proliferation Regime Will Survive’, Strategic Analysis, May 1999, p. 205.
6. A Separate Economic Section was created in the Ministry of External Affairs headed by an officer of the rank: of a secretary.
7. FPDA, which consists of the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Malaysia, was signed in 1971 as a security guarantee for Singapore and Malaysia consequent to the British decision in 1967 to withdraw its troops from the east of Suez. Prominent private sector and non-official regional organizations purely for economic oriented organizations are the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) and the Pacific Basin Economic Council (PBEC).
8. See G.V.C. Naidu, ‘India and APEC’, Strategic Analysis, March 1998.
9. For the record, India’s application for membership is still pending with APEC.
10. http://meaindia.nic.in/onmouse/arf1.htm
11. There are several factors that made ASEAN relatively more successful: It was a product of the Cold War and the parties had certain commonly shared political objectives. Most of them were faced with the serious problem of armed insurgencies with crossborder linkages. There was also a shared-economic philosophy of export-led development by attracting huge foreign investments. Japan played a vital role in providing the capital and relevant technology which propelled these countries to achieve high growth rates. The danger of wars in Indochina spilling over into the rest of Southeast Asia also contributed to ASEAN’s success.
12. The Association comprises 18 member states: Australia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, UAE and Yemen. Egypt, Japan, China, France and the United Kingdom are dialogue partners while the Indian Ocean Tourism Organisation is an observer. Seychelles withdrew as a member on 1 July 2003.
13. http://www.kln.gov.my/english/foreignaffairs/foreignpolicy/ior-arc.htm
14. Author’s interview with Mr Jha, who was the Foreign Secretary at that time.
15. Amit Barua, ‘India Likely to Take Part in 4-Nation Talks’, Hindu, 17 January 2007.