The author would like to thank the following, designers, craftspeople, researchers, academics, manufacturers and companies for their help in the making of this book. So many people were extraordinarily generous with their time: providing access, enabling us to photograph, giving permissions, samples, contacts, suggesting alternative or related processes, setting up interviews and answering technical questions in person, by telephone and e-mail. I have grouped together by chapter the names of all those who were so helpful and hope these acknowledgments will be of service to those readers interested in a particular group of processes or section of the book. Some contributors are identified as individuals whilst my thanks are extended to others as groups or companies. I have made every effort to ensure the contact details listed are correct at the time of going to press.
1 Hand-drawn and painted lettering
Calligraphy
Rachel Yallop, calligrapher, UK
Carol Kemp, calligrapher, UK
Lettering on p.20 designed for the BBC programme of the same name: The Swagger Portrait (1992)
Digital calligraphy
Carol Kemp, as before
Graffiti
Bates, graffiti artist, Sweden Killing Scraps, Copenhagen
Eine, stencil/graffiti artist, UK, Vandalism, Shoreditch London
Einsamkeit, graffiti artist, Spain I wake up from a nightmare and I am scared of going back to sleep and dreaming of the second half, Nov 2008
www.fotolog.com/madrizeinsamkeit
Nylon, graffiti artist, UK Chairman, September 2004 Toon Town, July 2009, legal wall, Newcastle, UK
Siner LTS, graffiti artist, US
Stayhigh149, graffiti artist, US Media requests, Chris Pape
Tattooed lettering
Tom Blank and Wizard Tattoo, London, UK tel: 020 8 544 0045
Signwriting
Crich Tramway Village The National Tramway Museum, Matlock, UK
Fairground painting
Joby Carter, Carter’s Entertainment, Maidenhead, UK e-mail:
Peter Tate, signwriter and fairground artist, Tate Decor, Derbyshire, UK tel: 01332 883 388
Canal boat painting
David Moore, Brierly Hill, UK tel: 01384 571 204 e-mail:
Road lettering and markings
HELIOS Domzale, d.d, producers of paints and resins, Slovenia
The Stationery Office, UK The Traffic Signs and General Directions, 1994
Painted stained glass
Joseph Nuttgens, Stained-glass artist The Stained Glass Studio, High Wycombe, UK
St Mary’s Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Nick Goonan, photographer, UK Scenic Photos Ltd
Mosaic lettering
Stuart Whatling, photographer, UK Travel Photography
Baines, P. and Dixon, C. Signs: Lettering in the Environment, Laurence King, 2008
2 Type casting, composition and design
Letterpress
Museum Plantin-Moretus Pretenkabinet, Antwerp UNESCO World Heritage
Hand-casting metal type
Nigel Roche, St Bride Library of Printing, London, UK
Hand composition
Phil Able, Hand & Eye Press, London, UK e-mail:
Hot metal composition
Stan Lane, Gloucester Typesetting, UK tel: 0145 382 5623
The Monotype Corporation Limited, UK
Book finishing
John Goss & Derek Reid, Shepherds Book Binding, London UK
Punch-press stencils
Mr P. Gardner, AT Brown precision engravers, signmakers, stencil cutters and rubber stamp suppliers, Brentwood, UK
David Ottley, graphic design, art direction & Typography
Typewriters
The Martin Howard Collection, Canada
Chestnut Ridge Typewriter Museum Herman J. Price, Fairmont, US
www.hpricecpa.com/typewriters.html
Braille
Royal National Institute for Blind People (RNIB), UK
ClearVision Project
Transfer lettering
Paul Pinyot, Tube Radio Restoration, Pittsburgh, US
Letraset Limited Kingsnorth Industrial Estate, Ashford, UK e-mail:
Central Lettering Record, Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, London UK
Snellen eyesight test
1862–1875, published by Van der Weijer, Utrecht Collection University Museum Utrecht, the Netherlands
Ishihara’s colour deficiency lettering
Ishihara's Test for Colour Deficiency copyright of Isshinkai Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
Designing type
Jeremy Tankard Typography Limited e-mail:
Construction: Clayton Dixon
Identity: Alec Bathgate of Strategy Design & Advertising, NZ
Creating digital type
András Benedek, Fine Fonts, UK
3 Printing
Woodblock printing
Bjørn Ortmann, graphic designer/art director, DADDY, Copenhagen, Denmark
Ilse Buchert Nesbitt, The Third & Elm Press Rhode Island, US
Alexander Nesbitt, photographer
Letterpress printing
Phil Able, Hand & Eye Press, London, UK e-mail:
Michele Jannuzzi, Jannuzzi Smith Design Consultancy, London UK
Martin Z. Schröder, printer, Berlin, Germany
David Jury, editor TypoGraphic, Head of Graphic Design, Colchester Institute, UK
Scott Williams & Henrik Kubel, A2/SW/HK Design Studio, London, UK
Stan Lane, Gloucester Typesetting, UK tel: 0145 382 5623
Vince Frost, Frost* Design, Australia/London
Typeset: The House of Naylor
Lithography
Studio Dumbar for Holland Festival, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Screen printing
Signscope (Previously Active Signs) Blaze Group incorporating Blaze Maintenance and Signscope, UK Tel: 01843 850 800
Becky Redman, London, UK
Vitreous enamel signs
David Gatrell, A. J. Wells & Sons Vitreous Enamellers, Newport, Isle of Wight, UK e-mail:
National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Hampshire, UK www.nationalmotormuseum.org.uk
Rubber stamps
Polydiam Industries Limited, London, UK e-mail:
Tin plate printing
Bob Christmas, Causeway Trading Estate, Bristol, UK tel: 0117 958 6888
Peter & Ben Luff, Cyril Luff Limited (Metal decorators), Cwmbran, South Wales e-mail:
Andrew S. Cahan, author of Chinese Label Art 1900–1976, US: Schiffer Publications, 2006
Dye-sublimation
Larry Hickmott, photographer, British Cycling new.britishcycling.org.uk
Stylo Graphics Limited, Hertfordshire, UK tel: 01923 800 666
Vinyl lettering
Nat McBride, photographer
www.grandprixpixltd.moonfruit.com
Stylo Graphics Limited, as before
Inkjet printing
Stylo Graphics Limited, as before
Direct-to-media printing
Stylo Graphics Limited, as before
4 Cut, engraved and etched three-dimensional lettering
Letter cutting in wood
Caroline Webb, lettercutter (wood), Wiltshire, UK
Letter cutting (stone) by hand
Michael Harvey, photographer and typographer, UK
Stone created by Andrew Whittle, Photographed by Michael Harvey for the book Letter Carver
The Cardozo Kindersley Workshop, Cambridge, UK
John Neilson, Stone carver Text from Duino Elegies by R. M. Rilke, translated from the German by Stephen Mitchell
Fergus Wessel, Oxfordshire UK
Letter cutting stone by machine
Elfes Monumental Masons, London, UK headstoneslondon.com
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Maidenhead, UK
Andrew Grassby, Computer-controlled, machine-cut letters in stone & sand blasting stone, Dorchester, UK tel: 01305 269 678
Sandblasting
Lesley Pyke, glass engraver, Suffolk, UK
Machine-routed letters
Signscope (Previously Active Signs) as before
Water-cut letters
Aqua Cut UK Limited, Northfleet, Kent UK e-mail: [email protected]
Hot-wire cutting
Samuel Oswick, designer
Graphic Workshop, Wembley, Middlesex, UK tel: 020 8 903 0490
Laser cutting and etching Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, London UK
Pop-up and paper lettering
Celia Kilner, calligrapher and stone carver West Yorkshire, UK e-mail:
Alida Sayer, artist alidarosie.blogspot.com
Hand and machine engraving
Keith Raes, engraver, Canterbury, Kent, UK example on page 160 based upon that of Charles Demengeot, a Parisian engraver born 1881 tel: 01227 710 533
Department of Typography & Graphic Communication and Teaching Archive, University of Reading UK
www.reading.ac.uk/specialcollections/collections/archives/scpublishers
Glass-engraving
Lesley Pyke, glass engraver, as before
Acid-etching glass
Keith Jenkins, Nero Signs (glass/designs), London, UK e-mail:
Stuart Bourne, artist We have only come to look, 2003, located at Hannah Peschar Sculpture Garden in Ockley, Surrey, UK
Photographic etching
Photofabrication Limited, St Neots, Cambridgeshire, UK tel: 01480 475 831 e-mail:
Autechre 'Quaristice' steel album cover, special edition CD Design: The Designers Republic Production: Warp Records Released: 3rd March 2008
5 Moulded and cast three-dimensional lettering
Rendered lettering
Valentin Mandache, historian Historic Houses of Romania,
Lettering in paper
Justin Hobson, Fenner Fine Paper
St Cuthberts Paper Mill, Wells, Somerset UK tel: 01749 672 015
Benwell Sebard Embossing
Polystyrene moulding
Dow Europe GmbH, Switzerland
Hampshire Insulation Products, Marwell Winchester, UK tel: 01962 777730
www.hampshireinsulations.co.uk
Vacuum-forming and thermoforming
Polydiam Industries Limited, as before
Graphic Thought Facility and Paul Elliman, The/Le Garage exhibition GTF Design Consultancy, London
Rapid prototyping
Janne Kyttanen for Freedom Of Creation, the Netherlands
Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, as before
Joe Wentworth, Rapid Manufacturing Personalised Calendar, London, UK
Coins and medals
The Royal Mint
Lettering with plants
Peter Stubbs, Scotland
Lettering in food
Droste chocolate letters
Sand casting metal
Redfields English Leadwork Limited, Hampshire, UK e-mail:
Cast-aluminium and polyurethane signs
Signs of the Times, Tebworth, Bedfordshire, UK tel: 01525 874 185 e-mail:
Phil Baines Central Lettering Record, Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, as before
6 Lettering in textiles
Embroidery
Piers D.R. Macleod, Hand & Lock Embroidery, London, UK tel: 020 7 580 7488 e-mail:
Flag making
Newton Newton, The Bishop Tozer’s Chapel, Burgh-Le-Marsh, Lincolnshire, UK e-mail:
Machine embroidery
Lizzie Finn, Illustrator (machine embroidery) c/o Bianca Redgrave & Co
p.199, Print Magazine stitched lettering, art directed by Kristina De Matteo
Cross stitch
Evelin Kasikov, graphic designer (cross stitch) London, UK
Hand knitting
Wendy Baker & Sue McLaughlin, Queene & Country, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, UK e-mail:
Susan G. Feltman Sweater Designs LLC, t/a Custom Design Sweater Studio, US
Machine knitting
Rodney Wilson Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, as before
Rugmaking
Carol Kemp, as before
7 Illumination, animation and motion graphics
Fireworks
Blackcat Fireworks Limited, Huddersfield, UK
Nir Tober, graphic designer, Israel
Karmelo Bermejo, artist
The Grand Finale. Bank Loan Granted to an Art Gallery Used to Pay a Firework Display at the Closing Ceremony of Art Basel Miami Beach 2009 Maisterravalbuena Gallery
Illuminated metal and Perspex lettering
Signscope (Previously Active Signs), as before
Light boxes
Signscope (Previously Active Signs), as before
Neon signs
Mr & Mrs Brophy, Electro Signs Limited,
London UK
Variable message space
Euro Display, LED screens and LED display manufacturer, Italy
Hand-drawn animation
Kimberley Alexander, animator
12foot6 Animation, UK
Motion graphics: title sequences
Rushes Post Production Limited, London, UK
with thanks to TalkbackThames & FremantleMedia
Motion graphics: bumpers and stings
Mark One, Designer & Director London
www.markone.tv with additional thanks to Natasha Preville Production Traffic Manager, Red Bee Media
Picture credits
The location photographs for this book were taken by Daniel Alexander and art directed by Andrew Haslam.
The author and Laurence King Publishing Limited would like to thank the following owners of the following photographs for granting permission to reproduce them in this book. Every effort has been made to contact all copyright holders, but should there be any errors or omissions the publishers would be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgement in any subsequent printing of this publication.
Numbers refer to pages; numbers in brackets refer to caption number from main page.
Martin Andrews, University of Reading: 161
Phil Baines & Catherine Dixon: 50 (2,6,7); 188 r
Bates: 26 cb
Karmelo Bermejo: 211 t
Stuart Bourne: 167
British Cycling (Larry Hickmott): 122
The British Library: 14 © The British Library Board: MS Harley 2793, folio. 33, lines 5 and 6
Andrew S. Cahan, Nov 2009: 117 (2,3,4)
ClearVision: 75 tr
The Designers Republic/ Warp Records: 170 t
Anthony Dickenson: 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 143, 144, 145
Eine: 26 tl, ml, bl
Einsamkeit: 27 (4)
Euro Display: 220 t, c; 221 t
Susan G Feltman: 203 (3)
Freedom Of Creation: 178 Vince Frost, Frost* Design: 98 (3) Goodland Collection108 from Goodland
Collection, Commonwealth War Graves Commission: 141 t Nick Goonan, Scenic Photos Ltd: 48 Graphic Thought Facility and Paul Elliman: 177 cr Hampshire Insulation: 175 (3)
Michael Harvey: 136 c
Andrew Haslam: 32, 33 t, 34, 35, 50 (3,4,5), 71 (3), 100, 140, 141 b, 156 (1,3), 165, 166 br, 170 (2,3,4), 175 (2,4), 220 bl, 221 (2,3,4)
www.hetfotoatelier.nl Utrecht (1862–1875, published by Van der Weijer, Utrecht Collection): 82
Martin Howard: 72, 73 t
Guy Hutsebaut: 53
IBM Archives: 73 bl, br
Michele Jannuzzi: 97 (3)
Stefan Jansson: 136 l
David Jury: 98 (1,2)
Evelin Kasikov: 200, 201, 202
Ilan Kelman: 214
Celia Kilner: 156 (2)
Kindersley Archives: 137 (1)
K Kremerskothen: 110 l
Letraset: 81 b
Nat McBride: 124, 125 br
Valentin Mandache: 172
Tim Marshall: 56, 57, 81 t, 203 (1,2)
MMP Photographic: 137 (2)
Kevin Moores: 33 b 1–6
Kai Hofmann, Museum für Druckkunst
Leipzig: 96 bl
John Neilson: 137 (3)
Alexander Nesbitt: 91 (b 1–4)
Vinnie Nylon: 27 (1, 2)
Samuel Oswick, Buttress Font: 152
Pagoda Red, Chicago: 133 (5)
Chris Pape: 27 (9)
Lex van Pieterson, 1988: 103
Paul Pinyot: 80
Sascha Pohfepp: 179 b
Herman Price, Chestnut Ridge Typewriter Museum: 73 c
Lesley Pyke: 162 (3)
Becky Redman: 108, 109
Réunion des Musées Nationaux 195 t
RNIB: 74 c, 75 b
Rushes: 224-5, 227
Royal Mint: 180
St Cuthberts Paper Mill: 174 (2, 3)
Tvrtko Sauerborn: 42
Martin Z. Schröder, Drucker: 97 (4, 5); 99 (4, 5)
Siner LTS: 27 (8)
Standard Fireworks : 210 tl, bl; 211 bl, br
David Stewart for TBWA/Brussels/2007: 128 t
Strategy Design & Advertising: 84 (10, 11)
Peter Stubbs: 181
Styron Division of the Dow Chemical Company: 175 (1)
Swiss National Bank: 121
Peter Tate: 39
Nir Tober: 210 r
Chris Vu aka GenkiGenki: 27 (5)
Mark Walters 226
Fergus Wessel: 139 (2,3)
Stuart Whatling: 50 (1)
Additional thanks
There are a great many people who have contributed informally to the content and offered support in the making of this book, Wendy Baker, students and staff, both past and present from the MA Communication Design Course at Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design and the London College of Communication. Particular thanks goes to: our former acting Course Director Geoff Fowle, the staff team, Andrew Foster, David Moore, Sadhna Jain, Associate lecturing staff supporting the Graphics route, Paulus Driebholtz, Maria de Gandra, Annegeret Mølhave, Ros Streeton, Rathna Ramanathan, and from BA Graphic Design Phil Baines and Catherine Dixon. It is also important to thank those who have afforded me the time to undertake this project while at CSM, Jonathan Barratt, Dean of School of Graphic & Industrial Design, Martin Wolley, former Head of Research, and Dani Salvadori at the Innovations Centre CSM for commissioning the title which I originally proposed over a decade ago. There are also those who have performed very specific roles in the making of this book: Annegeret Mølhave, initial location research; Suzanne Doolin, picture research and permissions; Jo Lightfoot, commissioning editor; Melanie Walker, copy editor; and particularly Peter Jones senior editor for all his hard work and support during the writing, editing and design phases of this book.
Dedication
To the memory of Albert and Violet Baker, my parents-in-law, and to James Alexander, Daniel’s father, all of whom died while this book was being written.