Index
A
AAC+, see HE-AAC version 2 Audio Codec (AAC+)
AbS methods, see Analysis-by-synthesis methods (AbS methods)
Absolute category rating (ACR), 590
tests, 540
ABT, see Adaptive block size transform (ABT)
Access networks (ANs), 422
Access points (AP), 370
Access service network (ASN), 482, 483
Access state, 486
Access terminals (ATs), 422
ACI, see Adjacent channel interference (ACI)
Acknowledged Mode (AM), 454
Acquisition indictor channel (AICH), 448
ACR, see Absolute category rating (ACR)
ACS, see Adjacent channel interference selectivity (ACS)
Actions, 739
Adaptive block size transform (ABT), 570
Adaptive codebook structure, 544–545
Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM), 542
Adaptive equalizer, 154, 176, 759
Equalizer; Linear equalizers
based on MSE criterion, 183
zero-forcing method, 184
Adaptive loop filter (ALF), 584, 585
Adaptive modulation, 491
Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), 441, 620
Adaptive precoding, 51
Adaptive ubiquitous services, 741
ADC, see Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
Additive interference and SINR threshold, 371
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), 97, 262, 311, 331, 334, 358, 379, 95
communication systems, 134
optimal binary receiver, 283–284
slowly varying frequency-flat wireless channels with, 295
Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), 610–611, 733
Adjacent channel interference (ACI), 50, 156
Adjacent channel interference selectivity (ACS), 391
ADPCM, see Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM)
Advanced MAP (A-MAP), 494, 495
allocation information element, 495
downlink, 498
region, 494
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), 413, 429
Advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP), 584
Advanced Radio Data Information Service (ARDIS), 412
Advanced television systems committee (ATSC), 97
AF, see Amplify-and-Forward (AF)
AICH, see Acquisition indictor channel (AICH)
Alamouti's scheme, 306
BEP for uncoded, 309
equivalent SISO, 307
optimality, 308
SNR at combiner output, 308
A-law, 542
compression characteristic, 31
ALF, see Adaptive loop filter (ALF)
Always connected paradigm, 729
AM, see Acknowledged Mode (AM); Amplitude modulation (AM)
A-MAP, see Advanced MAP (A-MAP)
AMC, see Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
AMP, see Asymmetric motion partitions (AMP)
Amplify-and-Forward (AF), 633
Amplitude modulation (AM), 57, 62, 71
Complex envelope representation
average power dissipated into resistive load, 63
complex envelope, 62
complex envelope spectrum, 62
rms value, 64
signal waveform, 62
Amplitude shift keying (ASK), 285, 360
AMPS, see Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
AMVP, see Advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP)
Analog modulation schemes, 71
Modulation
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 26–27, 60, 753
Analysis-by-synthesis methods (AbS methods), 543
Anchor-based Street and Traffic Aware Routing (A-STAR), 734
ANs, see Access networks (ANs)
Antenna
gains, 749
temperature, 134
AODV, see Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV)
AP, see Access points (AP)
APCO, see Association of Public Safety Communications Officials (APCO)
Aperiodic correlation, 246
Pseudonoise (PN) sequences
Barker sequences, 246
sequences with high merit factor, 246–247
sequences with low aperiodic cross-correlation, 247–248
A posteriori probabilities (APP), 103
APP, see A posteriori probabilities (APP)
Application trigger condition (ATC), 737
ARDIS, see Advanced Radio Data Information Service (ARDIS)
ARQ, see Automatic repeat request (ARQ)
Array gain, 293, 296, 304, 313
ASK, see Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
ASN, see Access service network (ASN)
Association of Public Safety Communications Officials (APCO), 515
A-STAR, see Anchor-based Street and Traffic Aware Routing (A-STAR)
Asymmetric motion partitions (AMP), 583
Asymptotic Optimum Power Allocation, 651–652
Asymptotic Symbol Error Rate, 645–646
Asynchronous tandeming, 541
ATC, see Application trigger condition (ATC)
ATs, see Access terminals (ATs)
ATSC, see Advanced television systems committee (ATSC)
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
for HD Radio FM, 530
Autocorrelation of sequence, 759
Automatic repeat request (ARQ), 91–92, 111, 455, 629
Error control coding; Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
error detection, 111
Go-Back-N ARQ protocol, 112
HARQ, 113
in 1X-EV-DO, 441
retransmission strategies, 111–113
Select-Repeat protocol, 113
in 3GPP LTE/LTE-advanced, 475
AWGN, see Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
B
Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv algorithm (BCJR algorithm), 102
Bandpass communication system, 56
Complex envelope; Real envelope
MSK, 80
power spectra density, 61
representation, 56
spectrum, 61
Bandwidth
expansion factor, 254
scalable coding, 546
Bandwidth efficiency, 335, 759
maximization, 41
of modulation scheme, 71
of MPSK-modulated signals, 337
noncoherent orthogonal MFSK signals, 338
plane, 336
Bandwidth requests (BW-REQ), 497
Barker sequences, 223–224, 246
Baseband modulation, 492
pulse amplitude modulation system, 38
Baseband signaling and pulse shaping, 36
average transmitted power and spectral constraints, 50
channel and receiver characteristics, 51
communication system model, 35–38
equivalent discrete-time channel, 39
eye diagrams, see Eye diagram
intersymbol interference, 38–40
LTE, 54
partial-response signaling, see Partial-response signaling (PR signaling)
privacy and security, 52
tolerance to interference, 52
W-CDMA, 52
WiMAX, 53
WLAN, 53
Complex envelope representation
average power dissipated in load, 62
PSD, 61
rms values, 62
spectrum, 61
Base-layer encoder (BL encoder), 574
Base station (BS), 283, 328, 370, 482, 661
Basis (basis functions), 759
Baud-rate sampling, 221
BCCH, see Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
BCH, see Broadcast channel (BCH)
BCH codes, see Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem codes (BCH codes)
BCJR algorithm, see Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv algorithm (BCJR algorithm)
Beaconing, 737
Beacons, see HELLO messages
Bearer services, 417
BEC, see Binary erasure channel (BEC)
Belief propagation algorithm, 104–105
Low-density parity check codes (LDPC codes)
BEP, see Bit error probability (BEP)
BER, see Bit error rate (BER)
BFC, see Block fading channel (BFC)
BGCF, see Breakout gateway control function (BGCF)
BICM, see Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM)
Bidirectional (DL/UL) unicast control, 504
Bidirectional AF relay networks, 641–642
Bidirectional relay in dual-hop network, 642
Bifix-free sequences, 224
Bin string, 570
Binary codes, simple, 124
low-density parity-check codes, 126–128
Binary communications
optimal correlation receiver structure, 283
optimal matched filter receiver structure, 283
signaling schemes in, 285
Binary erasure channel (BEC), 127
Binary Kerdock sequences, 244
construction, 244
QAM sequences, 245
Pseudonoise (PN) sequences
cyclic Hadamard difference sets, 240
periodic autocorrelation function, 239
Binary PAM, see Binary pulse amplitude modulation (Binary PAM)
Binary phase shift keying modulation (BPSK), 95, 303, 311, 348
Binary pulse amplitude modulation (Binary PAM), 36–37
Binary source code, 759
Binary symmetric channel (BSC), 124, 125
Bit error probability (BEP), 303, 311, 325, 331
Bit error rate (BER), 98, 256, 357, 546
SINR, 371
of slow FH system, 260
of various multiuser detectors, 257
Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM), 108, 110
architecture, 111
rate-2/3 8-PSK BICM encoder, 110
Bit interval, 759
Bit selection, 492
Bits-per-energy region, 666
BL encoder, see Base-layer encoder (BL encoder)
Block codes, 92
Error control coding
binary block codes fundamentals, 92
decision decoding, 97
Hamming bound, 95
linear codes, 94
ML decoder, 93
parity check matrix, 94
singleton bound, 95
t-error correcting code, 93
Block fading channel (BFC), 295, 311, 318, 331
Blockage, 754
Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem codes (BCH codes), 342, 343
bandwidth-compatible, 344
BPSK, see Binary phase shift keying modulation (BPSK)
Breakout gateway control function (BGCF), 699
Broadcast channel (BCH), 329, 446, 475
Broadcast connection, see Multicast connection
Broadcast control channel (BCCH), 445, 474
BS, see Base station (BS)
BSC, see Binary symmetric channel (BSC)
Bursty errors, 97
BW-REQ, see Bandwidth requests (BW-REQ)
C
CA, see Collision avoidance (CA)
CABAC, see Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC)
Campbell's Theorem, 373
Capacity and ergodic capacity, 630
Capacity-approaching binary codes, 110
Capture threshold model, 371
Carrier acquisition for QAM constellations, 215
Communication receiver synchronization
algorithm for square constellations, 215–216
ML and HA algorithm performance comparison, 216
Carrier frequency, 55
Carrier frequency synchronization, 208
Carrier synchronization
open-loop frequency recovery schemes, 209
Carrier phase synchronization, 209
Communication receiver synchronization
closed-loop transfer function, 212
conditional likelihood function, 214
Cramer–Rao lower bound, 213
estimation error variance, 212
loop noise equivalent bandwidth, 212
ML estimation, 213
ML synchronizer, 211
from modulated carrier, 213
from modulated data, 214
phase-error, 211
unmodulated carrier, 210
Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), 604, 684, 717, 750
network, 377
nonpersistent, 608
1-persistent, 607
p-persistent, 608
protocol, 607
slotted, 609
Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), 609
Carrier synchronization, 208
Communication receiver synchronization
carrier frequency synchronization, 208
in radio frequency communications, 207
Carrier-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (CINR), 497
CarTorrent, 741
CAVLC, see Context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC)
CCCH, see Common control channel (CCCH)
CCE, see Control Channel Elements (CCE)
CCh's, see Control Channels (CCh's)
CCK, see Complementary Code Keying (CCK)
CCRB, see Conditional Cramer–Rao bound (CCRB)
CD, see Compact disk (CD)
CDD, see Cyclic delay diversity (CDD)
CDMA, see Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
CDMA2000 physical layer
coherent detection in reverse link, 436
fast power control in forward link, 437
soft handoff, 437
spreading, 438
spreading and modulation solutions, 436
transmit diversity, 437
CDMA2000 physical layer, 437
CDPD, see Cellular digital packet data (CDPD)
Cell design principles, 389, 401
base station coverage, 395–396
cell coverage, 394
in cellular network planning, 389–390
cellular principles, 390
design steps, 392
error function, 395
interference, 398
performance measures and system requirements, 390–391
spectrum efficiency, 391
system expansion techniques, 391–392
traffic engineering, 393
Cell radius, 392
Cellular digital packet data (CDPD), 411, 415–416
Cellular systems
bit rates, 358
design, 392
DS–CDMA-based, 261
DS/SS, 161
MBMS, 533
mobile, 51
transmit power control, 356
Cellular technology evolution, 413
CELP, see Code excited linear prediction (CELP)
CF, see Compress-and-Forward (CF)
C4FM modulator, 517
CGS, see Coarse-grain SNR (CGS)
capacity, 759
coherence bandwidth, 145
encoder/decoder pair, 116
equalizer, 759
fast fading, 152
frequency-selective, 144
frequency transfer function and signal with bandwidth, 145
impairments, 71
for mobile radio applications, 147
polarization, 128
Discrete memoryless channel (DMC)
applications, 108
binary symmetric channel, 124
gain, 97
MODEM with, 344
Shannon's channel coding theorem, 123–124
Channel distortion, 167
Channel equalization
average amplitude and delay characteristics, 169
effect of, 168
impulse response of average channel, 169, 170
scattering function, 170
telephone channel, 169
Channel equalization, 167
channel distortion characterization, 167–171
decision-feedback equalizer, 184–187
intersymbol interference characterization, 171–175
maximum-likelihood sequence detection, 187–189
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), 454, 484
Channel state information (CSI), 324
Channel state information at the receiver (CSIR), 293, 311, 313, 331
Channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT), 293, 311, 313, 331
Channel State Information-Reference Signals (CSI-RS), 465
Channel utilization optimization, 718
Channelization, 434
Chip, 147
Chirp, 143
Chroma, see Chrominance
Chrominance, 560
CIF, see Common Intermediate Format (CIF)
CINR, see Carrier-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (CINR)
Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB), 449
Circuit-switched service, 411
Circularly symmetric complex Gaussian (CSCG), 295, 311, 315, 331
Clear-to-send (CTS), 609
Cluster-based routing, 735
Coarse-grain SNR (CGS), 576
Coat of arms, 92
Cochannel interference, 52
Code
constraint length, 99
minimum distance, 93
optimal, 118
prefix free, 117
puncturing, 424
repetition, 492
tree, 117
uniquely decodable, 117
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), 67, 242, 254, 430, 548
Data transmission rate
goal in sequence design for, 242
received signal, 258
Code excited linear prediction (CELP), 521, 543
Codec complexity, 541
Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM), 156, 532
Codewords, 117
Coding and modulation, 107, 491–492
Error control coding
channel coding, 108
constellations, 107
raised cosine pulse, 107
TCM, see Trellis coded modulation (TCM)
Coding block structure, 583
Coding units (CU), 583
COFDM, see Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM)
Cognitive radio (CR), 382, 713
aggregate interference model, 383–384
interference avoidance in, 384–385
spectrum sensing model, 383
system model, 383
Cognitive radio network (CRN), 713
applications, 721
categories, 714
cooperative multihop CRN, 714
CR link availability, 715
detect-and-avoid, 723
hidden terminal problem and cooperative spectrum sensing, 716
IEEE P1900 Standards, 723
interference-limited environments, 719
international communication standards, 723
machine-to-machine communication, 722
multipath formation of multihop, 721
network topology, 720
optimization of channel utilization, 718
power, 720
quality of service, 720
routing in multihop CRN, 719–720
spectrum sensing and tomography, 715–717
spectrum sharing and dynamic spectrum management, 717–719
wireless regional area networks, 723
Cognitive radio resource management (CRRM), 721–722
Coherence
distance, 630
time, 147
Coherent detection in reverse link, 436
Collision avoidance (CA), 684
Combined scalability, 576
Common control channel (CCCH), 445, 474
Common Intermediate Format (CIF), 565
Common packet channel (CPCH), 446
Common pilot channel (CPICH), 447
Common traffic channel (CTCH), 445
Common uplink physical channels, 446
based characterization, 736
model, 279
patterns, 736
Communication receiver synchronization, 207, 233–234
to browse further, 221
carrier phase synchronization, 209
carrier synchronization, 208–209
frame synchronization, 208, 221–224
MIMO systems synchronization, 224–233
symbol synchronization, 208, 218
various synchronization levels acquisition, 208
Communication system, 115, 116
Baseband signaling and pulse shaping
analog source, 115
binary FSK, 37
channel model, 115
channel output, 36
coherent systems, 207
energy to noise-psd transformations, 345
orthogonal spread-spectrum pulse shapes, 37
partially coherent systems, 207
radio link, 36
receiver, 36
symbol rate, 37
transmitted signal, 35
CoMP, see Coordinated multipoint (CoMP)
Compact disk (CD), 30
Compandor, 31
Comparison of Cooperative Protocols, 653
Complementary Code Keying (CCK), 407
Complementary error function, 340
Complementary punctured pair convolutional codes (CPPC codes), 530
Complex envelope representation, 56
amplitude modulation, see Amplitude modulation (AM)
bandpass signals spectrum and power, 61–62
generalized transmitters and receivers, 60–61
phase and frequency modulation, 64–66
physical bandpass waveform, 56–57
Compress-and-Forward (CF), 633
Conditional Cramer–Rao bound (CCRB), 228
Conditional replenishment, 562
Conferencing, 702
Connected state, 487
Connection management, 504
Connectivity service network (CSN), 482
Constellation-rearrangement scheme (CoRe scheme), 491
Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), 570
Context-adaptive entropy coding, 570–571
Context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), 570
Contiguous resource units (CRU), 489
Continuous phase modulation (CPM), 79, 534, 759
Modulation methods
Continuous-time FT, 6
Continuous wave signal (CW signal), 147
Control Channel Elements (CCE), 467
Control Channels (CCh's), 424, 445
Control signaling block, 484
Convergence, 759
equalizer tap coefficients to copt, 181
gradient algorithm, 181
LMS algorithm, 183
MBMS and convergence with cellular, 533
Convolutional codes, 98
Error control coding
binary, 99
convolutional encoder, 99
free distance, 100
fundamentals, 99
state diagram, 100
Convolutional encoder, 99
Trellis diagram
Convolutional turbo code (CTC), 492
DF vs. AF, 646
in symbol error rate, 645
Cooperative communication technologies, 627
asymptotic optimum power allocation, 651–652
asymptotic symbol error rate, 645–646
bidirectional relay networks, 641–642
coherence distance, 630
cooperation gains, 645, 646–648
cooperative protocols comparison, 653
cooperative relay performance comparison, 642–643
deterministic relaying, 633–635, 643–646
distributed space–time coding, 638–641
diversity, 627
diversity gain, 643
diversity-multiplexity gain, 628–629
dynamic relay, 651
frequency diversity, 629
hop-by-hop DF relays, 636
improved wireless coverage, 629
incremental relaying, 634
issues and challenges, 631
linear multihop relay networks, 636
maximum ratio combining, 637
medium access scheduling, 648–649
multihop relay networks, 635–638
multipath dual-hop relay networks, 635–636
network coding, 642
power allocation, 651
regenerative redundancy, 634–635
resource allocation issues, 648
selective DF relaying, 645
selective forwarding, 634
space-frequency coding, 630
space–time coding-based MIMO systems, 630
3-node relay networks, 631–633
time diversity, 629
time-division-node access, 649–650
transmit diversity, 628
Coordinated multipoint (CoMP), 629
Core layer, 546
CoRe scheme, see Constellation-rearrangement scheme (CoRe scheme)
Correlation measures, 248
Pseudonoise (PN) sequences
low-correlation zone sequences, 249
mean square correlation, 249
optical orthogonal codes, 249
partial-period correlation, 248–249
Correlation receiver, 283
Optimum receivers
Countable, 760
Counting encoder, 26
CP, see Cyclic prefix (CP)
CPCH, see Common packet channel (CPCH)
CPICH, see Common pilot channel (CPICH)
CPM, see Continuous phase modulation (CPM)
CPPC codes, see Complementary punctured pair convolutional codes (CPPC codes)
CPS, see Cyber-physical systems (CPS)
CQI, see Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
CR, see Cognitive radio (CR)
Cramer–Rao lower bound, 213
CRC, see Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
CRN, see Cognitive radio network (CRN)
Cross-correlation
function, 242
of two sequences, 760
Cross-layer cooperative communication, 657, 679
Game-theoretic formulation; Network resource allocation
bits-per-energy efficiency, 662–664
metanode selection algorithms comparison, 677–679
Cross-layer design, 615
challenges with, 624
for future wireless devices, 620–624
link-level energy efficient transmissions, 823
MAC architecture for OFDMA, 622
MIMO techniques, 622
multimedia transmission over WLANs, 618–620
in OFDMA networks, 620
3GPP, 620
Crosstalk, 191
CR-receiver (CR-Rx), 713
CRRM, see Cognitive radio resource management (CRRM)
CR-Rx, see CR-receiver (CR-Rx)
CR-transmitter (CR-Tx), 713
CR-Tx, see CR-transmitter (CR-Tx)
CRU, see Contiguous resource units (CRU)
CSCG, see Circularly symmetric complex Gaussian (CSCG)
CSFB, see Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB)
CSI, see Channel state information (CSI)
CSIR, see Channel state information at the receiver (CSIR)
CSI-RS, see Channel State Information-Reference Signals (CSI-RS)
CSIT, see Channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT)
CSMA, see Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
CSMA/CA, see Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)
CSN, see Connectivity service network (CSN)
CTC, see Convolutional turbo code (CTC)
CTCH, see Common traffic channel (CTCH)
CTS, see Clear-to-send (CTS)
CU, see Coding units (CU)
CW signal, see Continuous wave signal (CW signal)
Cyber-physical systems (CPS), 722
Cyclic delay diversity (CDD), 471
Cyclic hadamard difference sets, 240
Cyclic prefix (CP), 456
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 491
and burst, 491
codes, 111
FEC block, 492
relay's packet decoding, 650
D
DA, see Data-Aided (DA)
DAA, see Detect-And-Avoid (DAA)
DAB, see Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
DAB+, 527
DAC chip, see Digital-to-analog converter chip (DAC chip)
D/A converter, see Digital-to-analog converter (D/A converter)
DACs, see Digital-to-analog converters (DACs)
DAM, see Diagnostic acceptability measure (DAM)
D-AMPS, see Digital advanced mobile phone service (D-AMPS)
Data-Aided (DA), 208
Data partitioning, 567
Data Rate Control (DRC), 423
Data services
in 2G CDMA networks, 420
in GSM, 416
Data transmission rate, 355, 363
by bandwidth increase, 357
base station antenna height, 363
carrier frequency band, 363
data rate relationships, 357–358
data rate vs. range examples, 358–359
factors affecting, 356
line-of-sight wireless link considerations, 365–367
noise, 357
parameter changes, 356
signal, 357
spreading gain in CDMA, 363–364
TDMA time slot number, 365
transmission rate vs. range for comparing systems, 359, 360, 361, 362
D-BLAST, see Diagonal-Bell laboratories layered space-time (D-BLAST)
DCCH, see Dedicated control channel (DCCH)
DCH, see Dedicated channel (DCH)
DC-HSPDA, see Dual-Cell HSPDA (DC-HSPDA)
DC-HSUPA, see Dual-Cell HSUPA (DC-HSUPA)
DCI, see Downlink Control Information (DCI)
DCT, see Discrete cosine transform (DCT)
DCTIF, see DCT interpolation filter (DCTIF)
DCT interpolation filter (DCTIF), 584
DD mode, see Decision-Directed mode (DD mode)
Deafness
in directional networks, 750
issue, 754
Decimation in time (DIT), 21
Signal space
Decision-Directed mode (DD mode), 208, 760
Decision-directed stochastic gradient algorithm, see Least mean square algorithm (LMS algorithm)
Decision feedback equalizer (DFE), 154–155, 184, 760
adaptive, 187
decision errors, 187
filters, 186
and MLSD performance, 188
performance with and without error propagation, 188
Decode-and-forward (DF), 632
Decoded picture buffer (DPB), 569
Dedicated channel (DCH), 435–436, 446
Dedicated control channel (DCCH), 445, 474
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH), 445, 474
Dedicated uplink physical channels, 446
Demultiplexing operation, 438
Dense-scatterer channel model, 144
Depth image-based rendering (DIBR), 582
Design issue, 754
Destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV), 610
Detect-And-Avoid (DAA), 723
Detection theory, 282
Deterministic relaying, 633–635, 643–646
DF, see Decode-and-forward (DF)
DFE, see Decision feedback equalizer (DFE)
DFS, see Discrete Fourier series (DFS)
DFT, see Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
Diagnostic acceptability measure (DAM), 555
Diagnostic rhyme test (DRT), 555
Diagonal-Bell laboratories layered space-time (D-BLAST), 328, 331
DIBR, see Depth image-based rendering (DIBR)
Differential encoding, 213
Differential minimum-shift keyed modulation (DMSK modulation), 153
Differential quaternary phase shift keying (DQPSK), 529
Diffraction, 136
Digital advanced mobile phone service (D-AMPS), 360, 430
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), 527
Eureka-147
countries with, 529
digital radio Mondiale, 532
disadvantage, 527
HD Radio, 528
hybrid IBOC, 528
ISDB, 532
MediaFLO, 533
modulation system, 529
single frequency network, 529
Sirius XM satellite radio, 533
wideband transmission technology, 529
Digital cellular codecs tandem performance, 550
Digital cellular standards, 548–550
Digital cellular systems
Cellular systems
base station antenna heights, 363
bit rates, 359
codecs standardized for the North American, 548
DS–CDMA application in, 261
Digital communication system performance, 333, 351
bandwidth and power considerations, 335
bandwidth efficiency plane, 335–336
bandwidth-limited systems, 337
coded system, 342–347, 348–351
coding gain calculation, 347–348
digital communication objective, 279
MATLAB® Program Qinvm, 352
minimum bandwidth requirements, 338
power-limited systems, 338
received Eb//N0 and code parameters, 351
total probability of error, 280
Digital modulation schemes, Modulation 71
Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB), 529
Digital phones, 65
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), 532
consortium, 528
for European version, 532
Digital signal processing (DSP), 541
Digital signaling, 151
Digital subscriber line (DSL), 69, 293, 311, 313, 331
Digital-to-analog converter (D/A converter), 192
Digital-to-analog converter chip (DAC chip), 27
Digital-to-analog converters (DACs), 60, 86
Digital transmission symbol, 336
Digital video, 559
Digital Video Broadcasting, Handheld (DVB-H), 532
Digital Video Broadcasting, Terrestrial (DVB-T), 532
Digital Voice Systems, Inc. (DVSI), 521
Dirac-delta operator, 432
Direct conversion, see Flash encoder
Direct mode operation (DMO), 515, 524
Direct sequence (DS), 254
Direct sequence spread spectrum, 254
DS–CDMA system; Spread spectrum systems
Direct-sequence spread-spectrum coded system, 348–351
Direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems (DS/SS systems), 146, 155, 157, 158, 407, 161
Rayleigh fading channels
chips detection, 164
interference-suppression nature, 162
matched-filter output time-history, 146
path diversity, 162
rake receiver applied to, 161
signaling, 163
Directed retry, 394
Discontinuous transmission (DTX), 447
Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 561
Discrete Fourier series (DFS), 6, 7
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 5, 7, 12, 13, 202, 518
Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
conjugate property, 16
duality, 16
8-point, 11
matrix, 12
N frequency coefficients, 5
periodicity, 12
symmetries, 17
theory, 6
time sequence, 8
zero padding and linear convolution, 18, 19
Discrete memoryless channel (DMC), 116, 122, 123, 760
Discrete multitone modulation (DMT), 202
Echo cancellation
channel impulse length, 204
transmission system echo canceller, 203
Discrete sine transform (DST), 584
Discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT), 5, 7
computation formulas, 8
magnitude
mathematical form, 7
Distortion measure, 120
Distributed-arithmetic echo canceller, 197–199
Distributed resource units (DRU), 489
Distributed space–time coding, 638–641
DIT, see Decimation in time (DIT)
Diversity gain, 296, 313–314, 630
Diversity techniques, 301
Alamouti's scheme, 306, 308–309
MISO beamforming, 303
space–time channel, 307
DL-SCH, see Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
DMB, see Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB)
DMC, see Discrete memoryless channel (DMC)
DMO, see Direct mode operation (DMO)
DMSK modulation, see Differential minimum-shift keyed modulation (DMSK modulation)
DMT, see Discrete multitone modulation (DMT)
Doppler
effect, 152
spread, see Spectral broadening
Double-sideband (DSB), 337
Double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB–SC), 57
Downlink Uplink
multiple access, 456
synchronization channel, 499–500
Downlink Control Information (DCI), 466
Downlink Pilot Time Slot (DwPTS), 457–458
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH), 475
Downlink shared channel (DSCH), 446
DPB, see Decoded picture buffer (DPB)
DQPSK, see Differential quaternary phase shift keying (DQPSK)
DRC, see Data Rate Control (DRC)
DRIVE-IN, 741
DRM, see Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)
DRT, see Diagnostic rhyme test (DRT)
DRU, see Distributed resource units (DRU)
DS, see Direct sequence (DS)
DSA, see Dynamic spectrum access (DSA)
DSB, see Double-sideband (DSB)
DSB–SC, see Double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB–SC)
DS–CDMA system, 254
Direct sequence spread spectrum
active noise suppression schemes, 258
advantage, 257
based cellular systems, 261
BER, 256
decorrelating receiver, 256
effective SNR, 258
LMMSE receiver, 256
long code, 254
narrow band interference, 258
and narrow band signal, 255
PSD, 258
short code, 254
spreading code length, 254
DSCH, see Downlink shared channel (DSCH)
DSDV, see Destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV)
DSL, see Digital subscriber line (DSL)
DSP, see Digital signal processing (DSP)
DSR, see Dynamic source routing (DSR)
DS/SS systems, see Direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems (DS/SS systems)
DST, see Discrete sine transform (DST)
DTCH, see Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
DTFT, see Discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT)
DTX, see Discontinuous transmission (DTX)
Dual-Cell HSPDA (DC-HSPDA), 422
Dual-Cell HSUPA (DC-HSUPA), 422
Duobinary pulse, 46
Partial-response signaling (PR signaling)
modified, 47
precoding for, 49
DVB-H, see Digital Video Broadcasting, Handheld (DVB-H)
DVB-T, see Digital Video Broadcasting, Terrestrial (DVB-T)
DVSI, see Digital Voice Systems, Inc. (DVSI)
DwPTS, see Downlink Pilot Time Slot (DwPTS)
Dynamic relay, 651
Dynamic source routing (DSR), 610, 611–612, 733
Dynamic spectrum access (DSA), 382
E
Early–late gate synchronizer, 220
EBU, see European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
data-driven adaptive, 191
Echo channel model, 191
E-DCH, see Enhanced dedicated channel (E-DCH)
EDGE, see Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE)
Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), 334, 750
EGPRS, see Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS)
EIA, see Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
eICIC, see Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination (eICIC)
Eigenbeamforming, see Beamforming
802.11 Standards, 407
8-PSK, see Octal phase-shift keying (8-PSK)
EIRP, see Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)
EL, see enhancement-layer (EL)
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), 416
Emergency First Responder Communications, 513
Professional Mobile Radio; Voice codec
conventional land mobile radio, 515–516
emergency scenarios, 514
modulation method, 518
Project 25 Land Mobile Radio, 516–518
radio discipline, 515
eNB, see e-Node B (eNB)
Encoder for CELP, 544
Encoding methods, 26
Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data (ECSD), 419
service rates in EDGE, 420
Enhanced data for global evolution, 418–420
Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), 361
Enhanced dedicated channel (E-DCH), 421, 449
Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), 419
Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination (eICIC), 452
Enhanced Voice Services (EVS), 551
embedded codec for, 552
for LTE effort, 553
enhancement-layer (EL), 574
e-Node B (eNB), 452
functions, 453
resource release at serving, 478
RRC sub-layer in, 454
conditional, 123
units of, 118
Envelope delay, 167
EPC, see Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Equalizer, 154
FIR, 177
fractionally spaced, 177
inverse channel filter, 177
linear, 175
MLSE, 155
preset, 176
symbol-spaced, 177
system with, 176
zero-forcing, 177
Equivalent discrete-time transfer function, 39, 760
Equivalent low-pass signal, 171
Erlang-B formula, 393
Error control coding, 91
ARQ, see Automatic repeat request (ARQ)
block codes, see Block codes
coding and modulation, 107–111
convolutional codes, see Convolutional codes
in digital communication system, 92
LDPC codes, see Low-density parity check codes (LDPC codes)
turbo codes, see Turbo code
Error-correction coding, see Channel coding
Error floor, 153
Error performance, 153
ETSI, see European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
EU, see European Union (EU)
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); MediaFLO
minimum bandwidth, 529
European Broadcasting Union (EBU), 527
European digital mobile telephone system, 337
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), 408, 444
European Union (EU), 528
E-UTRA, see Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA)
E-UTRAN, see Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)
EV-DO, see EVolution, Data Optimized (EV-DO)
EVolution, Data Optimized (EV-DO), 422
Evolution of Wide-Area Mobile Data Technology, 408
Evolution of WLAN Technology, 406–408
Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 451
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), 451, 453
Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), 54
EVS, see Enhanced Voice Services (EVS)
Baseband signaling and pulse shaping
horizontal eye opening, 45
for received signal, 44
slope of inner eye, 45
vertical eye opening, 45
Eye pattern, 173
for 8-PSK signal, 174
two-dimensional digital, 174
F
FACH, see Forward access channel (FACH)
Fading bandwidth, see Spectral broadening
Rayleigh fading channels
challenge, 134
fast-fading and frequency-selective fading distortion, 159
fast-fading distortion, 158
frequency-selective fading distortion, 158
link budget considerations, 136, 137
manifestations, 135
Fast fading, 152
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 6, 18, 20, 68
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
DIT, 21
signal flow diagram, 22
FBCCH, see Forward broadcast control channel (FBCCH)
FBI, see Feedback information (FBI)
FCC, see Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
FCCCH, see Forward common control channel (FCCCH)
FCPCH, see Forward common power control channel (FCPCH)
FDCCH, see Forward dedicated common control channel (FDCCH)
FDD, see Frequency division duplex (FDD)
FDIS, see Final draft international standard (FDIS)
FDMA, see Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FEC, see Forward error correction (FEC)
FEC code rate, see Forward error correcting code rate (FEC code rate)
FEC codes, see Forward error control codes (FEC codes)
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 64, 349, 530, 713
Feedback information (FBI), 446
FFCH, see Forward fundamental channel (FFCH)
FFR, see Fractional frequency reuse (FFR)
FFT, see Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
FH/SS, see Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FH/SS)
FIDs, see Flow Identifiers (FIDs)
Field, 96
Final draft international standard (FDIS), 567, 583
Finite duration impulse response (FIR), 177
Finite field, 96
FIR, see Finite duration impulse response (FIR)
FIR equalizer, 177
First-generation networks (1G networks), 413, 414
cellular digital packet data, 415–416
mobile switching center, 414
Flash encoder, 26
Flat fading, 146
Rayleigh fading channels
Flat-fading degradation, see Frequency-nonselective fading degradation
Flow Identifiers (FIDs), 483
FM, see Frequency modulation (FM)
Folded channel spectrum, 43
Form factor constraints, 753
Forward access channel (FACH), 446
Forward broadcast control channel (FBCCH), 439
Forward common control channel (FCCCH), 439
Forward common power control channel (FCPCH), 439
Forward dedicated common control channel (FDCCH), 439
Forward error control codes (FEC codes), 91
Forward error correcting code rate (FEC code rate), 441
Forward error correction (FEC), 296, 311, 321, 331, 417, 492
Forward fundamental channel (FFCH), 439
Forward Link Paging Channel (FPCH), 435
Forward supplemental channel (FSCH), 439
Forward traffic channel, 423
4G networks, see Fourth generation networks (4G networks)
4GPP, see Third generation partnership project (4GPP)
Fourier sum, 760
Fourier transforms (FTs), 6, 7, 760
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
Four-level quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM), 360
4-QAM, see Four-level quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM)
Fourth generation networks (4G networks), 414, 425
IEEE 802.16 evolution, 426
LTE advanced, 425
WiMAX, 425
FPCH, see Forward Link Paging Channel (FPCH)
fps, see Frames per second (fps)
Fractional frequency reuse (FFR), 489
Fractionally spaced equalizer, 177, 760
Fragmentation/packing block, 484
Frame, see Packet
Frame difference coding, 562–563
Frame synchronization, 208, 221
Communication receiver synchronization
design aspect, 223
discrete matched filter samples, 222
efficiency, 221
erroneous synchronization probability, 224
frame composition, 222
frame synchronizers, 223
log-likelihood function, 222
marker acquisition, 223
optimal rule, 223
pattern, 221
simple correlation rule, 223
Frames per second (fps), 560
Free space loss, see Path loss
Free viewpoint video (FVV), 579
Frequency dehopping, 260
Frequency hopping system
Frequency diversity, 156–157, 629
Frequency division duplex (FDD), 52, 421, 444, 457
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), 413, 429
Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FH/SS), 156, 258
Frequency hopping system, 258, 259
advantage, 258
BER, 260
modulation in, 259
noncoherent combining loss, 260
slow and fast, 260
spread spectrum, 258
tone arrangement in M-FSK, 259
transmitted bandpass signal, 259
Frequency modulation (FM), 57, 64, 71, 152, 515
Phase and frequency modulation
Frequency-nonselective fading degradation, 144
Frequency response, 167
Frequency Reuse versus Code Reuse, 430–431
Frequency-selective fading
distortion, 144
manifestations, 147
Rayleigh fading channels
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), 37, 259, 285, 360, 760
Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity (FSTD), 452
Friis formula, 748
FS, see Fourier series (FS)
FSCH, see Forward supplemental channel (FSCH)
FSK, see Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
FSTD, see Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity (FSTD)
FSYN, see Sync Channel (FSYN)
FTs, see Fourier transforms (FTs)
Full-duplex data transmission, 191
Fully configured carrier, 485
Fully interleaved Rayleigh fading channel, 110
FVV, see Free viewpoint video (FVV)
G
Galois field, see Finite field
Game-theoretic formulation, 664
bits-per-energy region, 666
nash bargaining solution, 664–665
noncooperative Games, 664
Gateway routers (GRs), 683
Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), 82, 337, 360, 412, 417, 760
Modulation methods
frequency shaping pulse, 83
power density spectrum, 83, 84
General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS), 65
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 418–420
Generalized bent functions, 241
Geobroadcast, 737
Global positioning system (GPS), 157, 434, 733
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), 134, 337, 389, 411
GMRS, see General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS)
GMSK, see Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK)
GMW, see Gordon, Mills, and Welch (GMW)
Go-Back-N ARQ protocol, 112–113
Gold and Kasami sequences, 243
Gold sequence generator, 238
GOP, see Group of picture (GOP)
Gordon, Mills, and Welch (GMW), 240
GP, see Guard Period (GP)
GPCR, see Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing (GPCR)
GPRS, see General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP-U), 452
GPS, see Global positioning system (GPS)
GPSR, see Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR)
Gram–Schmidt procedure, 270, 281, 760
Granular noise, 29
Gray mapping, 108
Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing (GPCR), 734
Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), 734
Group delay, see Envelope delay
Group of picture (GOP), 570
Group Special Mobile (GSM), 65, 429
GSM TDMA frame, 159
standards, 549
GRs, see Gateway routers (GRs)
GSM, see Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM); Group Special Mobile (GSM)
GT, see Guard time (GT)
GTP-U, see GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP-U)
Guard Period (GP), 458
Guard time (GT), 498
H
HA, see Histogram algorithm (HA)
Half-sinusoid (HS), 81
Hamming
bound, 95
Block codes
correlation function, 249
distance, 93
distortion, 120
weight, 93
bit error rate, 98
codewords of, 126
Handover (HO), 483
hard, 434
mobility management and, 506
HARQ, see Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
HARQ-IR, see Incremental redundancy HARQ (HARQ-IR)
HBH, see Hop-by-hop (HBH)
HD radio (High definition radio), 528
adoption of, 532
audio coding, 531
classic code combining, 531
IBOC systems, 530
list Viterbi algorithm, 531
requirements for, 530
HDR, see High-Data-Rate (HDR)
HDTV, see High-definition television (HDTV)
HE-AAC version 2 Audio Codec (AAC+), 529
HELLO messages, 610
Hermitian matrix, 316
HEVC, see High-efficiency video coding (HEVC)
HF, see High-frequency (HF)
Hidden nodes, 609
Hidden terminal problem and cooperative spectrum sensing, 716
High-Data-Rate (HDR), 420
High definition radio, see HD radio
High-definition television (HDTV), 156
High-efficiency video coding (HEVC), 559, 583
entropy coding, 585
loop filters, 584
prediction, 584
High-frequency (HF), 134
High-level syntax, 568
High-Speed Circuit Switch Data (HSCSD), 417–418
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), 421, 444, 448–449
High-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH), 421
High-speed packet access (HSPA), 449
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+), 422
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), 421, 449
High-throughput MIMO systems, 313
applications, 330
BEP upper bound vs. Eb/N0, 326
linear detection with SIC, 327–328
MIMO channel capacity, 314–324
ML detection, 325
MMSE linear receiver, 327
multiuser MIMO, 328
spatial multiplex, 324
Higher-level modulation, 360, 361
Signal space
arbitrary vector approximation, 271
Gram–Schmidt procedure, 270
linear manifold in, 269
Riesz–Fischer theorem, 270
separable, 269
Histogram algorithm (HA), 216
HO, see Handover (HO)
Hop-by-hop (HBH), 636
DF relays, 636
linear multihop scheduling, 649
Hopping pattern, 258
HS, see Half-sinusoid (HS)
HSCSD, see High-Speed Circuit Switch Data (HSCSD)
HSDPA, see High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
HS-DSCH, see High-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH)
HSPA, see High-speed packet access (HSPA)
HSPA+, see High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)
HSUPA, see High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
H.261 coding standards, 565
H.263 coding standards, 566
H.264/AVC standard, 567
Video coding standards
coding modes, 571
context-adaptive entropy coding, 570–571
high-level syntax, 568
in-loop deblocking filter, 571
NAL units, 569
profiles and coding tools, 572–573
SEI, 572
transform coding and quantization, 570
visual quality comparison, 571
H.264/MVC standard, 579
Video coding standards
encoder/decoder, 579
NAL units, 580
prediction structure, 580
stereo 3D video coding, 581–582
H.264/SVC standard, 574
Video coding standards
inter-layer deblocking filter, 577
prediction combination, 577
skipped slice, 577
Huffman coding, 760
Huygens’ principle, 754
Hybrid
algorithms, 591
in-band-on-channel, 528
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ), 455, 620
Automatic repeat request (ARQ)
schemes, 113
I
IBAC, see In band adjacent channel (IBAC)
IBOC systems (In-band-on-channel system), 530
Ideal autocorrelation function, 241
Identity element, 760
IDFT, see Inverse discrete-time Fourier transform (IDFT)
Idle
channel noise, see Hunting noise
mode management block, 483
state, 487
IE, see Information element (IE)
IEEE
basic frame structure, 489
802.16 evolution, 426
P1609 standards family, 732
P1900 standards, 723
IEEE 802.16m physical layer
Uplink control channels
bit selection, 492
code repetition, 492
coding and modulation, 491–492
HARQ-IR scheme, 492
IEEE basic frame structure, 489
multiple-access scheme, 487
OFDM parameters, 488
physical resource units, 489
tone-pair, 489
transmission time interval, 487
uplink PUSC structure, 491
uplink resource structure, 490–491
IEEE 802.16m Radio Access Technology, 481
IEEE 802.16m physical layer; Medium-access control layer (MAC layer); Mobile WiMAX
advanced preambles, 500
carriers utilized, 485
mobile station state diagram, 486–487
new features, 485
radio resource control and management functional group, 483
IF, see Intermediate frequency (IF)
IFFT, see Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT)
i.i.d, see Independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.)
IMS, see IP multimedia subsystem (IMS)
In band adjacent channel (IBAC), 530
In-band-on-channel system, see IBOC systems (In-band-on-channel system)
Incremental redundancy HARQ (HARQ-IR), 491
scheme, 492
Incremental relaying (IR), 634
Independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.), 215
Independent vectors, 760
Industrial, Scientific and Medical frequency bands (ISM frequency bands), 407
Information dissemination, 738
Information element (IE), 495
Information theory, 115
communication problem, 115–117
decoder, 116
encoder, 116
rate distortion theory, 120–122
Initialization State, 486
In-loop
deblocking filter, 571
filters, 584
Inner product, 760
In-phase and quadrature-phase processing (IQ processing), 60
Instant message, 702
Integrated services digital network (ISDN), 194
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), 731
Intelligibility, 554
Inter prediction, 568, 569–570, 584
Interference, 52, 369, 385–386, 754–755
additive interference and SINR threshold, 371
applications in CR networks, 382–385
Cognitive radio (CR)
capture threshold model, 371
deterministic interference models, 371
management functions, 485
modeling, 370
protocol model, 371
statistic with power control, 381–382
statistics and capacity, 379–380
wireless networks, 370
Interference statistical modeling, 372, 373
Interference
ALOHA protocol, 377
CSMA network, 377
mathematical preliminaries, 372–373
punctured Poisson networks, 378–379
Interim Standard-95 (IS-95), 52, 134
air-interface specification, 420
baseband filters, 53
cellular CDMA system, 433
DS/SS cellular system, 161
forward link, 435
orthogonal codes, 254
reverse link channels, 436
Inter-layer deblocking filter, 577
Intermediate frequency (IF), 60, 337
bandwidth, 338
International communication standards, 723
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 414
Intersymbol interference (ISI), 28, 38–40, 107, 134, 167, 291, 761
Baseband signaling and pulse shaping; Channel distortion; Channel equalization
characterization, 171
cosine spectrum, 175
effect on eye opening, 174
telephone channel, 169
Inter-Vehicle Networks, 730
INTRA-coding, 564
Intra–inter prediction combination, 577
Intra Prediction, 568, 569, 584
Intrusive algorithm, 591
Inverse channel filter, 177
Equalizers
Inverse discrete-time Fourier transform (IDFT), 85, 201
Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), 85
IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), 695, 711
Scalability analysis of IMS
architecture, 697
breakout gateway control function, 699
conferencing, 702
E-CSCF server, 698
I-CSCF, 698
instant message, 702
media resource function controller, 699
protocol suite, 699
push to talk, 702
S-CSC, 698
service-oriented architectures, 698
SIP architecture, 699
SIP INVITE, 700
traditional service framework
user identification, 701
watchers, 702
IQ processing, see In-phase and quadrature-phase processing (IQ processing)
IR, see Incremental relaying (IR)
Irreducible polynomial, 96
ISDN, see Integrated services digital network (ISDN)
ISI, see Intersymbol interference (ISI)
IS-95, see Interim Standard-95 (IS-95)
IS-95 cellular CDMA, 433
CDMA 2000
channelization, 434
hard handover, 434
IS-95 forward link, 435
IS-95 reverse link, 436
make before break, 434
power control, 434
spreading sequences, 434
voice codec rates, 436
ISM frequency bands, see Industrial, Scientific and Medical frequency bands (ISM frequency bands)
ITS, see Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
ITU, see International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
J
JCT-VC, see Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC)
Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), 583
Joint video team (JVT), 567
JVT, see Joint video team (JVT)
K
Karhunen–Loève expansion (KL expansion), 280–281, 287, 761
Kerdock code, 244
Kerdock sequences, see Binary Kerdock sequences
Keyhole channel, 301
Kineplex, see Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
KL expansion, see Karhunen–Loève expansion (KL expansion)
Code
L
Land mobile radio (LMR), 514
LANs, see Local area networks (LANs)
Largest coding unit (LCU), 583
LBR, see Low-bit-rate (LBR)
LBS, see Location-based service (LBS)
LCU, see Largest coding unit (LCU)
LCZ sequences, see Low correlation zone sequences (LCZ sequences)
LDPC codes, see Low-density parity check codes (LDPC codes)
Least mean square algorithm (LMS algorithm), 195, 761
Echo cancellation; Stochastic gradient algorithm
convergence speed improvement, 196
distributed-arithmetic echo canceller, 198
echo canceller adaptation by, 203–204
filter coefficients adaptation, 200
modified versions, 196
Least significant bits (LSB), 561
Lempel–Ziv algorithm, 120, 761
Universal source coding
Likelihood ratio test (LRT), 282
Linear combination, 761
Linear equalizers, 175
Channel equalization; Equalizer
adaptive algorithm, 182
adaptive equalizer, 180, 182, 183, 184
coefficient vector, 181
demodulator, 176
error signal, 182
FIR equalizer, 177
frequency response, 176
gradient algorithm convergence, 181
limitation of, 184
linear transversal filter, 176
Linear manifold, 761
Linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE), 256
Linear MSE equalizer error-rate performance, 186
Linear Multihop relay networks, 636
Linear space, see Vector—space
Linearly dependent (dependent), 761
Linearly independent (independent), 761
Line-of-sight (LOS), 298, 311, 329, 331, 751
Line-of-sight wireless link considerations, 365
terrestrial LOS, 366
adaptation, 440
average received noise power, 334
budget, 749
budget analysis, 335
path loss, 334
received noise-power spectral density, 334
Link quality control (LQC), 419
List Viterbi algorithm (LVA), 531
LLRs, see Log-likelihood ratios (LLRs)
LMMSE, see Linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE)
LMR, see Land mobile radio (LMR)
LMS algorithm, see Least mean square algorithm (LMS algorithm)
Loading factor, 32
Local area networks (LANs), 405
Local mean, 137
Location-based service (LBS), 483
Location management block, 483
Logarithmic pulse code modulation (Log-PCM), 542
Logical channels, 417
Logical resource unit (LRU), 489
Log-likelihood ratios (LLRs), 106
Log-normal fading, see Local mean
Log-PCM, see Logarithmic pulse code modulation (Log-PCM)
Log-PCM quantizer, 542
Longley–Rice model, 410
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 54, 361, 425, 451, 551, 620, 621
Loop timing, 193
LOS, see Line-of-sight (LOS)
Low-bit-rate (LBR), 589
Low correlation zone sequences (LCZ sequences), 249
Low-density parity check codes (LDPC codes), 104, 126–128, 331, 324
belief propagation algorithm, 104–105, 106
bipartite graph, 105
irregular, 107
parity check matrix, 104
regular, 104
regular randomly designed, 106, 107
Tanner graph, 104
LQC, see Link quality control (LQC)
LRT, see Likelihood ratio test (LRT)
LRU, see Logical resource unit (LRU)
LSB, see Least significant bits (LSB)
LTE, see Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
Luma, see Luminance
Luminance, 560
LVA, see List Viterbi algorithm (LVA)
M
MAC, see Media access (MAC); Medium-access control (MAC)
Machine-to-Machine (M2M), 412
communication, 722
Machine-type communication (MTC), 722
MAC layer, see Medium-access control layer (MAC layer)
MAC protocol, see Medium-access control protocol (MAC protocol)
Macroblock (MB), 565
Make before break, 434
MANETs, see Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs)
MANs, see Metropolitan area networks (MANs)
MAP, see Maximum a posteriori (MAP)
M-ary
PAM, 37
signaling schemes, 286, 336–338
waveforms, 286
M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK), 338
M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK), 337
M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM), 295, 311, 324, 331
Mask, 432
Matched filters (MFs), 255, 761
impulse response, 43
Maximal ratio combiner (MRC), 301, 311, 629
detector output, 643
for DF relays, 637
effects of, 296
in fading channels, 302
implementation, 302
optimality, 302
Maximum a posteriori (MAP), 102, 282
Maximum collision parameter (MCP), 250
Maximum distance separable codes, 95
Block codes
Maximum-likelihood (ML), 93, 209, 307, 311, 325, 331, 761
symbol synchronizer, 218
synchronizer, 211
Maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD), 187
and DFE performance, 188
drawback of, 189
optimum detector, 187
Viterbi algorithm, 188
Maximum-likelihood sequence detector, 188, 761
Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation equalizer (MLSE equalizer), 155
MB, see Macroblock (MB)
MB adaptive field/frame (MBAFF), 578
MBAFF, see MB adaptive field/frame (MBAFF)
MBE, see Multiband Excitation (MBE)
MBMS, see Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS)
MBS block, see Multicast and Broadcast Service block (MBS block)
MBSFN, see Multicast and broadcast over a Single-Frequency Network (MBSFN)
MCCH, see Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
MCH, see Multicast Channel (MCH)
MCP, see Maximum collision parameter (MCP); Motion-compensated prediction (MCP)
MCRB, see Modified Cramer–Rao bound (MCRB)
MCS, see Modulation and coding scheme (MCS)
MDDV, see Mobility-Centric Data Dissemination protocol (MDDV)
MDR, see Medium data rate (MDR)
ME, see Motion estimation (ME)
Mean opinion score (MOS), 540, 554–555
LQO values, 591
Mean-square equivalence, 761
Mean square error (MSE), 179, 228, 249, 276
Mean-square estimation, 761
Media access (MAC), 384
channel, 441
control messages, 506
protocol data unit formation block, 485
Media resource function controller (MFRC), 699
MediaFLO, 533
Medium-access control layer (MAC layer), 504
ARQ and HARQ, 506
connection management, 504
MAC control messages, 506
mobility management and handover, 506–508
MS global and logical addresses, 504
neighbor search, 504
paging group, 509
paging offset, 509
Medium-access control protocol (MAC protocol), 484, 603
Aloha with random backoff, 607
CSMA protocol, 607
nonpersistent CSMA, 608
p-persistent CSMA protocol, 608
slotted CSMA, 609
Medium access scheduling, 648–649
Medium data rate (MDR), 420
Message passing algorithm, see Belief propagation algorithm
Metric, 761
link, 686
ML, 101
Metropolitan area networks (MANs), 683
MFRC, see Media resource function controller (MFRC)
MFs, see Matched filters (MFs)
MFSK, see M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK)
Million instructions per second (MIPs), 541
MIMO, see Multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
Minimum bandwidth, see Nyquist—pulse
Minimum frequency-shift-keying (MSK), 65
Minimum mean square error (MMSE), 138, 179, 311, 326
linear receiver, 327
weights, 310
Minimum shift keying (MSK), 79, 144, 761
Modulation methods
bandpass waveform, 80
Laurent's decomposition, 80
phase-trellis for, 80
power density spectrum, 81–82, 84
premodulation filtered, 82
MIPs, see Million instructions per second (MIPs)
MISO, see Multiple-input single-output (MISO)
Mission critical, 516
Mitigation methods, 153
Rayleigh fading channels
DS/SS, 155
equalization, 154
FH/SS, 156
mitigation to combat fast-fading distortion, 156
mitigation to combat frequency-selective distortion, 154–156
mitigation to combat loss in SNR, 156–157
OFDM, 156
pilot signals, 156
spread-spectrum system, 155
types, 154
ML, see Maximum-likelihood (ML)
MLSD, see Maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD)
MLSE equalizer, see Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation equalizer (MLSE equalizer)
MME, see Mobility management entity (MME)
MMSE, see Minimum mean square error (MMSE)
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), 683
Mobile radio frequency acquisition, 207
Mobile radio propagation, 135
Fading channel
basic mechanisms, 136
large-scale fading, 135–136, 137–139
link budget considerations, 136, 137
small-scale fading, 136, 138, 139–141
terrain contours, 135
access state, 486
connected state, 487
idle state, 487
initialization state, 486
state diagram, 486
Mobile Switching Center (MSC), 414
Mobile WiMAX, 482
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
access service network, 482, 483
network reference model, 482
Mobility
based routing, 735
and data rates for wireless networks, 408
management and handover, 506–508
Mobility-Centric Data Dissemination protocol (MDDV), 735
Mobility management entity (MME), 453
Mobitex, 412
MODEM, see Modulator/demodulator (MODEM)
Modified Cramer–Rao bound (MCRB), 228
Modulated signals, 56, 57, 72, 761
Modulation methods
bandpass signal, 72
complex envelope, 72
power density spectrum, 73
power spectral density, 72
Modulation methods
bandwidth efficiency, 71
modulated signal, 57
parameters for HDR rates, 423
system, 529
technique, 412
Modulation and coding scheme (MCS), 419, 441
and slot assignments, 443
Modulation
CPM, 79
phase shift keying and π/4-QDPSK, 77–78
for spectrally efficient communication systems, 72
Modulator/demodulator (MODEM), 340
over analog cellular channels, 414–415
with channel coding, 344
direct-sequence spread-spectrum, 349
linear equalizers, 186
voiceband data, 191
MOS, see Mean opinion score (MOS)
Most significant bit (MSB), 244, 561
Motion-compensated prediction (MCP), 563–564
Motion estimation (ME), 564
Motion vector (MV), 565
MPEG-4 coding standards, 566–567
MPEG-1, 566
audio layer 2 audio coder, 529
coding standards, 566
MPEG-2 coding standards, 566
MPSK, see M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK)
MP2, see MPEG-1–Audio Layer 2 audio coder
M-QAM, see M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)
MRC, see Maximal ratio combiner (MRC)
MS, see Mobile station (MS)
MS global and logical addresses, 504
MSB, see Most significant bit (MSB)
MSC, see Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
m sequence, 761
MSE, see Mean square error (MSE)
MSK, see Minimum frequency-shift-keying (MSK); Minimum shift keying (MSK)
MTC, see Machine-type communication (MTC)
MTCH, see Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
M2M, see Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
MU, see Multiuser (MU)
MUI, see Multiuser interference (MUI)
µ-law, 542
compression characteristic, 30, 31
Multi-antenna techniques, 500
MIMO transmitter, 501
spatial multiplexing rank, 501
Multiband Excitation (MBE), 518
Multicarrier communication, see Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
Multicarrier functions, 485
Multicast and broadcast over a Single-Frequency Network (MBSFN), 456
Multicast and Broadcast Service block (MBS block), 483
Multicast Channel (MCH), 475
Multicast connection, 504
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH), 474
Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH), 474
Multihop
ad hoc relay networks, 637–638
AF relays, 637
cooperative network, 637
linear relay network, 636
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS), 533
Multinode relay networks, 635–636
Multipath
fading, 135
formation of multihop, 721
multiplexing, 294
propagation, 135
Multiple-access
channel, 328
scheme, 487
Multiple antennas systems, 294
Multiple base stations
in mobile cellular networks, 330
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO), 356, 620
applications, 330
average S/N gain from using, 362
bit rate limitation problem, 361
channel models, 298
line-of-sight channel, 298–299
ML detectors in, 328
techniques, 622
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels capacity, fixed, 314
High-throughput MIMO systems
diagonalized MIMO capacity, 318
equivalent diagonalized MIMO, 316
frequency-flat, 314
power allocation, 318
Shannon capacity, 315
transmitted power constrain, 315–316
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) fading channel capacity, 318
High-throughput MIMO systems
energy per information bit, 323
ergodic capacity bound, 319, 320, 323
outage probability, 321
signal-to-noise power ratio, 323
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system synchronization, 224
Communication receiver synchronization
DA ML timing delay estimator, 227
DA ML vs. CCRB MSE performance, 229
data-aided symbol training recovery, 227
general considerations, 224–225
ML timing estimator performance assessment, 228
NDA symbol timing recovery, 229
NT × NR MIMO system, 226
received signal complex envelope, 225
Multiple-input single-output (MISO), 294, 311, 331
Multiplexity gain, 630
Multiplying DAC, 27
Multiradio coexistence functions, 485
Multiuser (MU), 331
diversity effect, 330
Multiuser interference (MUI), 370
Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO), 328, 481
High-throughput MIMO systems
linear precoding, 329
multiple-access channel, 328–329
multiple-antennas base station, 328
with two single-antenna mobile users, 328
Multiview video coding, 579
H.264/MVC standard
MU-MIMO, see Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Mutual information, 761
MV, see Motion vector (MV)
N
NADC, see North American digital cellular (NADC)
NAL, see Network abstraction layer (NAL)
NAS, see Non-Access Stratum (NAS)
Nash bargaining solution, 664–665
NATDMA, see North American time division multiple access (NATDMA)
NAV, see Network allocation vector (NAV)
NDA, see Non-data-aided (NDA)
Near-end crosstalk (NEXT), 191
Neighbor search, 504
Network
coding, 642
entry management block, 483
reference model, 482
related application requirements, 737
topology, 720
Network abstraction layer (NAL), 568
Network allocation vector (NAV), 610
Network reference model (NRM), 482
Network resource allocation, 668
broader network allocation, 673
distance-based metanodes, 674–675
geographical metanodes, 675
network-flow interaction chart, 670
range-extension metanodes, 676
system model and constraints, 668–670
Neuman–Hofman sequences, 223–224
NEXT, see Near-end crosstalk (NEXT)
Nodes, 603
Non-Access Stratum (NAS), 454
Noncooperative Games, 664
Non-data-aided (NDA), 208, 229
Nonintrusive algorithm, 591
Nonreturn to zero pulses (NRZ pulses), 220
Nonsquare transforms (NSQT), 584
Nonuniform quantizing, 30
compandor, 31
compression characteristic, 30–31
expandor characteristic, 31
output S/N, 32
Norm, 761
Normed vector space, 761
North American digital cellular (NADC), 360
North American time division multiple access (NATDMA), 360
NRM, see Network reference model (NRM)
NRZ pulses, see Nonreturn to zero pulses (NRZ pulses)
NSQT, see Nonsquare transforms (NSQT)
Nyquist
band, 761
frequency, 175
minimum bandwidth, 337
Raised cosine—pulse
Baseband signaling and pulse shaping
frequency responses, 40
receiver filter output, 43
O
OC, see Optimum combining (OC)
Octal phase-shift keying (8-PSK), 107
OFDM, see Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
OFDMA, see Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
Offset sequence, 247
Okumura–Hata model, 410
OLSR, see Optimized link state routing (OLSR)
1 × RTT, see Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1 × RTT)
Cellular systems
1G networks, see First-generation networks (1G networks)
One-way delay effect, 541
1X-EV-DO [1X Evolution for Data Only], 440–441
forward link spreading, 442
forward link time multiplexing structure, 443
reverse link, 443
Revisions A and B, 444
On–off keyed (OOK), 439
digital signal, 64
signal constellation, 67
OOC, see Optical orthogonal code (OOC)
OOK, see On–off keyed (OOK)
Optical orthogonal code (OOC), 249, 250
analog of Johnson bound for, 250
optimal, 250
Optimal transmit strategy, 329
Optimized link state routing (OLSR), 610, 733
Optimum combining (OC), 311
Optimum receivers, 279
in AWGN, 283
for binary communications, 283
detection theory, 282
dispersive channels, 291
Karhunen–Loève expansion, 280–281
M-ary optimal receivers, 286–287
for noncoherent ASK demodulation, 289
preliminaries, 280
random phase channels, 288–289
realistic channels, 287
signal space and decision boundary for, 284
standard binary signaling schemes, 285
OQASK, see Quadrature amplitude shift keying (OQASK)
Orthogonal, 761
basis, 271
sequence, 432
Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), 54, 452, 551, 653, 762
cross-layer design in, 620
IEEE 802.16m, 487
MAC architecture for, 622
radio resource management, 721
scheme, 456
3GPP LTE/LTE-advanced OFDMA parameters, 456
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), 51, 54, 156, 201, 762
Echo cancellation; Modulation methods
baseband modulator, 86
complex envelope, 68, 83, 84–85
cyclic extension, 84
IDFT-based baseband OFDM modulator, 86
signaling, 68
waveform, 84
for wireless channels, 69
Orthogonality principle, 276, 762
Orthonormal, 762
Outage
capacity, 630
Overload noise, 29
P
Packet, 111
switched transmission, 410
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), 454
Packet loss concealment (PLC), 589
Paging channel (PCH), 446, 475
Paging control channel (PCCH), 445, 474
Paging group, 509
Paging indicator channel (PICH), 448
Paging offset, 509
PAM, see Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
PAPR, see Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
Parametric algorithm, 591
Parseval's
Partially configured carrier, 485
Partial-period correlation (p-p correlation), 248–249
Partial reference algorithm, 591
Partial-response signaling (PR signaling), 45, 762
duobinary pulse, 46
equivalent discrete-time transfer function, 46, 47
intersymbol interference, 48
modified duobinary partial response, 47
PR signal generation, 48
system response, 47
Partial use of subcarriers (PUSC), 491
Path loss, 134
PCCH, see Paging control channel (PCCH)
P-CCPCH, see Primary common control physical channel (P-CCPCH)
PCFICH, see Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
PCH, see Paging channel (PCH)
PCM, see Pulse code modulation (PCM)
PCPCH, see Physical common packet channel (PCPCH)
P-CPICH, see Primary common pilot channel (P-CPICH)
PCS, see Personal communication systems (PCS)
PDCCH, see Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
PDCP, see Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
p.d.f., see Probability density function (p.d.f.)
PDF, see Probability distribution function (PDF)
PDSCH, see Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)
Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), 50–51, 78, 452
Perceptual
auditory mapping, 593
weighting, 543
Perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ), 540, 555–556, 593
Perfect codes, 95
Block codes
Performance comparison of cooperative relays, 642–643
Personal communication systems (PCS), 134
PESQ, see Perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ)
Phase and frequency modulation, 64
angle-modulated signal, 64
average power, 65
modulation index, 65
peak frequency deviation, 65
phase, 64
properties, 65
signal bandwidth, 65
Phase-locked loop (PLL), 153, 210
estimator, 211
Phase and frequency modulation
Phase shift keying (PSK), 155, 259, 360, 762
eye pattern, 173
modulation, 241
probability of error for, 285
signal constellation, 171, 172
transmitted signal, 171
Physical channels, 446
A-MAP, 495
communication, 35
downlink, 447
downlink/uplink physical channel processing, 465
processing, 462
time dispersion, 169
uplink, 446
Physical common packet channel (PCPCH), 447
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), 466
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), 466
Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), 448
Physical layer packets, 423
Physical random access channel (PRACH), 446
Physical resource units (PRU), 489
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), 467
PICAFF, see Picture adaptive frame/field coding (PICAFF); Picture-adaptive field/frame (PICAFF)
PICH, see Paging indicator channel (PICH)
Picture-adaptive field/frame (PICAFF), 578
Picture adaptive frame/field coding (PICAFF), 571
Picture parameter set (PPS), 568
Pilot
channel, 441
signals, 156
π/4 differential quadrature phase-shift keying modulation (π/4 DQPSK modulation), 389
π/4 DQPSK modulation, see π/4 differential quadrature phase-shift keying modulation (π/4 DQPSK modulation)
π/4 phase-shifted quadrature differential phase shift keying (π/4-QDPSK), 77
Modulation methods
complex envelope, 77
phase diagram, 78
power density spectrum, 78
signal-space diagrams, 78
π/4-QDPSK, see π/4 phase-shifted quadrature differential phase shift keying (π/4-QDPSK)
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), 408, 566
PLC, see Packet loss concealment (PLC); Power line communication (PLC)
PLL, see Phase-locked loop (PLL)
PM, see Phase modulation (PM)
PMI, see Precoding Matrix Index (PMI)
PN, see Pseudonoise (PN)
Point processes, 372
Point-to-point (PTP), 418
Poisson point process (PPP), 372
POLQA RBA, 594
POTS, see Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
Power
allocation, 651
efficiency, 762
pooling gains, 749
power-limited systems, 335
relationship with distance, 409
Power line communication (PLC), 293, 311, 313, 331
Power spectra density (PSD), 61, 253, 762
DS–CDMA system, 259
IDFT-based OFDM, 88
MPSK and QAM complex envelope, 68
of MSK and GMSK, 84
OFDM, 87
QAM, 76
QPSK signal, 66
p-p correlation, see Partial-period correlation (p-p correlation)
PPP, see Poisson point process (PPP)
PPS, see Picture parameter set (PPS)
PRACH, see Physical random access channel (PRACH)
Precoding, 762
Precoding Matrix Index (PMI), 471
Prediction units (PU), 583
Presence service, 701
Primary common control physical channel (P-CCPCH), 447
Primary common pilot channel (P-CPICH), 447
Primary RF carrier, 485
Primary users (PUs), 719
Probability density function (p.d.f.), 134, 302, 311
Probability distribution function (PDF), 374
Processing gain, 348
Professional Mobile Radio, 521
Voice codec
combining commercial cellular and LMR, 524
LMR standards development, 524–525
long-term evolution, 522
symbol transitions, 522
TETRA voice, 523
Projection theorem, 762
Orthogonality principle
Projects, 738
Propagation model, 394–395, 410
Proper orthogonal set, 269
Protocol model, 371
PR signaling, see Partial-response signaling (PR signaling)
PRU, see Physical resource units (PRU)
PSD, see Power spectra density (PSD)
code, 348
synchronization, 262
Pseudonoise (PN) sequences, 237, 238, 432, 762
aperiodic correlation, 246
applications, 237
bounds on family size M, 242
correlation between sequences, 237
correlation measures, 248
families of sequences with low cross-correlation, 241–245
q-ary sequences with low autocorrelation, 241
Pseudorandom sequences, see Pseudonoise (PN) sequences
PSK, see Phase shift keying (PSK)
PSTN, see Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
PTP, see Point-to-point (PTP)
PTT, see Push to talk (PTT)
P25 land mobile radio units, 517
PU, see Prediction units (PU)
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), 408, 539
PUCCH, see Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), 168, 218, 762
equivalent discrete-time channel, 39
signal constellation, 171, 172
spectrum, 27
transmitted signal, 171
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) system echo cancellation, 192
Echo cancellation
adaptation gain, 196
baseband signaling techniques, 193
cancellation error signal, 194
dual-duplex transmission, 193
echo canceller, 192, 194, 196, 197–199
loop timing, 193
mean square error, 195
transmission system, 192
Pulse code modulation (PCM), 23, 596, 762
advantages, 23
disadvantage, 23
effects of noise, 29
generation, 24
percent quantizing noise, 24–26
quantizing operation, 24
6-dB rule, 30
system design, 33
system performance, 28
3-b gray code, 26
transmitter, 24
waveforms in, 25
PUSC, see Partial use of subcarriers (PUSC)
PUs, see Primary users (PUs)
Q
QAM, see Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Q-ary sequences, 241
Pseudonoise (PN) sequences
QCIF, see Quarter-CIF (QCIF)
Q function, 284
QM, see Quadrature modulation (QM)
QMF, see Quadrature mirror filter (QMF)
QoE, see Quality of experience (QoE)
QoS, see Quality of Service (QoS)
QP, see Quantization parameter (QP)
QPP, see Quadratic Permutation Polynomial (QPP)
QPSK, see Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)
Quadratic Permutation Polynomial (QPP), 462
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 73, 171, 762
Modulation methods
advantage and disadvantage, 73
complex envelope, 73
complex signal-space diagram, 74, 75
eye pattern, 173
root raised cosine pulse shaping, 74–75, 76
signal constellation, 74, 171, 172
system echo cancellation, 199–201
Echo cancellation
transmitted signal, 171
Quadrature amplitude shift keying (OQASK), 81
Quadrature mirror filter (QMF), 543
Quadrature modulation (QM), 60
Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 66, 107, 144, 286
Modulation methods
constellations, 107
conventional, 77
null-to-null bandwidth, 66
phase-shifted, 77
power density spectrum, 78
signal constellations, 67
signaling, 66
signal-space diagrams, 78
Quadrature spreading, 433, 434
Quality, 554
Quality measurement algorithms, 591
Quality of experience (QoE), 597
Quality of Service (QoS), 451, 505–506, 720
block, 484
Quantization parameter (QP), 571
error, 24
Quarter-CIF (QCIF), 565
R
RA, see Reverse activity (RA)
RACH, see Random access channel (RACH)
R-ACH, see Reverse access channel (R-ACH)
Radio
channels, 169
discipline, 515
interface architecture, 444–445
link protocol, 417
transmitter, 334
Radio configurations (RCs), 437
Radio frequency (RF), 60, 134, 334
doppler spectrum, 149
Radio frequency-integrated circuits (RFICs), 747
Radio-frequency interference, 398
Interference
adjacent channel interference, 398
co-channel interference, 398, 401
Radio link control (RLC), 419, 454
sublayer functions, 475
Radio Network Controller (RNC), 452
Radio Resource Management (RRM), 453
block, 483
Raised cosine
frequency response characteristic, 174
pulse, 41, 42, 45, 74–75, 76, 762
Nyquist—pulse
spectrum, 42
Random
access techniques, 369
noise, 29
Random access channel (RACH), 446, 475
Random variable (r.v.), 311, 295
Ranging cyclic prefix (RCP), 498
Ranging preamble (RP), 498
Rate-distortion (RD), 571
measure, 120
mutual information, 121
pair, 121
Rayleigh
criterion, 751
faded component, 140
Mobile radio propagation
fading envelope, 150
fading parameters with overbars, 153
limit, 153
random variable density, 289
Rayleigh fading channels, 134, 164, 410
challenge, 134
degradation categories, 152–153
flat fading and frequency-selective fading manifestations, 146–147
mobile radio propagation, 135–141
parameters characterizing, 157–159
rake receiver applied to DS/SS systems, 161–164
signal time-spreading, 141, 143
time variance viewed, 147, 149
Viterbi equalizer as applied to GSM, 159–161
RB, see Resource block (RB)
RBAs, see Reference-based algorithms (RBAs)
RCCCH, see Reverse common control channel (RCCCH)
RCP, see Ranging cyclic prefix (RCP)
RCs, see Radio configurations (RCs)
RD, see Rate-distortion (RD)
RDCCH, see Reverse dedicated common control channel (RDCCH)
REACH, see Reverse enhanced access channel (REACH)
Real envelope, 762
Receive diversity, 301
Diversity techniques
SIMO scheme, 301
SNR at combiner output, 301
Reed–Solomon codes, 95
Block codes
field, 96
observations, 97
parity check matrix, 96
Reference-based algorithms (RBAs), 592–595
Reference-free algorithms (RFAs), 596–597
Reference signals sequence, 462
Regenerative redundancy (RR), 634–635
Relay functions, 485
Request-to-send (RTS), 609
RERR, see Route error (RERR)
Reservation-based multiple access techniques, 369
Residual quadtree (RQT), 584
Resource allocation issues, 648
Resource block (RB), 459
Resync markers, 567
Reverse access channel (R-ACH), 436
Reverse activity (RA), 441
Reverse common control channel (RCCCH), 439
Reverse dedicated common control channel (RDCCH), 440
Reverse enhanced access channel (REACH), 439
Reverse fundamental channel (RFCH), 440
spreading, 440
Reverse pilot channel (RPICH), 440
Reverse power control (RPC), 441
Reverse rate indication (RRI), 443
Reverse supplemental channel (RSCH), 440
Reversible VLC, 567
RF, see Radio frequency (RF)
RFAs, see Reference-free algorithms (RFAs)
RFCH, see Reverse fundamental channel (RFCH)
RFICs, see Radio frequency-integrated circuits (RFICs)
Rician fading, 139
Mobile radio propagation
degradation categories, 141
effects, 141
Rayleigh pdf, 140
Riesz–Fischer theorem, 270, 763
RLC, see Radio link control (RLC)
RNC, see Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Robust Header Compression (RoHC), 454
RoHC, see Robust Header Compression (RoHC)
Rolloff factor, 175
Root-raised cosine pulse, 763
Route error (RERR), 610
Route reply (RREP), 610
Route request (RREQ), 610
Routing in multihop CRN, 719–720
Routing protocols, 610
Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector, 610–611
classical flooding, 612
dynamic source routing, 610, 611–612
multipoint relays, 612
taxonomy, 734
Routing Schemes, 733
RPC, see Reverse power control (RPC)
RP, see Ranging preamble (RP)
RPICH, see Reverse pilot channel (RPICH)
RQT, see Residual quadtree (RQT)
RR, see Regenerative redundancy (RR)
RREP, see Route reply (RREP)
RREQ, see Route request (RREQ)
RRI, see Reverse rate indication (RRI)
RRM, see Radio Resource Management (RRM)
RSCH, see Reverse supplemental channel (RSCH)
RTS, see Request-to-send (RTS)
r.v., see Random variable (r.v.)
S
Sample adaptive offset (SAO), 581
SAO, see Sample adaptive offset (SAO)
SAP, see Service access point (SAP)
SBR, see Spectral band replication (SBR)
Scalability analysis of IMS, 704, 711
IP multimedia subsystem (IMS)
access rate, 710
CDMA2000 and WLAN interworking, 706
CDMA2000 to WLAN, 708
CDMA2000–WLAN integration, 705–706
hybrid network architecture, 707
IMS integration, 706
scenarios, 706
total number of accesses, 709
WLAN to CDMA2000, 709
Scalable video coding, 573
SCBA, see Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
S-CCPCH, see Secondary common control physical channel (S-CCPCH)
SC-FDMA, see Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA); Single channel FDMA
SCH, see Synchronization channel (SCH)
Scheduling and resource multiplexing block, 484
Scheduling request (SR), 467
Schwarz's inequality, 267–268, 763
Scintillation, 135
Rayleigh fading channels
S-CPICH, see Secondary common pilot channel (S-CPICH)
SCTP, see Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP)
SCU, see Smallest coding unit (SCU)
SDMA, see Space division multiple access (SDMA)
SDTV, see Standard definition TV (SDTV)
Secondary common control physical channel (S-CCPCH), 447
Secondary common pilot channel (S-CPICH), 447
Secondary RF carrier, 485
Second generation (2G), 411
Second-generation networks (2G networks), 413
bearer services, 417
ECSD service, 520
EGPRS modulation and coding parameters, 419
enhanced data for global evolution, 418–420
Gaussian minimum shift keying, 417
general packet radio service, 418–420
high-speed circuit switch data, 417–418
logical channels, 417
radio link protocol, 417
Security management block, 483
SEI, see Supplemental enhancement information (SEI)
Selectable Mode Vocoder (SMV), 549
Selected GSM Voice Codecs, 549
Selective DF relaying, 645
Selective forwarding (SF), 634
Select-repeat protocol, 113
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 521
Self-organization and self-optimization functions, 485
Separable, 763
Sequence parameter set (SPS), 568
SER, see Symbol error rate (SER)
Serial encoder, 26
Serial-input–output chip (SIO chip), 27
Service access point (SAP), 472
Service-oriented architectures (SOA), 698
Serving gateway (S-GW), 453
SF, see Selective forwarding (SF)
SFBC, see Space frequency block coding (SFBC)
SFN, see Single frequency network (SFN)
S-GW, see Serving gateway (S-GW)
Shadowing, see Diffraction
Shannon–Hartley capacity theorem, 335
Shannon's channel coding theorem, 123–124
Shannon theoretical channel capacity equation, 358
SHF, see Super-high-frequency (SHF)
Shift register
with feedback, 431
sequence, 763
SIC, see Successive interference cancellation (SIC)
Sidetone, 589
Signal-based algorithms, 591
Signal constellation, 66, 67, 763
QAM, 74
Signal plus noise plus distortion-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SINAD ratio), 391
Signal processing challenges, 753
Hilbert spaces
M-ary signal detection problem, 272
mean-square estimation, 276
for optimal binary receiver, 284
representation of 16-QAM signal set, 287
signal classification problem, 284
signal space representation, 272–274, 274–275
volterra adaptive lattice filtering, 276–277
wavelet transforms, 275
Signal time-spreading, 141
Rayleigh fading channels
channel correlation functions and pdf, 142
degradation categories due to, 142–143
multipath-intensity profile, 141, 142
rms delay spread, 143
spaced-frequency correlation function, 143
Signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR), 71, 310, 311, 326, 331, 371, 685
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 42–43, 98, 140, 209, 212, 285, 296, 311, 313, 331, 356, 391, 592
SIMO, see Single-input multiple-output (SIMO)
SIMO with interference, 309
approaches for interference mitigation, 311
received vector, 309
SINR, 310
Simple correlation rule, 223
Simple 3-Node Relay Networks, 631–633
Simulcast, 573
SINAD ratio, see Signal plus noise plus distortion-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SINAD ratio)
Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), 54, 456, 551, 763
Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1 × RTT), 422
Single channel FDMA (SC-FDMA), 425
Single frequency network (SFN), 493, 529
Single-input multiple-output (SIMO), 294, 311, 331
Single-input single-output systems (SISO systems), 224, 294, 311, 331, 362
Multiple antennas systems
discrete-time equivalent lowpass representation, 295
ergodic capacity, 296
outage capacity, 297
outage probability, 297
power and rate time-adaptive system, 298
SNR variation, 296
system model, 295
Single-sideband AM suppressed carrier (SSB–AM–SC), 60
Single-sideband envelope detectable (SSB–EV), 60
Single-sideband FM (SSB–FM), 60
Single sideband modulation (SSB modulation), 401
Single-sideband PM (SSB–PM), 60
Single-sideband square-law detectable (SSB–SQ), 60
Singleton bound, 95
Block codes
Single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), 481
Singular values decomposition (SVD), 315, 331
SINR, see Signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR)
SIO chip, see Serial-input–output chip (SIO chip)
SIP proxy, 699
Sirius XM Satellite Radio, 533
SISO systems, see Single-input single-output systems (SISO systems)
16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM), 107, 360
constellations for, 107
sequences, 245
signal space representation, 287
16-QAM, see 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM)
60 GHz Wireless Communication, 747, 756
blockage, 754
deafness in directional networks, 750
deafness issue, 754
design issue, 754
form factor constraints, 753
Friis formula, 748
for high antenna gains, 749
Huygens’ principle, 754
link budget, 749
power pooling gains, 749
range-rate trade-offs, 749
Rayleigh criterion, 751
signal processing challenges, 753
sparse multipath effect, 752
spatial multiplexing, 751
system design consequences, 750
Skipped slice, 577
Sleep mode management block, 484
Sliding window protocol, see Go-Back-N ARQ protocol
Smallest coding unit (SCU), 583
SMV, see Selectable Mode Vocoder (SMV)
SNR, see Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
SNR scalability, 576
SOA, see Service-oriented architectures (SOA)
Soft Handoff, 437
S1 Application Protocol (S1AP), 453
S1AP, see S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)
Sounding sequence, see Training sequence
Source polarization, 128
Spaced-frequency correlation function, 143
Space division multiple access (SDMA), 329, 331
Spaced-time correlation function, 147
Space frequency block coding (SFBC), 452, 503
Space-frequency coding, 630
Space–time block codes (STBC), 308, 311
Space–time codes, 308
Space–time coding-based MIMO systems, 630
Space–time trellis codes (STTC), 308, 311
Sparse multipath effect, 752
Spatial multiplexing, 751
MIMO systems, 324
High-throughput MIMO systems
Spatial redundancy removal, 560–561
Spectral band replication (SBR), 530
Spectral broadening, 149, 151–152
Rayleigh fading channels
Spectral envelope of speech, 545
Spectrum sensing and tomography, 715–717
Spectrum sharing and dynamic spectrum management, 717–719
Speech coding methods; Speech coding standards
absolute category rating tests, 540
asynchronous tandeming, 541
codec complexity, 541
delay associated with processing, 541
diagnostic acceptability measure, 555
diagnostic rhyme test, 555
errors, 542
intelligibility, 554
one-way delay effect, 541
quality, 554
speech quality evaluation, 555–556
superwideband, 540
wideband speech, 540
Speech coding methods, 542
adaptive codebook structure, 544–545
analysis-by-synthesis methods, 543
bandwidth scalable coding, 546
bit rate scalability, 546
code-excited linear prediction, 543
encoder for CELP, 544
log-PCM quantizer, 542
perceptual weighting, 543
spectral envelope of speech, 545
subband coding, 543
subbands, 542
3GPP long term evolution, 551
toll quality, 542
transform coding, 543
Speech coding standards, 546
AMR codecs, 551
cdma2000® VMR-WB, 549
code division multiple access, 548
digital cellular codecs, 550
digital cellular standards, 548–550
GSM standards, 549
GSM voice codecs, 549
TIA-EIA/IS-893 cdma2000 standard, 549
time division multiple access, 548
unified speech and audio coding, 551–552, 553
Speech communication, 587
Speech communication quality assessment, 587
algorithm usage consideration, 598–599
delay variation estimation, 593
perceptual auditory mapping, 593
PESQ, 593
POLQA RBA, 594
reference-based algorithms, 592–595
reference-free algorithms, 596–597
sidetone, 589
telephone speech communication, 587–588
modulation solutions, 436
sequences, 434
Spread spectrum systems, 155, 253, 262
advantages, 253
Bluetooth, 261
direct sequence spread spectrum, 254–258
DS–CDMA-based cellular systems, 261
early developments, 253
frequency hopping spread spectrum, 258–260
synchronization issues in, 262
ultrawideband systems, 261–262
SPS, see Sequence parameter set (SPS)
Squared error distortion, 120
SR, see Scheduling request (SR)
SSB–AM–SC, see Single-sideband AM suppressed carrier (SSB–AM–SC)
SSB–EV, see Single-sideband envelope detectable (SSB–EV)
SSB–FM, see Single-sideband FM (SSB–FM)
SSB modulation, see Single sideband modulation (SSB modulation)
SSB–PM, see Single-sideband PM (SSB–PM)
SSB–SQ, see Single-sideband square-law detectable (SSB–SQ)
Standard binary signaling schemes, 285
Standard definition TV (SDTV), 566
Standardization actions, 731
Station Identifier (STID), 483
Stations, see Nodes
Statistical redundancy removal, 562, 563
STBC, see Space–time block codes (STBC)
Stereo 3D video coding, 581–582
STID, see Station Identifier (STID)
Stochastic gradient algorithm, 182, 763
convergence characteristic, 183
Stop-and-Wait ARQ protocol, 112
Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP), 452
STTC, see Space–time trellis codes (STTC)
Subband coding, 543
Subbands, 542
Subframes, 487
Successive interference cancellation (SIC), 311, 327, 331
with ordering, 328
SU-MIMO, see Single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO)
Superframe, 487
header, 494
Super-high-frequency (SHF), 134
Superwideband, 540
Supplemental enhancement information (SEI), 567
SVD, see Singular values decomposition (SVD)
Symbol error rate (SER), 629
Symbol rate, 37
Symbol-spaced equalizer, 177, 763
Symbol synchronization, 208, 218
Communication receiver synchronization
channel model, 218
closed-loop timing synchronizer, 219
data carrying signal, 218
early–late gate synchronizer, 220
log-likelihood function, 218
ML synchronizer, 218
ML timing estimate, 219
NRZ pulse, 220
Sync Channel (FSYN), 435
Synchronization, 207
Synchronization channel (SCH), 447–448
System configuration management block, 483
System design consequences, 750
T
Tandem-free operation (TFO), 550
Tanner graph, 104
TCM, see Trellis coded modulation (TCM)
TDD, see Time division duplex (TDD)
TDM, see Time division multiplexed (TDM)
TDMA, see Time division multiple access (TDMA)
TDNA, see Time-division-node access (TDNA)
TD-SCDMA, see Time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA)
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), 416, 430, 515
Telephone speech communication, 587–588
Temporal redundancy removal, 562, 563
Temporal scalability, 574, 575
TFCI, see Transport format combination indicator (TFCI)
TFO, see Tandem-free operation (TFO)
Third-generation cellular communications, 429
IS-95 cellular CDMA; Traffic channel preamble; Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA)
dirac-delta operator, 432
frequency reuse vs. code reuse, 430–431
high-speed downlink packet access, 448–449
high-speed uplink packet access, 449
mask, 432
1X Evolution for Data Only, 440–441
orthogonal sequence, 432
pseudonoise sequence, 432
pseudorandom sequences, 431
quadrature spreading, 433, 434
shift register with feedback, 431
transition to fourth generation, 449
Walsh functions, 432
Third-generation networks (3G networks), 414, 420
access terminals, 422
CDMA2000, 422
code puncturing, 424
control channel, 424
data rate control scheme, 423
forward traffic channel, 423
modulation parameters for HDR rates, 423
physical layer packets, 423
power control, 424
3GPP long-term evolution, 424–425
TIA-856 revisions, 424
universal mobile telecommunications system 3GPP, 421–422
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 52, 451, 620
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long-Term Evolution, 424–425, 551, 620, 653
channel and transmission bandwidth, 459
cyclic delay diversity, 471
frame structure, 457
link adaptation, 469
logical channels, 474
MME, 454
modulation and coding, 462
multiple access schemes, 455–457
operating frequencies and bandwidths, 457
paging, 468
physical channel processing, 462, 465
physical control channels, 466–468
precoding matrix index, 471
primary synchronization signal, 469
random access procedure, 468
reference signals, 462–466, 471
resource element, 459
transmitter/receiver structure of SC-FDMA, 457
uplink/downlink configurations, 461
Third Generation Partnership Project LTE/LTE-advanced radio access technologies, 451
band classes, 458
control channels, 474
downlink transmission scheme, 452
E-UTRAN architecture, 453
evolved packet system, 477
for IP-based traffic, 451
MAC and RRC Controls, 477
multi-antenna schemes, 469
multicarrier operation, 479
OFDMA parameters, 456
packet data convergence sublayer, 476
protocol layers and function, 455
radio Resource Control Functions, 476–477
TDD frame configurations, 460
traffic channels, 474
Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), 52
THP, see Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP)
3GPP, see Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
3G networks, see Third-generation networks (3G networks)
3GPP2, see Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)
THSS system, see Time hopping spread spectrum system (THSS system)
TIA, see Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
TIA-856 Revisions, 424
TIA-EIA/IS-893 cdma2000 standard, 549
Tichonov density function, 212
Time-dispersive wireless channels, 169
Time division duplex (TDD), 52, 304, 311, 444, 684
Time division multiple access (TDMA), 158, 429, 548, 684
Digital advanced mobile phone service (D-AMPS)
Time division multiplexed (TDM), 754
Time-division-node access (TDNA), 649–650
Time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA), 421
Time hopping spread spectrum system (THSS system), 260
Time multiplexing, 443
Time variance, 147
Rayleigh fading channels
concept of duality, 148
degradation categories, 148, 152
Doppler frequency shift, 149, 150
in Doppler-shift domain, 149–151
fast fading, 148
Rayleigh fading envelope, 150
slow fading, 148
spaced-time correlation function, 147–148
Time-variant multipath channels, 169
Time-windowing function, 53
TM, see Transparent Mode (TM)
Toll quality, 542
Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP), 329, 332
Adaptive precoding
Tone-pair, 489
Topology-based routing, 734
Total probability of error, 763
TP, see Transmission pattern (TP)
TPC, see Transmit power control (TPC)
Traffic channel preamble, 442
forward link, 441
MAC channel, 441
1X-EV-DO Revisions A and B, 444
pilot channel, 441
spreading, 442
time multiplexing, 443
Traffic channels (TrCh's), 445
Training mode, 763
Training sequence, 159
Transcoder-free operation (TrFO), 550
Transform, 584
Transform coding, 543
and quantization, 570
Transistor–transistor logic waveform (TTL waveform), 55
Transition to Fourth Generation, 449
Transmission pattern (TP), 737
Transmission time interval (TTI), 457, 487
Transmit diversity, 437, 439, 628
Transmit power control (TPC), 446
Transmitter, generalized, 60
using AM–PM generation technique, 60
using quadrature generation technique, 61
Transparent Mode (TM), 454
Transport channels, 446
Transport format combination indicator (TFCI), 446
TrCh's, see Traffic channels (TrCh's)
Trellis coded modulation (TCM), 108, 335, 531
Coding and modulation
employing 8-PSK, 109
encoder, 109
extensions, 110
Convolutional encoder
TrFO, see Transcoder-free operation (TrFO)
Triangle inequality, 763
Trunking efficiency, 763
TTI, see Transmission time interval (TTI)
TTL waveform, see Transistor–transistor logic waveform (TTL waveform)
Turbo (de-) coding, 101
Turbo code
Turbo code, 101
BCJR decoder, 103
encoder from 1993 ICC paper, 102
encoder structure, 101
1993ICC, 103
2G, see Second generation (2G)
2G networks, see Second-generation networks (2G networks)
U
UAC, see User agent client (UAC)
UART, see Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART)
UAS, see User agent server (UAS)
UDP, see User datagram protocol (UDP)
UE, see User equipment (UE)
UEP, see Unequal error protection (UEP)
UHF, see Ultra-high-frequency (UHF)
UL-SCH, see Uplink shared channel (UL-SCH)
Ultra-high-frequency (UHF), 134
Ultrawideband communication systems, 261–262
UM, see Unacknowledged mode (UM)
UMTS, see Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS); Universal mobile telephony system (UMTS)
UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA), 52
Unacknowledged mode (UM), 454
Unequal error protection (UEP), 529
Unicast, 737
Unicast connection, 504
Unified speech and audio coding (USAC), 551–552
decoder structure, 553
United States digital cellular (USDC), 416, 430
Digital advanced mobile phone service (D-AMPS)
Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART), 27
Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), 52, 421, 696
Universal mobile telecommunications system 3GPP, 421–422
Universal mobile telephony system (UMTS), 444
Universal source coding, 119
Lempel–Ziv algorithm, 120
Universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART), 27
Universal synchronous receiver/transmitter (USRT), 27
Uplink
Downlink
multiple access, 456
physical channels, 446
pilot structure, 493
PUSC structure, 491
sounding channel, 498
Uplink control channels, 496
Downlink—synchronization channel
bandwidth request, 497
channel quality indicators, 497–498
HARQ feedback, 496
MIMO feedback, 496
uplink sounding channel, 498
Uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS), 458
Uplink shared channel (UL-SCH), 475
UpPTS, see Uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS)
USAC, see Unified speech and audio coding (USAC)
USART, see Universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART)
USDC, see United States digital cellular (USDC)
User agent client (UAC), 699
User agent server (UAS), 699
User datagram protocol (UDP), 453
User equipment (UE), 452
Users, see Nodes
USRT, see Universal synchronous receiver/transmitter (USRT)
UTRA, see UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA)
V
VAD, see Voice activity detector (VAD)
VANET, see Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET)
Variable length coding (VLC), 562
Variable-rate multimode wideband (VMR-WB), 549
V-BLAST, see Vertical-Bell laboratories layered space-time (V-BLAST)
VC, see Vehicle communications (VC)
VCD, see Video CD (VCD)
VCO, see Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)
VDA, see Viterbi decoding algorithm (VDA)
linear combination, 266
normed, 267
Vehicle communications (VC), 730
Vehicle-toinfrastructure (V2I), 732
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), 732
Vehicle-to-X connections (V2X), 730
Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET), 730
Vehicular communication applications, 735
actions, 739
beaconing, 737
CarTorrent, 741
categories, 736
communication, 736, 739, 740–741
DRIVE-IN, 741
geobroadcast, 737
information dissemination, 738
network-related application requirements, 737
projects, 738
providing adaptive ubiquitous services in vehicular contexts, 741
unicast, 737
Vehicular communications, 729, 741
Vehicular communication applications
applications, 732
broadcast routing, 735
channel and mobility models, 733
channel characterization and mobility models, 730
cluster-based routing, 735
communication paradigms, 732–733
IEEE P1609 standards family, 732
inter-vehicle networks, 730
mobility-based routing, 735
routing protocol taxonomy, 734
routing schemes, 733
standardization actions, 731
topology-based routing, 734
Vertical-Bell laboratories layered space-time (V-BLAST), 325, 331
Very-large-scale integration technology (VLSI technology), 196
Video CD (VCD), 566
Video coding architecture, 564
Video coding standards
decoder, 565
INTRA-coding, 564
macroblock, 565
Video coding standards, 565
H.264/AVC standard; H.264/SVC standard; H.264/MVC standard
H.261, 565
H.263, 566
MPEG-1, 566
MPEG-2, 566
motion-compensated prediction, 563–564
perceptual redundancy removal, 561–562
spatial redundancy removal, 560–561
statistical redundancy removal, 562, 563
temporal redundancy removal, 562, 563
Visual quality comparison, 571
Viterbi algorithm, 100–101, 188
Viterbi decoding algorithm (VDA), 155
Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation equalizer (MLSE equalizer)
VLC, see Variable length coding (VLC)
VLSI technology, see Very-large-scale integration technology (VLSI technology)
VMR-WB, see Variable-rate multimode wideband (VMR-WB)
Voice activity detector (VAD), 594
Voice analog signals, 30
IMBE coder and decoder, 520
IMBE encoder, 518
LMR codecs, 521
rates, 436
Voiced/Unvoiced (V/UV), 518
Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP), 494, 539
Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE), 449
VoIP, see Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP)
Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), 210
VoLTE, see Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE)
V2I, see Vehicle-toinfrastructure (V2I)
V2V, see Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
V2X, see Vehicle-to-X connections (V2X)
V/UV, see Voiced/Unvoiced (V/UV)
W
Walsh functions, 432
Walsh-Hadamard matrices, see Walsh matrices
Walsh matrices, 432
Watchers, 702
Waveform channels, 115
Wavelet transform, 763
continuous-time, 275
WBAN, see Wireless body area network (WBAN)
W-CDMA, see Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA)
WCDMA radio interface protocol model, 445
WD, see Working draft (WD)
Weighted millions of instructions per second (WMOPS), 541
Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), 52, 444
control channels, 445
downlink physical channels, 447–448
physical channels, 446
radio interface architecture, 444–445
traffic channels, 445
transport channels, 446
WCDMA radio interface protocol model, 445
Wideband speech, 540
Wideband transmission technology, 529
Wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS), 141
WiFi, see Wireless fidelity (WiFi)
WiGig, see Wireless Gigabit (WiGig)
WiMAX, see Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
Wired systems, 293
Wireless body area network (WBAN), 408
First-generation networks (1G networks); Fourth generation networks (4G networks); Second-generation networks (2G networks); Third-generation networks (3G networks)
advanced radio data information service, 412
cellular technology evolution, 413
circuit-switched service, 411
complementary code keying, 407
data transport capability, 409
802.11 Standards, 407
mobility and data rates for wireless networks, 408
mobitex, 412
modulation technique, 412
packet-mode transmission, 410–411
power–distance relationship, 409
propagation models, 410
wide-area mobile data technology evolution, 408
WLAN technology evolution, 406–408
Wireless Data Networks, 409–410
Wireless fidelity (WiFi), 355, 363, 406
Wireless Gigabit (WiGig), 748
Wireless local area networks (WLAN), 53, 355, 406, 615, 748
higher-level modulation, 356
time-windowing function, 53
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs), 683, 692
control time slot assignment protocol, 684–685
data time slot access control protocol, 685–686
MAC framework, 684
network throughput, 686–687, 688–689
per-session throughput, 687–688
routing protocol, 686
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN), 408
Wireless network protocols, 603, 613
Medium-access control protocol (MAC protocol); Routing protocols
ad-hoc networks, 603
hidden terminal problem, 603, 604
random access approaches, 604
routing table, 604
Wireless networks
factors affecting, 369
geometry, 369
interference in, 370
Interference
Wireless personal area network (WPAN), 253, 408, 748
Wireless regional area networks (WRAN), 723
Wireless Remote ANtenna Elements system (WRANE), 330, 331
WLAN, see Wireless local area networks (WLAN)
WMAN, see Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN)
WMNs, see Wireless mesh networks (WMNs)
WMOPS, see Weighted millions of instructions per second (WMOPS)
Working draft (WD), 583
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), 53, 425
Mobile WiMAX
WPAN, see Wireless personal area network (WPAN)
WRAN, see Wireless regional area networks (WRAN)
WRANE, see Wireless Remote ANtenna Elements system (WRANE)
WSSUS, see Wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS)
X
X2AP, see X2 Application Protocol (X2AP)
X2 Application Protocol (X2AP), 452
Z
Zero forcing (ZF), 311, 327, 331
criterion, 763
solution, 39
Zero forcing beamforming (ZFBF), 330, 332
ZFBF, see Zero forcing beamforming (ZFBF)
Zone of relevance (ZOR), 734, 737
ZOR, see Zone of relevance (ZOR)