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by André Liem
Prospective Ergonomics
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
1 Perspectives and Transitions in Ergonomics
1.1. History and definition of ergonomics
1.2. Classification and positioning of ergonomics
1.3. A systems approach in ergonomics
1.4. Design-driven versus a human-centered approach
1.5. Focus on performance and well-being
2 Management and Ergonomic Approaches toward Innovation and Design
2.1. History and definition of strategy
2.2. Management and design frameworks supporting PE
2.3. Aligning generic strategies with innovation approaches through worldview perspectives
2.4. Toward integrated thinking in PE: relating C-K design theory, generic strategies and design reasoning models
2.5. A PSS perspective
3 Ergonomic Interventions on Management Frameworks
3.1. A comparison of ergonomic interventions with strategic design and management perspectives
3.2. Ergonomic interventions on management frameworks
3.3. Summary
4 Research Organization
4.1. Overview
4.2. What is case study research and how can it be applied here?
4.3. Description and interpretation of dimensions of analysis
4.4. Preparing cases and summarizing terminologies; worldviews, modes of design reasoning, generic strategies and interventions
5 Analysis of 12 Design Case Studies
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Analysis of cases within corrective ergonomic intervention
5.3. Analysis of cases within preventive ergonomic intervention
5.4. Analysis of cases within prospective ergonomic intervention
6 Cross-Comparison of Cases
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of deliberate/planned processes and targeted outcomes profit maximization/problem solving
6.3. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of emergent processes and targeted outcomes: profit maximization/problem solving
6.4. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of deliberate processes and pluralistic outcomes
6.5. Comparison of case clusters across the four quadrants
6.6. Qualitative analysis of cases according to intervention, worldviews, models of design reasoning and generic strategies
7 Discussion
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Orientation
7.3. Processes and methods
7.4. Practices
7.5. Value creation
7.6. Implications for design education
7.7. General perspectives on PE and strategic design
7.8. Author’s perspectives on PE and strategic design
Conclusion and Further Research
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
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Title
Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
1 Perspectives and Transitions in Ergonomics
1.1. History and definition of ergonomics
1.2. Classification and positioning of ergonomics
1.3. A systems approach in ergonomics
1.4. Design-driven versus a human-centered approach
1.5. Focus on performance and well-being
2 Management and Ergonomic Approaches toward Innovation and Design
2.1. History and definition of strategy
2.2. Management and design frameworks supporting PE
2.3. Aligning generic strategies with innovation approaches through worldview perspectives
2.4. Toward integrated thinking in PE: relating C-K design theory, generic strategies and design reasoning models
2.5. A PSS perspective
3 Ergonomic Interventions on Management Frameworks
3.1. A comparison of ergonomic interventions with strategic design and management perspectives
3.2. Ergonomic interventions on management frameworks
3.3. Summary
4 Research Organization
4.1. Overview
4.2. What is case study research and how can it be applied here?
4.3. Description and interpretation of dimensions of analysis
4.4. Preparing cases and summarizing terminologies; worldviews, modes of design reasoning, generic strategies and interventions
5 Analysis of 12 Design Case Studies
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Analysis of cases within corrective ergonomic intervention
5.3. Analysis of cases within preventive ergonomic intervention
5.4. Analysis of cases within prospective ergonomic intervention
6 Cross-Comparison of Cases
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of deliberate/planned processes and targeted outcomes profit maximization/problem solving
6.3. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of emergent processes and targeted outcomes: profit maximization/problem solving
6.4. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of deliberate processes and pluralistic outcomes
6.5. Comparison of case clusters across the four quadrants
6.6. Qualitative analysis of cases according to intervention, worldviews, models of design reasoning and generic strategies
7 Discussion
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Orientation
7.3. Processes and methods
7.4. Practices
7.5. Value creation
7.6. Implications for design education
7.7. General perspectives on PE and strategic design
7.8. Author’s perspectives on PE and strategic design
Conclusion and Further Research
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
1 Perspectives and Transitions in Ergonomics
Table 1.1. Classification of ergonomics according to domain, intervention, focus and specialization
3 Ergonomic Interventions on Management Frameworks
Table 3.1. Comparison between prospective ergonomics and strategic design involving their respective roots, classical ergonomics and strategic management
6 Cross-Comparison of Cases
Table 6.1. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of deliberate/planned processes and targeted outcomes of profit maximization/problem solving
Table 6.2. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of emergent processes and targeted outcomes of profit maximization/problem solving
Table 6.3. Cross-comparison of cases within the context of deliberate processes and targeted outcomes of profit maximization/problem solving
Table 6.4. Ergonomic and design interventions juxtaposed against worldviews, models of design reasoning and generic strategies
List of Illustrations
1 Perspectives and Transitions in Ergonomics
Figure 1.1. Interaction among product and service design, business strategies and preventive ergonomics toward prospective ergonomics
Figure 1.2. Alignment of the product development process with different ergonomic interventions (adopted from [NEL 12, p. 9])
Figure 1.3. Dimensions in white apply to general ergonomics. Dimensions highlighted in gray specifically apply to PE
2 Management and Ergonomic Approaches toward Innovation and Design
Figure 2.1. Selected theoretical frameworks and methods to conceptualize prospective ergonomics
Figure 2.2. Rationalist-historicist and empirical-idealistic dimensions contextualized and positioned according to different technology-push and market-pull approaches (adopted from [MØR 11, p. 214]
Figure 2.3. Overview of presented worldviews and design theories [LIE 14]
Figure 2.4. Overview of generic strategy perspectives [WHI 01]
Figure 2.5. Alignment of innovation approaches with generic strategies through a worldview perspective
Figure 2.6. Extension of generic strategies to models of design reasoning based upon philosophical worldviews ([LIE 14], adapted from [WHI 01, Figure 2.1, p. 10])
3 Ergonomic Interventions on Management Frameworks
Figure 3.1. Ergonomic domains, interventions and specializations contextualized within push-pull innovation initiatives
Figure 3.2. Ergonomic domains, interventions and specializations contextualized within four strategy perspectives
Figure 3.3. Ergonomic domains, interventions and specializations contextualized within Ansoff’s PMT-matrix
Figure 3.4. Ergonomic domains, interventions and specializations contextualized within the value creation product positioning map (adapted from [CAG 02])
Figure 3.5. Ergonomic domains, interventions and specializations contextualized within design-driven innovation
Figure 3.6. Ergonomic interventions contextualized within a co-creation framework of design research and practice (adapted from [SAN 08])
Figure 3.7. Alignments and differences between compatible macroergonomic and strategic management perspectives at different levels of comprehensiveness
5 Analysis of 12 Design Case Studies
Figure 5.1. Low-cost USB memory stick for enticing prospective credit card customers
Figure 5.2. Covered video observation still capture with stick figure superimposed on user
Figure 5.3. The simulation of check-in queues at the Singapore MRT station
Figure 5.4. A systems approach in the development of mail production and distribution concept, considering market and technological developments
Figure 5.5. (a–c) Analysis and concept development of a front-seat mail sorter
Figure 5.6. (a–c) Examples of user testing and detailing and prototype development
Figure 5.7. An example of an interior classroom setup for elementary school pupils, designed from a systems and product perspective
Figure 5.8. An example of indented walls in Singapore apartment housing
Figure 5.9. The “flexible shelf” consists of standard components to be assembled to achieve any desired width–length ratio
Figure 5.10. Interacting with electronic on-board communication equipment in the front interior of the vehicle
Figure 5.11. Foam models to explore the positioning of equipment in the front and rear interior of the vehicles
Figure 5.12. Retrieval of equipment form rear-interior of Mitsubishi and Volvo
Figure 5.13. Rucksack bag design to facilitate optimum loading
Figure 5.14. a) Positioning of strategic design projects on product-market matrix; b) Positioning of strategic design projects on Cagan and Vogel’s positioning map (2002)
Figure 5.15. Workshop with “stakeholders” revealing existing knowledge and concerns around fish health
Figure 5.16. Use of cocreation tools and methods to map out the context and generate ideas
Figure 5.17. Example of a design submission, where the student demonstrated poor manual representation, but good CAD modeling skills
6 Cross-Comparison of Cases
Figure 6.1. Projects classified according to ergonomic intervention with their domains and specializations
Figure 6.2. An overview of the 12 cases positioned within a generic strategy map and characterized according to ergonomic and design intervention
Figure 6.3. An overview of the 12 cases positioned according to worldview and design reasoning mode
Figure 6.4. Twelve cases positioned and juxtaposed according to ergonomic and design intervention
7 Discussion
Figure 7.1. Positioning design education within the context of “market forces” and “active learning” [LIE 14]
Figure 7.2. Alignment of the product development process with different ergonomic interventions (adapted from [NEL 13])
Conclusion and Further Research
Figure 1. Relations between specific “processes, methods and tools”, “perspectives and mindsets” and “challenges”, and how an integrated view connects with prospective ergonomics
Figure 2. Transitioning from the current to a future versatile mailbox
Figure 3. The mailbox is positioned at the intersection of the private and the public realm
Figure 4. Future stakeholder constellation centered around the “versatile mailbox”
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