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by F.J. Duarte
Quantum Optics for Engineers
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Author
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief Historical Perspective
1.3 Principles of Quantum Mechanics
1.4 The Feynman Lectures on Physics
1.5 Photon
1.6 Quantum Optics
1.7 Quantum Optics for Engineers
References
2. Planck’s Quantum Energy Equation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Planck’s Equation and Wave Optics
References
3. Uncertainty Principle
3.1 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
3.2 Wave–Particle Duality
3.3 Feynman Approximation
3.3.1 Example
3.4 Interferometric Approximation
3.5 Minimum Uncertainty Principle
3.6 Generalized Uncertainty Principle
3.7 Additional Versions of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
3.7.1 Example
3.8 Applications of the Uncertainty Principle in Optics
3.8.1 Beam Divergence
3.8.2 Beam Divergence and Astronomy
3.8.3 Uncertainty Principle and the Cavity Linewidth Equation
3.8.4 Tuning Laser Microcavities
3.8.5 Sub-Microcavities
Problems
References
4. Dirac Quantum Optics
4.1 Dirac Notation in Optics
4.2 Dirac Quantum Principles
4.3 Interference and the Interferometric Equation
4.3.1 Examples: Double-, Triple-, Quadruple-, and Quintuple-Slit Interference
4.3.2 Geometry of the N-Slit Interferometer
4.3.3 Diffraction Grating Equation
4.3.4 N-Slit Interferometer Experiment
4.4 Coherent and Semicoherent Interferograms
4.5 Interferometric Equation in Two and Three Dimensions
4.6 Classical and Quantum Alternatives
Problems
References
5. Interference, Diffraction, Refraction, and Reflection via the Dirac Notation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Interference and Diffraction
5.2.1 Generalized Diffraction
5.2.2 Positive Diffraction
5.3 Positive and Negative Refraction
5.3.1 Focusing
5.4 Reflection
5.5 Succinct Description of Optics
Problems
References
6. Generalized Multiple-Prism Dispersion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Generalized Multiple-Prism Dispersion
6.2.1 Example: Generalized Single-Prism Dispersion
6.3 Double-Pass Generalized Multiple-Prism Dispersion
6.3.1 Design of Zero-Dispersion Multiple-Prism Beam Expanders
6.4 Multiple-Return-Pass Generalized Multiple-Prism Dispersion
6.4.1 Multiple-Prism Beam Compressors
6.5 Multiple-Prism Dispersion and Laser Pulse Compression
6.5.1 Example: Single-Prism Pulse Compressor
6.5.2 Example: Double-Prism Pulse Compressor
6.5.3 Example: Four-Prism Pulse Compressor
Problems
References
7. Dirac Notation Identities
7.1 Useful Identities
7.1.1 Example
7.2 Linear Operations
7.2.1 Example
Problems
References
8. Laser Excitation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Brief Laser Overview
8.2.1 Laser Optics
8.3 Laser Excitation
8.3.1 Electrically Excited Gas Lasers
8.3.2 Optically Pumped Gas and Liquid Lasers
8.3.3 Optically Pumped Solid-State Lasers
8.3.4 Electrically Excited Semiconductor Lasers
8.4 Excitation and Emission Dynamics
8.4.1 Rate Equations for a Two-Level System
8.4.2 Dynamics of a Multiple-Level System
8.4.3 Long-Pulse Approximation
8.4.4 Example
8.5 Quantum Transition Probabilities and Cross Sections
8.5.1 Long-Pulse Approximation
Problems
References
9. Laser Oscillators Described via the Dirac Notation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Modes
9.2.1 Transverse-Mode Structure
9.2.2 Double- and Single-Longitudinal-Mode Emission
9.2.2.1 Example
9.3 Laser Cavity Equation: An Intuitive Approach
9.4 Laser Cavity Equation via the Interferometric Equation
Problems
References
10. Interferometry via the Dirac Notation
10.1 Interference à la Dirac
10.2 Hanbury Brown–Twiss Interferometer
10.3 Two-Beam Interferometers
10.3.1 Sagnac Interferometer
10.3.2 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer
10.3.3 Michelson Interferometer
10.4 Multiple-Beam Interferometers
10.5 N-Slit Interferometer as a Wavelength Meter
10.6 Ramsey Interferometer
Problems
References
11. Secure Interferometric Communications in Free Space
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Theory
11.3 N-Slit Interferometer for Secure Free-Space Optical Communications
11.4 Interferometric Characters
11.5 Propagation in Terrestrial Free Space
11.5.1 Clear-Air Turbulence
11.6 Discussion
Problems
References
12. Schrödinger’s Equation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Schrödinger’s Mind
12.3 Heuristic Explicit Approach to Schrödinger’s Equation
12.4 Schrödinger’s Equation via the Dirac Notation
12.5 Time-Independent Schrödinger’s Equation
12.5.1 Quantized Energy Levels
12.5.2 Semiconductor Emission
12.5.3 Quantum Wells
12.5.4 Quantum Cascade Lasers
12.5.5 Quantum Dots
12.6 Introduction to the Hydrogen Equation
Problems
References
13. Introduction to Feynman Path Integrals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classical Action
13.3 Quantum Link
13.4 Propagation through a Slit and the Uncertainty Principle
13.4.1 Discussion
13.5 Feynman Diagrams in Optics
Problems
References
14. Matrix Aspects of Quantum Mechanics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Introduction to Vector and Matrix Algebra
14.2.1 Vector Algebra
14.2.2 Matrix Algebra
14.3 Quantum Operators
14.3.1 Position Operator
14.3.2 Momentum Operator
14.3.3 Example
14.3.4 Energy Operator
14.3.5 Heisenberg Equation of Motion
14.4 Pauli Matrices
14.4.1 Pauli Matrices for Spin One-Half Particles
14.5 Introduction to the Density Matrix
14.5.1 Examples
14.5.2 Transitions via the Density Matrix
Problems
References
15. Classical Polarization
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Maxwell Equations
15.3 Polarization and Reflection
15.3.1 Plane of Incidence
15.4 Jones Calculus
15.4.1 Example
15.5 Polarizing Prisms
15.5.1 Transmission Efficiency in Multiple-Prism Arrays
15.5.2 Induced Polarization in a Double-Prism Beam Expander
15.5.3 Double-Refraction Polarizers
15.5.4 Attenuation of the Intensity of Laser Beams Using Polarization
15.6 Polarization Rotators
15.6.1 Birefringent Polarization Rotators
15.6.1.1 Example
15.6.2 Broadband Prismatic Polarization Rotators
15.6.2.1 Example
Problems
References
16. Quantum Polarization
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Linear Polarization
16.2.1 Example
16.3 Polarization as a Two-State System
16.3.1 Diagonal Polarization
16.3.2 Circular Polarization
16.4 Density Matrix Notation
16.4.1 Stokes Parameters and Pauli Matrices
16.4.2 Density Matrix and Circular Polarization
16.4.3 Example
Problems
References
17. Entangled Polarizations: Probability Amplitudes and Experimental Configurations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hamiltonian Approach
17.2.1 Example
17.3 Interferometric Approach
17.4 Pryce–Ward–Snyder Probability Amplitude of Entanglement
17.5 Pryce–Ward–Snyder Probability
17.6 Pryce–Ward Experimental Arrangement
17.7 Wu–Shaknov Experiment
17.7.1 Relevance of the Pryce–Ward Theory and the Wu–Shaknov Experiment to EPR
17.8 Conclusion
Problems
References
18. Quantum Computing
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Interferometric Computer
18.3 Classical Logic Gates
18.4 Qubits
18.5 Quantum Logic
18.5.1 Pauli Matrices and Quantum Logic
18.5.2 Quantum Gates
Problems
References
19. Quantum Cryptography and Teleportation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Quantum Cryptography
19.2.1 Bennett and Brassard Approach
19.2.2 Polarization Entanglement Approach
19.3 Quantum Teleportation
Problems
References
20. Quantum Measurements
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Interferometric Irreversible Measurements
20.2.1 Additional Irreversible Quantum Measurements
20.3 Quantum Nondemolition Measurements
20.4 Soft Polarization Measurements
20.5 Soft Intersection of Interferometric Characters
20.5.1 Comparison between Theoretical and Measured N-Slit Interferograms
20.5.2 Soft Interferometric Probing
20.5.3 Mechanics of Soft Interferometric Probing
20.5.4 Discussion
Problems
References
21. Interpretational Issues in Quantum Mechanics
21.1 Introduction
21.2 EPR
21.3 Bohm Polarization Projection of the EPR Argument
21.4 Bell’s Inequalities
21.4.1 Example
21.4.2 Discussion
21.5 Some Prominent Quantum Physicists on Issues of Interpretation
21.6 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and EPR
21.7 van Kampen’s Quantum Theorems
21.8 On Probabilities and Probability Amplitudes
21.9 Comment on the Interpretational Issue
Problems
References
Appendix A: Survey of Laser Emission Characteristics
Appendix B: Brief Survey of Laser Resonators and Laser Cavities
Appendix C: Ray Transfer Matrices
Appendix D: Multiple-Prism Dispersion Series
Appendix E: Complex Numbers
Appendix F: Trigonometric Identities
Appendix G: Calculus Basics
Appendix H: Poincaré’s Space
Appendix I: N-Slit Interferometric Calculations
Appendix J: N-Slit Interferometric Calculations—Numerical Approach
Appendix K: Physical Constants and Optical Quantities
Index
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Q
UANTUM
O
PTICS
FOR
E
NGINEERS
F.J. D
UARTE
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