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Dedication
by Tommaso Sgobba, Paul Wilde, Isabelle Rongier, Firooz Allahdadi
Safety Design for Space Operations
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Dedication
Copyright
Preface
About the Editors and Contributors
Firooz A. ALLAHDADI, Ph.D
Isabelle RONGIER
Paul D. WILDE, Ph.D., P.E
Tommaso SGOBBA
William AILOR, Ph.D
Fernand ALBY
John B. BACON, Ph.D
Sayavur I. BAKHTIYAROV, Ph.D
Christophe BONNAL
Curt D. BOTTS
Bernard BRANDT
Kenneth BUTTON
Estelle CHAMPESTING
Jon CHROSTOWSKI
Nathalie COSTEDOAT
Robert DEMPSEY, Ph.D
John DOLLBERG
Melissa EMERY
Wigbert FEHSE, Ph.D
David FINKLEMAN, Ph.D
Jean-François GOESTER
Charles GRAY
Jerry HABER
Andrew HERD
Lark HOWORTH
Nicholas JOHNSON
Michael T. KEZIRIAN, Ph.D
Paul KIRKPATRICK
Steven L. KOONTZ, Ph.D
Georg KOPPENWALLNER, Ph.D. (1935–2012)
Leonard KRAMER, Ph.D
Udaya KUMAR, Ph.D
Erik LARSON Ph.D
Wim van LEEUWEN
Carine LEVEAU
Eugene LEVIN, Ph.D
Michael G. LUTOMSKI
Kelli MALONEY
Ronald R. MIKATARIAN
D. F. Kip MIKULA
Erwin MOOIJ, Ph.D
Randy NYMAN
Ron NOOMEN
Gary F. POLANSKI, Ph.D
Sandrine RICHARD
Karl U. SCHREIBER, Ph.D
Joseph A. SHOLTIS
Carlos E. SOARES
Richard G. STERN
Marc TOUSSAINT
Jean-Pierre TRINCHERO
Jérôme VILA
Gregory D. WYSS, Ph.D
Chapter 1. Introduction to Space Operations Safety
1.1 General
1.2 Safety Risk Management
1.3 Launch Site Safety
1.4 Launch Safety
1.5 Nuclear-Powered Payloads Safety
1.6 Orbital Safety
1.7 Re-Entry Safety
1.8 Aircraft Protection
Chapter 2. Spaceport Design for Safety
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Choice of Launch Site
2.3 Master Plan of a Spaceport
2.4 Ground Risk Control
2.5 Flight Risk Control
2.6 Safety Design for a Spaceport
2.7 Major Impacts of Safety Requirements on Spaceport Design
2.8 Specificity of Launch Pad Escape System Design for Human Spaceflight
2.9 Environment Protection
2.10 General Conclusion
Further Reading
Chapter 3. Ground Safety: Special Topics
3.1 Safety During Payload Ground Processing
3.2 Gases Storage and Handling Safety
Chapter 4. Safety in Launch Operations
4.1 Launch Operations Safety
4.2 Re-Entry of the Main Cryotechnic Stage of Ariane 5: Challenges, Modeling and Observations
Further Reading
Chapter 5. Other Launch Safety Hazards
5.1 Toxic Hazards
5.2 Distant Focusing Overpressure Risk Analysis
5.3 Other Launches and Platforms
Chapter 6. Nuclear-Powered Payload Safety
6.1 Introduction to Space Nuclear Systems
6.2 SNPS Launch History and Accidents
6.3 Launch Abort Environments Affecting SNPSs
6.4 Containment Design
6.5 Risk Assessment for Nuclear Missions
6.6 International Protocols and U.S. Environmental Review
6.7 Nuclear Mission Launch Approval
6.8 Nuclear Mission Launch Integration
6.9 Symbols and Acronyms
References
Chapter 7. On-Orbit Mission Control
7.1 Mission Control Center Design and Operations
7.2 Hazardous Commands Identification and Control
7.3 Flight Rules: Purpose and Use
Chapter 8. Orbital Operations Safety
8.1 Space Situational Awareness Systems and Space Traffic Control
8.2 Orbit Design for Safety
8.3 Conjunction Analysis
8.4 Collision Avoidance Maneuvers for the International Space Station (ISS)
8.5 Safe On-Orbit Manoeuvres Design
8.5.2 Risk Management of Jettisoned Objects in LEO
8.6 Spacecraft Charging Hazards
8.7 Spacecraft Contamination Hazard
8.8 End-of-Life Debris Mitigation Measures
8.9 Space Debris Removal
Chapter 9. Re-Entry Operations Safety
9.1 Introduction to Re-Entry Operations Safety Design
9.2 Re-Entry Trajectory Analyses
9.3 Re-Entry Breakup and Survivability Analyses
9.4 Evidence of Re-Entry Breakup and Survivability
9.5 Re-Entry Risk and Hazard Analyses
9.6 Design for Re-Entry Demise
Chapter 10. Air-Space Traffic Interface Management
10.1 Computing Risk to Aircraft
10.2 Aircraft Vulnerability
10.3 Typical Aircraft Risk Mitigation Approach
10.4 Alternative Approaches
10.5 Real-Time Management
10.6 Summary
References
Chapter 11. Safety of Ground-based Space Laser Application
11.1 Introduction
11.2 History of Satellite Laser Ranging
11.3 Concept of SLR Technology
11.4 International Laser Ranging Service and Mission Safety
11.5 In-Sky Laser Safety
11.6 Laser Safety in Space
11.7 Summary
References
Chapter 12. The Use of Quantitative Risk Assessment in the Operations Phase of Space Missions
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Communicating Risk to the Customer
12.3 Examples of PRA Applied to an Operational Program
12.4 Conclusion
References
Appendix A. Meteorology and Range Safety
Appendix B. Human and Structural Vulnerability
Human Vulnerability
Structure Vulnerability
Appendix C. Launch Chronology and Launch Failures
Introduction
Reference Documents and Sources
Database Description and Summary
Orbital Launch Attempts by Date
Orbital Launch Attempts by Launch Vehicle Family Type
Orbital Launch Attempts by Country/Launch Provider and by Launch Site
Derived Orbital Launch Attempt Failure Rate Data
Conclusion
Appendix D. Lightning Protection Systems
Introduction to Lightning
Charge Structure of a Thundercloud
Types of Lightning Discharge
Vehicle Triggered Lightning
Electrical Discharges above Thundercloud
Occurrence Probability
Events in a Cloud-to-Ground Lightning
Parameters Involved
General Threats
Lightning Protection System – Components of External Protection System
Lightning Protection System – Internal Protection
Lightning Launch Commit Criteria
Protection of Other Important Structures
Additional Issues
Further Reading
Appendix E. The Role of Economics in Spaceport Safety
Introduction
The Economics of Spaceports
Issues of Safety
Reactions to Safety Concerns
Demand-Side Design Considerations
Public Interest and Safety
The Institutional Context
Some Other Considerations
Conclusions
Appendix F. Re-Entry Risk Formulas
Index
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Copyright
Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of Jon Collins and Georg Koppenwallner
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