Index
A
acquisitions. See M&A (mergers and acquisitions)
aggregating data, privacy and, 19-20
airplanes
Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 124-125, 162-163, 175
jet engine project, complexity of, 164-165
ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease), accelerometers and, 9
Amazon.com, Kindle and disruptive innovation, 124
AOL/Time Warner merger, 151
Aral, Sinan (MIT), merger integration, 155-156
Aristotle, telescope development, 5
Arizona State University, R&D (research and development) labs study, 131-135
Asimov, Isaac, three laws of robotics, 21
assumptions
cohesive networks, 68
complex projects, 168
augmented cubicle project, 185-186
Augmented Social Reality, 188-189
B
badges
batteries, 179
evolution of, 179
People Analytics system, moving to, 181-184
privacy and data gathering, 179-181
UberBadges, 15
Banana Time principle, 74
Barkley, Charles, cohesive networks, 63
baseball, moneyball method, 1
basketball teams as cohesive networks, 60-63
batteries, ID cards, 179
behaviors, influencing (Target Corporation), 2-4
benchmarks (organizational), democratization of, 189-192
betweeness centrality (social networks), 54-55
bias, gathering unbiased data, 6-7
birth predictions as analytics, Target Corporation and, 2-4
Blackberry (RIM), assumptions in cohesive networks, 68
BoA (Bank of America) call center burn-out study, 77-87
break structure, changing, 86
demographic information, 79
Hawthorne effect, 81
performance metrics, 79
survey data, 79
Boeing 787 Dreamliner airplane, 124-125, 162-163, 175
bonobos society, 24
bonuses and commissions, organizational management, 41-44
Bosh, Chris, cohesive networks, 60-63
Brahe, Tycho, telescope development, 5-6
Banana Time principle, 74
BoA call center burn-out study, 77-87
stress, relieving, 75
Brown, Hubie, cohesive networks, 62
Burleson, Win (Arizona State University), R&D lab study, 131-135
burn-out, BoA (Bank of America) call center burn-out study, 77-87
business models (organizations), future of, 200-201
C
call centers
efficiency versus productivity, 70-71
lunch, taking, 73
stress in, 72
telecommuting, 90
campuses (workplace layouts), 97-99
careers and relationships, two-body problem, 37-39
Cebrian, Manuel (MIT), corporate epidemiology study, 140-149
cell (mobile) phones
apps, creativity and, 123
Blackberry (RIM), assumptions in cohesive networks, 68
evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 35-36
iPhones (Apple Inc.), 9-10, 124
centrality (social networks), 54-55
chimpanzee society, 25
Cisco Systems
city-states, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 29-30
cohesive networks, 54, 59-60, 64-65
assumptions in cohesive networks, 68
common language, developing, 66-67
lies in cohesive networks, 63-64
personal information, sharing, 65
stress in cohesive networks, 64-65
collaboration
communication, collaborating without, 58
offshoring’s effects on, 94-95
water coolers, importance of, 57-58
workplace layouts, designing for collaboration, 96-100
co-located/distributed teams, software development, 171-174
commissions and bonuses, organizational management, 41-44
common languages, developing for cohesive networks, 66-67
communication, 59
See also cohesive networks.
breakdowns (email-related), 102-104
collaboration without communication, 58
complex projects, 165-168, 174-175
People Analytics, the future of, 186-187
complexity, formal dependencies and informal networks, 161-164, 168-169
Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 162-163
communication, 165-168, 174-175
computer errors, 164
coordination teams, 166
gaps, determining, 165
interactions, determining, 165
interfaces, managing, 165
organizational boundaries, 165-166
computers
errors, 164
programmer job posting comparisons, 110
congruence, software development, 170-175
coordination teams (complex projects), 166
Copernicus, telescope development, 5-6
Crane, Riley (MIT), corporate epidemiology study, 140-149
creativity, 123
disruptive innovation, 123-124
hackathons, 135
incremental innovation, 124-125
mobile (cell) phone apps, 123
cubicles
augmented cubicle project, 185-186
office layouts, the future of, 197
D
Dallas Mavericks, cohesive networks, 62-63
Danon, Leon (Harvard School of Public Health), corporate epidemiology study, 140-149
data
aggregating, privacy and, 19-20
controlling, privacy and, 18-19
electronic records, flaws of, 8
gathering
IR transceivers, 9
microphones, 10
UberBadges, 15
dating (speed), predicting outcomes, 11-12
degree (social networks), 52
democratization of organizational benchmarks, 189-192
dependencies (formal), informal networks and, 161-164, 168-169
Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 162-163
communication, 165-168, 174-175
computer errors, 164
coordination teams, 166
gaps, determining, 165
interactions, determining, 165
interfaces, managing, 165
organizational boundaries, 165-166
desks, workplace layouts and, 96, 104-107
disease response strategies, corporations and, 140-149
disruptive innovation, 123-124
distance
workplace layouts, designing for collaboration, 96, 107-108
communication breakdowns, 102-104
decreasing interaction, 107
distance between desks, 96
probability of interaction, 101
quality of interaction, 100
separate floors, vertical distance, 96-97
Space-Organisation Relationship, The, 100
types of distances between people, 100
distributed/co-located teams, software development, 171-174
divisonal management style (reporting relationships), organizational management, 46-47
Dreamliner 787 airplane (Boeing), 124-125, 162-163, 175
E
efficiency versus productivity, 70-71
Ehrlich, Kate (IBM) co-located/distributed teams and software development, 171-174
electronic records, flaws of, 8
communication breakdowns, 102-104
distance and (workplace layouts), 101-104
evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 35
Google’s storage and transmission of, 7-8
employee evaluations, organizational management, 41
epidemiology, corporations and disease response strategies, 140-149
ESPN campuses (workplace layouts), 98-99
evaluations (employee), organizational management, 41
evolution, social behaviors and
email, 35
governments, 29
IM, 36
Internet and the Web (World Wide), 35
IT systems, 35
mass production, 32
military, 30
computer programmer job postings, 1958 to 2012 comparisons, 110
skilled employees, developing versus hiring, 110
F
factories, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 32-35
families (social behaviors), 28, 38. See also groups, organizations
formal dependencies, informal networks and, 161, 163-164, 168-169
Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 162-163
communication, 165-168, 174-175
computer errors, 164
coordination teams, 166
gaps, determining, 165
interactions, determining, 165
interfaces, managing, 165
organizational boundaries, 165-166
formal/informal practices, organizational management, 39-50
functional management style (reporting relationships), 46
furniture (workplace layouts), 104-107
Future of Work, The, 27
G
gaps (complex projects), 165, 171-175
GE (General Electric) employee training, 114-115
global organizational benchmarks, 189-192
campuses (workplace layouts), 97-98
gmail, storage and transmission of, 7-8
Google Hangouts, 196
People Analytics team, 159-160
gorilla society, 23
governments, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 29
Gracie Films, The Simpsons, 128
Granovetter, Mark, cohesion versus diversity, 69
groups (social behaviors), 26, 28. See also families; organizations
Dunbar number, 26
working in groups, advantages of, 22
H–I
hackathons, 135
Harvard School of Public Health, corporate epidemiology study, 140-149
Hawthorne effect, 81
health and productivity, 137
Helander, Mary (IBM), co-located/distributed teams, software development, 171-174
Hirsch, Matt (MIT), Bidi Screen, 194-195
I, Robot, 21
IBM, software development, 171-174
batteries, 179
evolution of, 179
microphones and, 10
People Analytics system, moving to, 181-184
privacy and data gathering, 179-181
illness and productivity, 137-149 study, 140
IM (Instant Messaging), evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 36
Immelt, Jeffrey (GE), employee training, 114
incentives, organizational management, 41, 118-121
incremental innovation, 124-125
industrial revolution, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 31-32
informal networks, formal dependencies and, 161-164, 168-169
Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 162-163
communication, 165-168, 174-175
computer errors, 164
coordination teams, 166
gaps, determining, 165
interactions, determining, 165
interfaces, managing, 165
organizational boundaries, 165-166
informal/formal practices, organizational management, 39-50
aggregating, privacy and, 19-20
controlling, privacy and, 18-19
electronic records, flaws of, 8
gathering
IR transceivers, 9
microphones, 10
UberBadges, 15
innovation, 123
disruptive innovation, 123-124
hackathons, 135
incremental innovation, 124-125
lone geniuses, 135
mobile (cell) phone apps, 123
integration, M&A (mergers and acquisitions), 155-160
interfaces, managing (complex projects), 165
Internet and the Web (World Wide), evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 35
iPhones (Apple Inc.), 9-10, 124
IR (infra-red) transceivers, 9-11
IT (Internet Technology) systems
evolution of organizations, 35
People Analytics, the future of, 177-178
J–K–L
James, LeBron, cohesive networks, 60-63
jet engine project, complexity of, 164-165
job satisfaction in cohesive networks, 65-66
Kepler, Johannes, telescope development, 5-6
Khan, Imran (JP Morgan), eBay’s attempted acquisition of Skype, 153
Kim, Taemie (MIT)
BoA call center burn-out study, 77-87
Kindle (Amazon.com), disruptive innovation, 124
Krackhardt, David, cohesion versus diversity, 69
labor/management, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 32-35
languages
common languages, developing for cohesive networks, 66-67
lingua franca and organizational management, 40
layouts (workplace)
collaboration, designing for, 96, 98, 107-108
communication breakdowns, 102-104
decreasing interaction, 107
desks, distance between, 96
people, distances between, 100
separate floors, vertical distance, 96-97
Space-Organisation Relationship, The, 100
future of, 197
People Analytics, the future of, 185
lies in cohesive networks, 63-64
lingua franca, organizational management, 40
Linux development communities as organizational example, 27-28
Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS),
accelerometers and, 9
M
M&A (mergers and acquisitions), 151-152
AOL/Time Warner, 151
Malone, Tom, organizations and social behaviors, 27
“management in a box” systems, 189-192
managing organizations
bonuses and commissions, 41-44
employee evaluations, 41
lingua franca, 40
management/labor, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 32-35
reporting relationships, 45-48
mass production, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 32
matrixed management style (reporting relationships), organizational management, 47
MBTA (Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority), communication in complex projects, 167
mergers. See M&A (mergers and acquisitions)
Miami Heat, cohesive networks, 60-63
Microsoft’s attempted acquisition of Skype, 155
military, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 30
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
augmented cubicle project, 185-186
BoA call center burn-out study, 77-87
corporate epidemiology study, 140-149
offshoring’s effects on collaboration study, 94-95
salary negotiations experiment, 12-14
speed-dating, predicting outcomes, 11-12
mobile (cell) phones
apps, creativity and, 123
Blackberry (RIM), assumptions in cohesive networks, 68
evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 35-36
iPhones (Apple Inc.), 9-10, 124
mobility within organizations (social behaviors), 37-39
moneyball method, baseball and, 1
Mortensen, Mark (MIT), offshoring’s effects on collaboration, 94-95
N
NBA (National Basketball Association), cohesive networks, 60-63
negotiations (salary), MIT experiment, 12-14
networks
assumptions, 68
benefits of, 60
common language development, 66-67
diverse networks versus, 69-70
lies in cohesive networks, 63-64
sharing personal information, 65
stress in cohesive networks, 64-65
diverse networks, 59-60, 69-70
informal networks, formal dependencies and, 161-164, 168-169
Boeing 787 Dreamliner, 162-163
communication, 165-168, 174-175
computer errors, 164
coordination teams, 166
gaps, determining, 165
interactions, determining, 165
interfaces, managing, 165
organizational boundaries, 165-166
social networks, organizations and, 50-55
Nirma Institute of Technology, India, 91
Nokia Corporation, disruptive innovation, 124
Nowitzki, Dirk, cohesive networks, 62-63
O
Oakland Athletics, moneyball method, 1
office layouts
collaboration, designing for, 96, 107-108
communication breakdowns, 102-104
decreasing interaction, 107
desks, distance between, 96
people, distances between, 100
separate floors, vertical distance, 96-97
Space-Organisation Relationship, The, 100
future of, 197
People Analytics, the future of, 185
offshoring, 91-92, 94-95. See also telecommuting
O’Leary, Michael (MIT), offshoring’s effects on collaboration, 94-95
Olguin, Daniel, BoA (Bank of America) call center burn-out study, 77-87
O’Neal, Shaquille, cohesive networks, 61
opting in/out, data gathering and privacy, 18
organizations, 26, 28, 177-178. See also families; groups
boundaries (complex projects), 165-166
business models, future of, 200-201
Dunbar number, 29
eBay merchants, 28
email, 35
governments, 29
IM, 36
Internet and the Web (World Wide), 35
IT systems, 35
mass production, 32
military, 30
global organizational benchmarks, 189-192
Linux development communities, 27-28
managing
bonuses and commissions, 41-44
employee evaluations, 41
formal/informal practices, 39-50
lingua franca, 40
reporting relationships, 45-48
WoW communities, 27
P
Parker, Trey (SPS), creativity, 125-130
Parkinson’s disease, accelerometers and, 9
Pentland, Sandy, Sociometers, 10-11
People Analytics team (Google), 159-160
People Analytics, the future of, 177-192
augmented cubicle project, 185-186
Augmented Social Reality, 188-189
global organizational benchmarks, 189-192
“management in a box” systems, 189-192
office layouts, 185
performance
BoA call center burn-out study, 77-87
burn-out, 76
personal information, sharing in cohesive networks, 65
pharmaceutical industry, incremental innovation, 125
Pollock, Ellen (Harvard School of Public Health), corporate epidemiology study, 140-149
pregnancy predictions as analytics (Target Corporation), 2-4
priorities, defining (complex projects), 167-168
privacy and data gathering, 17-20
productivity
BoA call center burn-out study, 77-87
burn-out, 76
R
R&D (research and development) labs study, creativity and, 131-135
radical innovation. See disruptive innovation
recognizing/rewarding expertise, IT firm study, 118-121
records (electronic), flaws of, 8
relationships and careers, two-body problem, 37-39
remote controls (TV), IR (infra-red transceivers as, 9
remote work. See telecommuting
reporting relationships, organizational management, 45-48
rewarding/recognizing expertise, IT firm study, 118-121
RFID (radio frequency identification) chips, 8-9
RIM (Research in Motion), cohesive networks, 68
robots, Isaac Asimov and, 21
Rocco, Elena (University of Michigan), telecommuting and team performance, 94
Roman empire, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 30-31
S
Sailer, Kirsten, The Space-Organisation Relationship, 100
salary negotiations, MIT experiment, 12-14
sensors
IR transceivers, 9
microphones, 10
privacy and data gathering, 17-20
transparency and data gathering, 19-20
trust and data gathering, 19-20
UberBadges, 15
separate floors, vertical distance (workplace layouts), 96-97
sharing
expertise, IT firm study, 117-118
personal information in cohesive networks, 65
Shih, Jack (SPS), creativity, 127
shopping behavior, influencing (Target Corporation), 2-4
sickness and productivity, 137-149
SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovery) model, corporate epidemiology study, 141-142
skilled employees, developing versus hiring, 110, 115-121
social behaviors
Augmented Social Reality, 188-189
families, 28
lunch, taking, cultural changes in, 198-199
mingling, cultural changes in, 198-199
eBay merchants, 28
email, 35
governments, 29
IM, 36
Internet and the Web (World Wide), 35
IT systems, 35
Linux development communities, 27-28
mass production, 32
military, 30
WoW communities, 27
social networks, organizations and, 50-55
social sciences
measuring tools
IR transceivers, 9
microphones, 10
UberBadges, 15
IR transceivers, 9
microphones, 10
UberBadges, 15
software development, dependencies and congruence, 169-174
Sosa, Manuel (INSEAD), jet engine project, 164-165
South Park, 125-130
Space-Organisation Relationship, The, 100
speed-dating, predicting outcomes (Sociometers), 11-12
Speltz, Alex (MIT), augmented cubicle project, 185-186
Spoelstra, Erik, cohesive networks, 62
SPS (South Park Studios), South Park, 125-131
Stofega, Will (IDC), eBay’s attempted acquisition of Skype, 153
Stone, Matt (SPS), creativity, 125-130
Strength of Weak Ties, The, 69
stress
BoA call center burn-out study, 77-87
breaks, taking, 75
call centers, 72
Hawthorne effect, 81
quality of work and, 76
T
Target Corporation, influencing shopping behavior, 2-4
Taylorism, division of labor and, 32-33
teams, reporting relationships, 47-48
telecommuting, 89-90, 92-93, 193-194. See also offshoring
call centers, 90
expansion of, 90
principle of, 92
TelePresence (Cisco Systems), 194-195
telescopes, development of, 4-6
Three Laws of Robotics (Asimov, Isaac), 21
Time Warner/AOL merger, 151
TPS (Toyota Production System), division of labor and, 34-35
training employees, IT firm study, 114-121
transparency, data gathering and, 19-20
transportation, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 31-32
Tripathi, Pia (Arizona State University), R&D lab study, 131-135
trust, data gathering and, 19-20
turnover, call centers and, 72, 76-77
TV remote controls, IR (infra-red)
transceivers as, 9
two-body problem (careers and relationships), 37-39
U–V
UberBadges, 15
University of Michigan, telecommuting and team performance, 94
University of New South Wales, call centers and tenure study, 76
U.S. (United States), illness and productivity, 139-140
video conferencing
evolution of organizations, 36-37
future of, 194
Google Hangouts, 196
TelePresence (Cisco Systems), 194-195
time differences, 196
Vocera Communication, ID cards with microphones, 10
W–X–Y–Z
Wade, Dwayne, cohesive networks, 60-63
Wallace, Catriona (University of New South Wales), call centers and tenure study, 76
water coolers, importance of, 57-58, 70-71
Web (World Wide) and the Internet, evolution of organizations (social behaviors), 35
Whitman, Meg (eBay), eBay’s attempted acquisition of Skype, 152-153
workplace layouts
collaboration, designing for, 96, 107-108
communication breakdowns, 102-104
decreasing interaction, 107
desks, distance between, 96
people, distances between, 100
separate floors, vertical distance, 96-97
Space-Organisation Relationship, The, 100
future of, 197
People Analytics, the future of, 185
WoW (World of Warcraft) communities, 27