Index
Note: Page numbers followed by b indicate boxes, f indicate figures, and t indicate tables.
A
to chemical labs 281
to computer labs, music rooms, library and gymnasium 283
Access cards 247–249
and access prohibition 348
card/badge exchange system 242
card/badge specifications 243
component 140
conditions 240
degree of security and control 240
designated restricted areas 239
EAC 50
employee screening 241
identification system 241
ID methods 241
building perimeter 108–109
hallways and classrooms 110
property perimeter 107–108
visitor and vendor management 109–110
mechanized/automated systems 242–243
multiple card/badge system 242
perimeter 240
personal recognition system 241
procedures 239
single card/badge system 242
software 140
visitor identification and lobby control 243–250
Active shooters 277
Acute Traumatic Stress Management (ATSM) stages 341
background checks 4
Director of Safety and Security 3–4
security program management 4
vulnerability assessment 4
Alarm See also Fire
certificate services 190–191
circuit (party line) systems 180–181
control 179
systems 184–189
transmission/signaling system 180–181
A.L.I.C.E. (alert-lockdown-inform-counter-evacuate) training 277–278
active shooter and workplace violence 125
electronic locks 148
fire alarm systems 143–144
locking devices 149
plans 124
procedures, EOP 124
dome 232
specialty housings 232
standard rectangular 232
Architecture 322–323
Doppler effect 174–177
false alarms sources 174–176
master system 174–176
motion sensor survey checklist 175t
types 174
Associations and Organizations 359
after-hours security 261
arson and assaults 261
funding 261–262
on-site contracted security guards 262–263
Protective Security Policy Framework 263
school-based community policing 262
Secure Schools Program 262
security measures 262
shooter incidents 261
B
Background investigations and checks 278–280
Badges 249
Badging system 141
Ballast 163
access control 248
devices types 250
ID systems operate locks to doors 248
The Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA) 150
Bullet-resistant doors, windows and whiteboards 280–281
Bus drivers 308
Business resumption 67
Bus loading and unloading 353
Bus queuing areas 353
C
CCD and CMOS 213–214
definition 194
dome housing 196
internet 215
physical security 137–138
scene, and source illumination 198f
security 213–214
switcher, quad and multiplexer 195
image reversal 234
time and date 234
video signal 213
Campus Sexual Assault Victims’ Bill of Rights in 1992 16
Capacitance/proximity detectors 179
exchange system 242
specifications 243
Card readers 248
CCTV cameras 349
Cell phone safety 285–286
Central station system 180–181
Certified Emergency Response Team (CERT) 71
Chemical Facilities Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) 18
Chemical labs, access to 281
Child custody, domestic violence and court orders 335–336
Cipher/combination locks 109
Circuit (party line) systems 180–181
CIT See Critical incident team (CIT)
access control 110
CPTED 37
crime environment problem 37
crimes 36
Clery Act Compliance 283–284
analog cameras 218
color cameras 201
definition 236
multiple cameras 195
snapshots 209
video cameras representative 203f
legislation 16
protection 17–18
Color rendition index (CRI) 162
benefits 282–283
building trust 282
components 282
focus on prevention 282
Convex mirrors 353
Corrected color temperature (CCT) 168
CPTED 36
crime environment problem 35–36
crimes 35
cross-corridor doors 147
bright light 160
categories 159
darkness 160
dim light 160
local police role 159
safety 159
security 159
Covert asset identification strategies 352
prestructured method for risk assessment 271
school routes 270–271
security measures 271
CRI See Color rendition index (CRI)
classrooms 36–37
corridors 35–36
locker rooms 38
parking lots 33–34
restrooms 37–38
school grounds 34
classrooms 36–37
corridors 35–36
locker rooms 38
parking lots 33–34
restrooms 37–38
school grounds 34
security assessment 21–22
survey/assessment 20
and feeling safe 116
high schools, Netherlands 117
youngsters 115–116
checklist 24
Kennesaw State University (KSU) See Kennesaw State University (KSU)
team 340
cell phone safety 285–286
definition 284
geo-tagging features 286
practical advice for parents 284
social media safety 286
summary trends 285
Cyber crime security 287
D
annual security report 92
emergency response and evacuation 93
notification system 93
policy for emergency notification 92–93
Designated restricted areas 239
Diffuser 163
Digital biometrics signature 250
Digital communicators 181
Digital video recorders (DVRs) 138
Direct wire systems 180
Document awareness communications, training and drills 335
Door switches 174
American Automobile Association (AAA) recommendations for motorists 287
school traffic safety resources 288
traffic enforcement issues 288
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) 13–14
Dual technology card 248
Dual-techs 177–178
Duress code 246
E
colleges and universities 16–18
protection 12
safety and fire protection 18
school districts 12
Electrical power 168
Electroluminescent lights 161
Electromagnetic locks 352–353
Electronic access control (EAC) 348
systems applications 249
Electronic lock functions 148–149
Electronic splitter/combiner 233
Electronic vibration detector (EVD) 179
Emergency box 339
components 256
installation 257
multiple purposes 256
NFPA 72 256
STIPA test signal 257
Temporal Code-3 pattern 256
voice intelligibility 257
Emergency contact lists 336
ADA 124–126
designated school district 121
plan development 124
planning stage list 124
crisis response teams 125
emergency telephone numbers 125
evacuation procedures 125
facility diagrams/site plans 125
lockdown procedure 124
sheltering procedures 125
transportation 125
Emergency plans 340
Emergency services access 336
Emergency services personnel 336
Employee manual 127
Employee screening 241
door hardware 51
EAC system 50
single point of entry 49
staff monitoring, arrival and dismissal times 49
video intercom system 51
EOP See Emergency Operations Plan (EOP)
Escorts 246
Exit interviews 351
Exterior-side keying 145–146
F
Facial recognition device 250
False alarms See also Alarm
reasons 178
resources 183–184
in school 182
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) 13
Family reunification site 341
“free” consulting services 102
missions 102
response 59
training programs 102
crime risks, youngsters 115–116
fear crime 114–115
insecurity 114
schools 116
Fingerprints and photographs 338
components 143–144
fire codes 251–253
NFPA 72 254–256
voice system 256–257
classifications 191–192
automatic suppression system 253
fire protection goals 252
initiating devices installation 253
local code requirements 252–253
microprocessor-based control units 252
model building code 251
NFPA 72 253
testing laboratories 253
extinguisher 191–192
Fire alarms and building evacuation 289–290
Fire/emergency medical services (EMS) services 121
Fires and fire extinguishers 290
Fixture 163
Foot-lambert 163
Frame of picture video 216
check references and relevance 103
FEMA missions 102
independent consultants 100
liability 101–102
mitigation strategy 102–103
motivation and purpose, offer 103
protecting information 103–104
qualified/unqualified 99–100
recommendations 104–105
security cameras installation 100
sustainable design 100b
G
Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) program 13–14
Gay, lesbian and transgender issues 291
Geo-tagging features 286
bullet-resistant doors 295
bullet-resistant fiberglass wall panels 295
bullet-resistant lobby or reception area 295
bullet-resistant windows 295
Double-Hung Wood 294
types of glass 291–292
UL protection levels 1-5 294
window film 295
Window Ironmongery 294
Glass break detectors 174
Global harmonization systems 296
Gun-Free Schools Act 13
H
Halogen and quartz halogen lamps 161
Hand scanner and finger reader recognition systems 250
Hard-copy printer 194
classroom intruder function 148
electronic lock functions 148–149
exterior-side keying 145–146
interior-side keying 146–147
office function locks 147–148
school security door hardware upgrade project 149–152
storeroom function 148
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) 249
HID See High-intensity discharge (HID)
HID lamps 164
High-intensity discharge (HID) 163
High-pressure sodium lamps 161
Hotel safety and security 81–82
I
ID methods 241
Illuminance 160
Illuminare 163
foot-candle (fc) 160
illuminance 160
maintenance and bulb replacement 160
minimum reflected light 160
signs and keyholes 160
app. 272f
database 274f
registration and monitoring 271–273
Induction training 339
Interior-side keying 146–147
Intruder alarm See also Alarm
application 178
deter crime 181
equipment service 182
object/spot detection for schools 179
risk 171
Intrusion central monitoring 141–142
balanced magnetic contacts 142
motion detection 142–143
Iris cameras 250
IT networks 134
J
Journal of school violence 362
Justification, Alternatives, Consequences, and Ability (JACA) 43
K
CERT 71
Crisis Coordinator program 70
evacuation 72
ICS-100b 71
layered communications methods 71
notification system 71–72
Key performance indicators (KPI) 350
CPTED 19–22
tragedies 22
U.S. secret service threat assessment 23–24
L
Lace and panels 174
characteristics 162
color rendition index (CRI) 162
definition 163
lighting, additional information 162
systems, components 168
types 161–162
Latch-key kids 298
local officers 119
principal 119–120
role-play, crisis situation 120
training, police 120
alarm annunciator system 87
lines of defense 87f
risk rank procedure 86–87
security professionals 88
LED (indicator light) 348
definition 163
function 198–200
representative 200f
varifocal 210–212
video technology See (see Video technology)
Liability 298–301
Lighting 301–302
checklist 165–166
corrected color temperature (CCT) 168
CRI 168
energy management 164–165
equipment 162–163
floodlights 162
fresnel lights 162
levels, for school complex 166–167
lumens 167
operation costs 169t
reflectance 167–168
for school 163–164
strategies 162
systems, components 168
types 169t
web sites 168
Lights 346
Local alarm 180
Location identification 345
CPTED 38
crime environment problem 38
crimes 38
LOPA See Layers of protection analysis (LOPA)
Louvers 163
Low-light-level (LLL)-intensified CCD (ICCD) cameras 201
Low-pressure sodium lamps 161
Luminaire 163
M
Magnetic stripe cards 248
addressing gaps 97
AHJ 95
compliance and enforcement 95–96
Higher Education Opportunity Act 92–93
national standards 94–95
NFPA 72 94
planning and implementation 94
public address (PA) system 91
redundancy and reliability 94
requirements 139
statistics, K-12 96
voice-based systems 139
administrative procedures 3–4
description 3
physical security 5–9
Mechanized/automated systems 242–243
Mentally ill and challenged (active shooters) 302–303
Mercury vapor lamps 161
Metal detectors 303
Metal halide lamps 161
Microwave detectors 176–177
Motion sensor 175t
Mounting hardware 168
Multiple card/badge system 242
Multiplex systems, alarm 181
N
National Alliance for Safe Schools (NASS) 359
National Association of School Resource Officers (NASRO) 359
National Association of School Safety and Law Enforcement Officers (NASSLEO) 359
The National Burglary and Fire Alarm Association (NBFAA) 182
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) See NFPA 72
National Response Framework (NRF) 94
The National School Safety Center (NSSC) 358
National Summit on Campus Public Safety 17
National Threat Assessment Center (NTAC) 23
Network video recorders (NVRs) 138
central station alarm system 254
classification 254
fire alarm system 254
household fire alarm system 254
local codes and 253
manual fire alarm system 255
purpose 253
remote supervising station 254
station alarm system supervision 254
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code 18
Nondisclosure agreement (NDA) 103
cafeteria and kitchen 304
loading docks/receiving area 304
parking lots 304
Numbering and labeling car parking bays 346
O
Off-campus emergency kits 332
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) 358
Optical splitter 233
P
CPTED 33–34
crime environment problem 33
crimes 33
Partnership programs 315
Passive infrared detectors (PIRs) 177
Perimeter access control 240
advantage 172–174
alarm system components 172–174
area/space protection and 174
detectors 173f
Personal recognition system 241
PHA See Process hazard analysis (PHA)
Photoelectric eyes (beams) 174
access control badge reader 305
bollards 305
building exterior 46–47
building interior 47
doors 305
emergency planning 7–8
fire alarm systems 7
intercoms 305
intrusion alarm systems (alarm systems) 306
key control 6
lobby, administration building 5
mass notification procedures 8
natural surveillance 47
building 5–6
campus 5
policy 47
safety audits 46
secure school entrances 48–52
signage 5
territoriality 48
training, faculty and staff 8–9
windows 305
Physical security information management (PSIM) systems 136–137
access control 140
alarm system features 143
badging system 141
cameras 137–138
cloud computing 135–136
daily training and incident modes 134
data 136
digital video analytics 139
fire alarm systems 143–144
fire and intrusion central monitoring 141–142
IDS 142–143
IT networks 134–135
laws 133–134
mass notification regulations 134
mass notification systems 139–140
monitors 138
movies and television shows 134
PSIM systems 136–137
recording 138
school bus security technology 144
tiered technology approach 136
visitor management 141
VMSs 137
Physiological biometrics 249
Police/School Involvement Program (PSIP) 262
Policies, procedures, guidelines and standards 306–307
construction 128–129
employee manual 127
report writing 129
security manual 127–128
Pre-employment screening 338
all-hazards plans 53
community collaboration 41
emergency training and drills 41
fight 58–59
hide 56–58
intruder response guidelines 54–55
minimum safety standards 41
operational environment analysis 59
phase 53
run 55–56
Run-Hide-Fight 53–54
run/hide/fight 53
standardize emergency plans 41
Pressure mats 177
physical security 45–52
threat assessment 43–45
antibullying programs 77
armed guards, SROs, and police 76
budget 77–78
bullying 74
handbooks, policies, and procedures 77
incident-reporting system 75
incident reports 76
security solutions 73
suicides 74
threat assessment 74–75
consequence severity ranking 85–86
risk ranking procedure 85–86
Proximity cards 247–248
Proximity cards/key scan cards 108
Publications 360–365
Q
Quartz lamps 161
R
Radio/electrical interference 176
Radio-frequency identification 351–352
Radio signal transmission 181
Random-interlace cameras 217
optical disk 229
VCR 228
business resumption 67
continuity of operations 42
planning 64
resources 64
Reflector 163
Regular drills 331
Removal of graffiti 353
decision 62
emergency plans 59
FEMA definition 59
observation 62
orientation 62
practice incident response plans 41
tactical site mapping data 41
video surveillance 42
CPTED 37–38
crimes 37
and locker rooms 307
Risk and protective factor assessments 307–308
Risk assessment, definition 113
Roof access 109
Rosters, access control 246
contact 54
fight 58–59
location 54
S
Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act 13
Safe and drug-free schools, U.S. Department of Education 358
Amsterdam’s crime statistics 265–266
awakening 267–268
breakthrough 268–270
denial 267
management 270–273
registration policies 271–273
blending with locals 83
body posture and eye contact 82
crime prevention 79
dressing 83
hotel safety and security 81–82
issues, problems, and emergencies 83–84
lost items 83
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) reports 80–81
parking lots/garages 80–81
threat levels 80
transportation 82–83
trust your instincts 84
Scheduling third-party activities 354–355
School bus security technology 144
legislation 13
emergency management 14
personnel 14
physical security 14
program components 13
special programs 13–14
“school-associated violent deaths” 12
access controls 32
CPTED applications See (see Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED))
crime prevention tactics 38
CPTED 35
crime environment problem 34
crimes 34
School lockdowns 314–315
access control 150–152
classrooms, gyms, libraries, multipurpose rooms, cafeterias, and auditoriums 151
exterior doors 151
funding 152
implementation 152
key system(s) 151
maintain systems 152
master key system(s) 150
physical inventory/survey 149
physical locking devices 149–150
School uniforms 316
categories, school break-ins 309
cause of vandalism 310–311
characteristics, property damage or loss 311
countermeasures 313
and graffiti 313
intrusion alarms 312
patrol 312
prevention 311–312
social cost 310
School Watch Program 316
Security levels 316–317
Security lighting, for schools See Lighting
consequences 327
defense-in-depth 338
documented specifications 349
elements, security-related risks 327
following CPTED guidelines 344
fundamental questions 326
horticultural maintenance 347
incident reporting, recording and analysis 334
information events at evacuation and reunification centers 341
involve students in safety and security management 337
law-enforcement personnel 338
lodging routine and breakdown maintenance 350
loose bricks, rocks and construction waste 344
media 339
phone for emergency services communication 340
planning 328
policy and procedure 329–330
privacy markings and caveats on documents 343
property marking and asset management 351
providing feedback 334
providing specific training to staffs and bus drivers 335
regular review 331
rewarding individual contributions 335
risk management strategies into curriculum 355–356
school communities 342
security awareness 332–333
security procedures 329
social media 342–343
terminology 333
using rocks 345
vulnerabilities 328
Security manual 127–128
Security officers 315–316
Security patrols and alarm response 350
Single card/badge system 242
Situational crime prevention using CPTED concepts 317–318
Smoke detectors 189
Social media safety 286
analog 218
digital 218
internet 218
Sound sensors 177
Student collection zones 354
Student lockers 318
Student-Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act of 1990 16
T
Tailgating (through access control) 318–319
Task/work lighting 163
Telephone dialer 181
Testing intruder alarm systems 348
Theft identity 297–298
Third-party use of school facilities 354
insider 40
outsider 40
dangerousness indication 43
description 40
JACA 43
physical security 41
secret service’s safe school initiative 44
“Tiered” method, physical security system construction 136
Training programs 319–320
coaxial cable 220–221
fiber optics 222
function 202–203
hard-wired 220
LAN, WAN, intranet and internet 221–222
link 194
switchers 222–223
UTP 221
Two-person rule 246
U
Ultrasonics 174–176
Uniform lighting 163
U.S. Secret service threat assessment 23–24
V
Veiling reflection 164
Vein recognition 250
Vibration detectors 179
Video management systems (VMSs) 137
Video surveillance systems 320
ancillary equipment 229–232
camera See (see Cameras)
comprehensive security system 195f
digital and progressive scan 217
human eye and 199f
light and reflection, role 196–197
LLL-intensified camera 218
audio/video 228
color 226–227
function 203
motion effects 209
networked digital video system block diagram 197f
raster scanning 216–217
recorders 228–229
recording function 203
characteristics 207
illumination 204
and sensor geometry 199f
temperature 209–210
single camera video system 194f
solid-state cameras 217–218
target size 207
thermal imaging camera 219
transmission 220–225
varifocal lens 210–212
VMD 233
Video verification 181
Visitor and vendor management 109–110
approval 243
cleaning teams 244
access cards 247–249
access control 245
badges 249
biometrics characteristics 249–250
biometrics devices types 250
building design 247
duress code 246
escorts 246
layered levels of security 247
packages, personal property and vehicles 247
rosters, access control 246
two-person rule 246
physical security precautions 244
procedures 243
students, faculty and staff 244
Visitor management 141
Voice recognition voiceprint 250
Voice system See Emergency communication systems (ECSs)
W
WATCH D.O.G.S 320–321
Watts 163
Weigand cards 248
Window screens 174
Wooden screens 174
Written security policies 329
Y
Youth suicide 74
Z
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