Proximity networks and public networks are in the edge tier. Here, data is received and transmitted to user devices. Data flows through the IoT gateway or through edge services into the CSP.

The cloud service provider in in the platform tier. The provider receives, processes, and analyzes data flows. The CSP also provides API management and visualization and can initiate control commands.

The enterprise network represents the enterprise tier, which is comprised of enterprise data, enterprise user directory, and enterprise applications.

An IoT system uses application logic and control logic across many locations, depending on timescales and datasets. Some code may actually execute directly on the IoT devices or in the gateways. Edge computing or fog computing is applied to the case where code executes in the IoT gateways or the devices.

IoT users and end user applications are in the user layer. The proximity network has all physical entities that interact with IoT system physical entities. The physical entity is the subject of sensor measurements or actuator behavior.

Devices contain sensor and actuator. The attached network connection enables interaction with the extended IoT system. The device may also be the physical entity being monitored by the sensors. Other important components include sensor/actuator, agent, and firmware.

The network connection provides connectivity from the device to the IoT system. This device often has low power and low range to reduce power requirements. Alternative communication mechanisms can include Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wi-Fi or wide area networking using 2G, 3G, and 4G LTE. The user interface supports user interaction with applications, agents, actuators, and sensors.

The IoT gateway connects devices to the public network. If the devices have limited network connectivity, the local IoT gateway enables the needed communications. The IoT gateway can also filter and react to data. The IoT gateway contains the following:

• App logic
• Analytics
• Agent
• Device data store