Abduction and hypotheses, 300
Accidents, and human factors, 7–8
Accommodation Layout Design Expert System (ALDES), 334
Action classification, 61
Action control
bimanual control, 378
eye and head movements, 380
and feedback, 374
grasping and intercepting objects, 379
hierarchical arrangement, 373–374
implications, 371
invariant characteristics, 371
keyboard entry and typing, 372–373
locomotion, 380
posture, 380
visual feedback, 377
Action limit, 450
Action office, 515
Action stage, and three-stage model, 84
ACT-R. See Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT-R)
Acuity
spatial and temporal resolution, 128–129
Adaptation, 169
Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT-R), 541, 542
Aesthetics, 515
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 500
Aggression, 512
Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), 425
Air pollutants, 488
Alarm and warning signals, 214–216
ALDES. see Accommodation Layout Design Expert System (ALDES)
Alphanumeric displays, 195–199
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 546
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 500
Analog controls. See Continuous controls
ANSI. See American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Anthropometric Source Book,436
cumulative trauma disorders, 439–442
engineering anthropometry, 431–439
biomechanical factors, 437–439
additional principles, 448
design principles for, 443–447
manual materials handling, 449–453
carrying and push/pulling, 452–453
overview, 431
positioning of controls and objects, 460–461
positioning of visual displays, 459–460
Anti-glare devices, 475
Apollo Command Module, 432
Apparent motion, 158
Arousal and vigilance, 242–246
A Technique for Human Error ANAlysis (ATHEANA), 77
ATHEANA. see A Technique for Human Error ANAlysis (ATHEANA)
Attention
arousal and vigilance, 242–246
bottleneck models
attenuation and late-selection theories, 230–231
and mental workload assessment
comparison technique, 256
expert opinion, 256
mathematical models, 257
primary-task measures, 249–250
psychophysiological measures, 251–252
secondary-task measures, 250–251
simulation models, 257
task analysis, 257
resource models
executive control models, 234–235
multiple-resource models, 233–234
unitary-resource models, 231–233
selective
switching and controlling, 240
Attenuation, and late-selection theories, 230–231
Audio-dosimeter, 477
Auditory displays
three-dimensional displays, 216–217
warning and alarm signals, 214–216
Auditory distractions, 517
Auditory sensory memory, 261–262
Augmented displays, 406
AWACS. See Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model, 267–268
Bain, Gordon, 477
Balanced Noise Criterion (NCB), 478–479
BARS. See Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS), 503–504
Behavior observation scale (BOS), 503–504
Benevolent authority, 523
Bent-handled plier, 444
Bimanual control, 378
Binocular visual cues, 152–155
Biomechanics, 431
measurements, 436
occupational, 438
BOS. See Behavior observation scale (BOS)
Bottleneck models
attenuation and late-selection theories, 230–231
Brain control, and movements, 367–368
Bullpen office, 516
CAESAR. See Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR)
CAESAR3 -D Anthropometric Database,436
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 441–442
Categorical reasoning, 296–298
Centralization, organizational structure component, 524
Centralized network, 520
Chemical systems, and perception, 187–188
Choice reactions
overview, 340
speed-accuracy tradeoff, 341–342
stimulus-response uncertainty, 343–345
Chronometric methods
continuous information accumulation, 99–101
Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR), 436
Coast Guard, 537
color, 409
other, 411
shape, 410
size, 410
texture, 410
COGNET. See COGnition as a NETwork of tasks (COGNET)
COGnition as a NETwork of tasks (COGNET), 544
Cognitive architectures, 85–86
Cognitive models, 537, 538–541
Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), 77–78
Cognitive skill acquisition
connectionist model, 320
power law of practice, 314–316
production system model, 318–320
skill-rule-knowledge framework, 317–318
transfer views, 320
Cognitive stage, and three-stage model, 83
Color perception
opponent process theory, 138–139
overview, 135
perceptual organization, 139–145
Combination codes, 204
Comparison technique, 256
Compatibility principles
relative location coding, 347–349
S-C-R compatibility, 352
stimulus-response compatibility, 345–347
theoretical interpretations, 349–351
Compensatory tracking task, 401
Complexity, organizational structure component, 524
Compressed schedules, 508, 509
Compressible grip surfaces, 447
Computer interface control, 421–423
Computer technology, and human factors, 4–6
Conditional reasoning, 293–296
Conferencing tools, 522
Connected-word systems, 425
Connectionist model, 320
Consonance, 175
Consultative style, 523
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 547
Contact-based devices, 426
Containment controls, 422
Continuing education classes, 502
Continuous controls, 396
Continuous information accumulation, 99–101
Continuous-speech systems, 425
Control–display ratio, 402–404
color, 409
other, 411
shape, 410
size, 410
texture, 410
preventing accidental operation, 413
Control–response ratio, 402
Controls, and controlling actions, 395–428
manipulation–outcome relations, 400–407
overview, 395
preventing accidental operation, 413
Control theory models, 544–545
Core time, 508
Cost-benefit analysis, 528–529, 532
Cowan’s activation model, 269
CPSC. See Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
CREAM. see Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM)
Criminal negligence, 546
Cumulative trauma disorders, 439–442
Cyber security, and human factors, 6–7
Cyclical stressors, 491
Danger, 546
Dark and light adaptation, 123–124
Daylighting, 467
Deadman switches, 398
Deadspace, and backlash, 401–402
Decentralized network, 520
Decision control, 512
Decision making
descriptive theory
transitivity and framing, 302–304
improving
training and task environment, 307–308
Deduction
categorical reasoning, 296–298
conditional reasoning, 293–296
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 536
Depth perception
binocular visual cues, 152–155
illusions of size and direction, 155–157
monocular visual cues, 148–152
motion perception
apparent motion, 158
induced motion, 158
oculomotor depth cues, 146–148
Descriptive theory
transitivity and framing, 302–304
Design verification, 533
DESPLATE. see Diagnostic Expert System for Steel Plates (DESPLATE) system
Detail design, 533
DGR. See Discomfort glare rating (DGR)
DHS. See Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Diagnostic Expert System for Steel Plates (DESPLATE) system, 333–334
Diagnostic support systems (DSSs), 310
Dictionary of Occupational Titles,497
Digital human models, 537, 541
Direct parabolic lighting (DPL), 473
Disability glare, 473
Discomfort glare, 473
Discomfort glare rating (DGR), 474
Discomfort zones, 487
Discrete controls, 396
Discrete event simulation. See Task network modeling
Dissonance, 175
Distance education, 502
Dorsal and ventral streams, 121
Downward communications, 520
DPL. See Direct parabolic lighting (DPL)
Drugs and stress, 490
DSSs. see Diagnostic support systems (DSSs)
Dual-task and sequential performance
psychological refractory period effect, 355–357
stimulus and response repetition, 357
Dynamic displays
analog and digital displays, 204–207
motion interpretability, 209–210
Dynamic strength, 436
Earmuffs, 483
Earplugs, 483
EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Elastic resistance, 397
Electronic and digital equipment, 4
Employee
circadian rhythms and work schedules, 505–509
job analysis and design, 496–499
performance appraisal, 502–505
office space and arrangement, 514–515
Employment and Training Administration, 497
Engineering anthropometry, 431–439
biomechanical factors, 437–439
digital human models, 541
Environmental ergonomics, 465–494
illumination and performance, 469–473
measurement, 466
level and performance, 477–480
overview, 465
adaptation syndrome and stressors, 489–491
thermal comfort and air quality, 486–489
EPIC. See Executive Process Interactive Control (EPIC)
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 500
Ergonomics
overview, 465
thermal comfort and air quality, 486–489
occupational, 531
Evening shift, 508
Executive control models, 234–235
Executive Process Interactive Control (EPIC), 541, 542
Expected-utility theory, 301
Expert opinion, 256
Experts
cognitive skill acquisition
connectionist model, 320
power law of practice, 314–316
production system model, 318–320
skill-rule-knowledge framework, 317–318
transfer views, 320
and naturalistic decision making, 325–326
overview, 313
Expert systems
characteristics of
inference engine, 327
knowledge base, 327
and human factors issues
Accommodation Layout Design Expert System (ALDES), 334
Diagnostic Expert System for Steel Plates (DESPLATE) system, 333–334
interface design, 332
knowledge elicitation, 329–330
knowledge representation, 328–332
task selection, 328
overview, 326
Exploitative authority, 523
Express warranty, 548
External precision grip, 445
External recruiting, 499
External stressors, 490
Eye and head movements, 380
FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Fatigue, and motor learning, 382–383
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 477
Feedback, 424
and action control, 374
and skill acquisition
knowledge of performance (KP), 389–392
knowledge of results (KR), 386–389
observational learning, 392–393
visual, 377
Fine adjust time, 402
First-order controls, 404
Fluorescent lamps, 468
Fluted knobs, 410
Food scoop design, 447
Foot-operated controls, 420, 424
Forensic human factors, 545–551
Formal communications, 520
Formalization, organizational structure component, 524
“Four-fifths rule,” 500
Fourier analysis, 165
Framing, and transitivity, 302–304
Frequency sweep detector, 170
Friction, 398
Function controls, 422
General Adaptation syndrome, 489–491
General-purpose tools, 448
Gesture-based control, 426
Glass cockpits, 418
Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules (GOMS), 538, 539–541
GOMS. See Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules (GOMS)
Google Maps, 522
Grasping, and intercepting objects, 379
Groupware, 522
Guyon tunnel syndrome, 441
Halo error, 504
Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), 485–486
Hand-operated controls, 413–420
pushbutton and toggle switches, 413–416
rotary selector switches and knobs, 416–418
additional principles, 448
design principles for, 443–447
compressible grip surfaces, 447
design problem, 447
HAVS. See Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS)
Hawthorne Plant, 471
Hazard and risk, 546
HCI. See Human–computer interaction (HCI)
Head and eye movements, 380
Head-movement control, 425–426
Head-up displays (HUDs), 210–212
Healthcare systems, and human factors, 6
Hearing
Helmet-mounted displays (HMDs), 212–213
HEPA. See High-energy particulate absorbing (HEPA) filters
High-energy particulate absorbing (HEPA) filters, 489
Higher-level properties, perception of
perceptual organization, 176
Higher-order controls, 404–405
HMDs. see Helmet-mounted displays (HMDs)
Horizontal communication, 520
HTML. See Hypertext markup language (HTML)
HUDs. see Head-up displays (HUDs)
Human behavioral modeling, 542
Human cognitive reliability model, 76–77
Human–computer interaction (HCI), 12, 426
Human–environment technology, 527
Human error
action classification, 61
intentional classification, 63–66
processing classification, 62–63
and applied journals, 17
cognitive and physical models, 535–545
integrative cognitive architectures, 541–544
and electronic and digital equipment, 4
and expert systems
Accommodation Layout Design Expert System (ALDES), 334
Diagnostic Expert System for Steel Plates (DESPLATE) system, 333–334
interface design, 332
knowledge elicitation, 329–330
knowledge representation, 328–332
task selection, 328
and healthcare systems, 6
and human–computer interaction (HCI), 12
and human–machine systems, 10–12
psychology of, 13
job specialization and productivity, 16–17
learning and skill acquisition, 15–16
and mental processing speed, 14–15
and sensory psychophysics, 13–14
and specialization domains, 10–12
Wundt and study of attention, 14–15
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 550
Human information-processing
chronometric methods
continuous information accumulation, 99–101
computational models and cognitive architectures, 85–86
psychological representation
detection and discrimination, 87–89
signal-detection methods and theory, 89–94
psychophysiological methods, 101–102
three-stage model
action stage, 84
cognitive stage, 83
perceptual stage, 83
Human–job interface technology, 527
Human–machine interface technology, 527
Human Operator Model, 542
Human Operator Simulator, 542, 544
Human–organization interface technology, 527
psychology of, 13
Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), 77–78
human cognitive reliability model, 76–77
stochastic modeling technique, 75
Systematic Human Error Reduction And Prediction Approach (SHERPA), 75–76
Task Analysis For Error Identification (TAFEI), 75–76
A Technique for Human Error ANAlysis (ATHEANA), 77
Technique For Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP), 73–75
Human resource management, and macroergonomics, 495–526
circadian rhythms and work schedules, 505–509
job analysis and design, 496–499
performance appraisal, 502–505
interactions among employees, 510–518
office space and arrangement, 514–515
interactions between organizational groups, 518–525
communication in organizations, 520–523
employee participation, 523–524
organizational development, 524–525
Human–robot interactions, 510
Human–software technology, 527
Human Systems IAC Anthropometric Data Sets,436
Human Systems Integration. See MANPRINT program
Human–systems interface technology, 527
Hypertext markup language (HTML), 423
Hypervigilance, 490
Hypotheses, 300
IA. See Index of accessibility (IA)
Illuminance, 466
Illumination, and performance, 469–473
Imagery, and short-term memory, 269–270
Implied warranties, 548
Index of accessibility (IA), 412
Index of functionality, 412
Induced motion, 158
Induction, and concepts, 298–300
Inertial resistance, 399
Inference engine, 327
Informal communications, 520
Informal evaluations, 502
Information display controls, 422
Input controls, 422
Instrumentality, 515
Integrated Performance Modeling Environment, 544
Integrative cognitive architectures, 541–544
Intentional classification, 63–66
Interactive medical image segmentation, 538–539
Interface design, 332
Internal precision grip, 444–445
Internal recruiting, 499
Internet, 427
Intimate distance, 510
Isolated-word systems, 425
Isometric controls, 397
Isotonic controls, 397
JACK, 541
Jet lag, 506
Job analysis, and design, 496–499
Job description, 503
Job performance and satisfaction, 523
Job rotation, 501
“Just-in-time” inventory systems, 439
Keybindings, 418
Keyboard entry, and typing, 372–373
Kinesiological factors, 438
Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs), 549
Knowledge base, 327
Knowledge elicitation, 329–330
Knowledge of performance (KP), 389–392
Knowledge of results (KR), 386–389
Knowledge representation, 328–332
Knurled knobs, 410
KP. see Knowledge of performance (KP)
KR. see Knowledge of results (KR)
KSAs. See Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs)
Landscaped offices, 516
Lateral moments, 450
Late-selection theories, 230–231
Layout controls, 422
LCDs. See Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Learned helplessness, 512
Learning and skill acquisition, 15–16
LEDs. See Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
Lensed-indirect uplighting (LIL), 473
Light and dark adaptation, 123–124
Light emitting diodes (LEDs), 468
illumination and performance, 469–473
measurement, 466
daylighting, 467
LIL. See Lensed-indirect uplighting (LIL)
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), 475
LMM. See Lumbar motion monitor (LMM)
Locomotion action control, 380
abduction and hypotheses, 300
deduction
categorical reasoning, 296–298
conditional reasoning, 293–296
induction and concepts, 298–300
Long-term memories
processing strategies, 273–276
Lumbar motion monitor (LMM), 451
Lumens, 466
Luminance, 466
Luminous flux, 466
Manipulation–outcome relations, 400–407
control–display ratio, 402–404
deadspace and backlash, 401–402
Man–machine Integrated Design and Analysis System (MIDAS), 544
MANPRINT program, 532
Manual lifting, 450
Manual materials handling, 449–453
carrying and push/pulling, 452–453
Mass-spring property and motor unit, 366–367
Materials handling, 449
Mathematical models, 257
Maximum permissible limit, 450
MCDU. See Multifunction control display unit (MCDU)
Medial lemniscus, 183
Memory performance, 506
Mental processing speed, 14–15
Mental workload assessment
comparison technique, 256
expert opinion, 256
mathematical models, 257
primary-task measures, 249–250
psychophysiological measures, 251–252
secondary-task measures, 250–251
simulation models, 257
task analysis, 257
Micro Saint Sharp, 544
MIDAS. See Man–machine Integrated Design and Analysis System (MIDAS)
Model Human Processor, 538, 540
Monocular visual cues, 148–152
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 187
Morning shift, 508
Motion interpretability, 209–210
Motion perception
apparent motion, 158
induced motion, 158
Motor learning
practice
distribution of, 383
Movements
and action control
bimanual control, 378
eye and head movements, 380
and feedback, 374
grasping and intercepting objects, 379
hierarchical arrangement, 373–374
implications, 371
invariant characteristics, 371
keyboard entry and typing, 372–373
locomotion, 380
posture, 380
visual feedback, 377
control of, 366
feedback and skill acquisition
knowledge of performance (KP), 389–392
knowledge of results (KR), 386–389
observational learning, 392–393
mass-spring property and motor unit, 366–367
motor learning
distribution of practice, 383
practice and training, 381–382
variability of practice, 384–385
and musculoskeletal system, 366
overview, 365
spinal control, 367
MSG. see Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Multifunction control display unit (MCDU), 418
Multifunction controls, 418–420
Multiple-resource models, 233–234
Musculoskeletal system, 366
NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA)
National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA), 436
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 450, 451, 545
National Transportation Safety Board, 407
Naturalistic decision making, 325–326
Navigation controls, 422
NCB. See Balanced Noise Criterion (NCB)
NIOSH. See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
level and performance, 477–480
Noise Rating curves, 479
Noise-reduction headphones, 483
Nonspecific building-related symptoms, 488
Nonterritorial offices, 516, 518
Observational learning, 392–393
Occupational biomechanics, 438
Occupational ergonomics programs, 531
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 545
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 545
Oculomotor depth cues, 146–148
Offending zone, 473
Office space and arrangement, 514–515
Offset control, 514
Off-site training, 502
OMAR. See Operator Model Architecture (OMAR)
Onset control, 514
On-site training, 502
On-the-job training, 501
Open offices, 515
Operator Model Architecture (OMAR), 544
Opponent process theory, 138–139
employee participation, 523–524
OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Outcome control, 512
Pain, and temperature, 186–187
PAQ. See Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ)
Participative style, 523
Participatory ergonomics, 523
Perception
of basic properties
consonance, 175
dissonance, 175
timbre, 175
of higher-level properties
perceptual organization, 176
of temperature and pain, 186–187
Perceptual organization, 139–145, 176
Perceptual stage, and three-stage model, 83
Performance appraisal, 502–505
Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting Installation (PSALI), 467
Personal distance, 510
Photometer, 466
Physical stressors, 490
Physics, the Human Adventure (Holton and Brush), 25
Pilot models, 545
Population stereotypes, 359–363
Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ), 496, 497–498
Power grip, 444
Power law of practice, 314–316
Preliminary design, 533
Prevention defenses, 512
Primary-task measures, 249–250
Primary territories, 511
Principles of compatibility
relative location coding, 347–349
S-C-R compatibility, 352
stimulus-response compatibility, 345–347
theoretical interpretations, 349–351
Prisoner’s Dilemma, 511
Probabilistic risk analysis, 79
Problem-solving
problem space hypothesis, 288–291
Problem space hypothesis, 288–291
Procedure-Oriented Crew Model (PROCRU), 544–545
Processing classification, 62–63
PROCRU. See Procedure-Oriented Crew Model (PROCRU)
Production system model, 318–320
Project managers, 534
Proprioception, 183
Proxemics, 510
PSALI. See Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting Installation (PSALI)
Psychological refractory period effect, 355–357
Psychological representation
detection and discrimination, 87–89
signal-detection methods and theory, 89–94
Psychology, of human performance, 13
Psychophysiological measures, 101–102, 251–252
Public distance, 510
Public territories, 511
Purkinje shift, 126
Pursuit tracking task, 400–401
Pushbutton and toggle switches, 413–416
“Quality of work life” programs, 524
RAMSIS, 541
Raynaud’s disease, 485
Reaction defenses, 512
Reasoning
Reflected glare, 473
Regaine, 548
Relative location coding, 347–349
Reliability analysis
Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), 77–78
human cognitive reliability model, 76–77
human performance data sources, 78–79
probabilistic risk analysis, 79
stochastic modeling technique, 75
Systematic Human Error Reduction And Prediction Approach (SHERPA), 75–76
Task Analysis For Error Identification (TAFEI), 75–76
A Technique for Human Error ANAlysis (ATHEANA), 77
Technique For Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP), 73–75
Research methods, in human factors
archival data, 33
between-subject designs, 38–39
complex designs, 39
correlational and differential research, 37–38
diaries and studies of log files, 36–37
experimental methods, 38
interviews and focus groups, 36
measurement
reliability, validity, and control, 31–32
naturalistic observation, 33–35
and science
foundations of, 27
statistical methods
central tendency and variability, 42–44
correlation coefficient, 44–46
statistical hypothesis testing, 48–49
surveys and questionnaires, 35–36
usability evaluation and user experience, 40–41
within-subject designs, 39
Resource models
executive control models, 234–235
multiple-resource models, 233–234
unitary-resource models, 231–233
Response repetition, 357
Response selection
choice reactions
overview, 340
speed-accuracy tradeoff, 341–342
stimulus-response uncertainty, 343–345
controlling actions
population stereotypes, 359–363
dual-task and sequential performance
psychological refractory period effect, 355–357
stimulus and response repetition, 357
overview, 339
principles of compatibility
relative location coding, 347–349
S-C-R compatibility, 352
stimulus-response compatibility, 345–347
theoretical interpretations, 349–351
Retina
Revised weight limit (RWL), 450
Rolling delivery system, 453
Rotary selector switches and knobs, 416–418
Ruck, Julia, 532
RWL. See Revised weight limit (RWL)
Saturday Night Live (1976), 546
Scenario-based design, 535, 536–537
S-C-R compatibility, 352
Screening method, 500
Secondary-task measures, 250–251
Secondary territories, 511
Second-order control, 404
Selective attention
switching and controlling, 240
Selye, Hans, 489
Sensory memory
long-term memories
processing strategies, 273–276
role of, 262
short-term memory
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model, 267–268
Cowan’s activation model, 269
verbal and nonverbal material
situational awareness, 283–284
written communication, 278–280
Separation controls, 422
Shell Netherlands Refinery and Chemical, 529
SHERPA. see Systematic Human Error Reduction And Prediction Approach (SHERPA)
Shift rotations, 508
Shift workers, 507
Short-term memory
Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model, 267–268
Cowan’s activation model, 269
Sick building syndrome, 488–489
Signal-detection methods and theory, 89–94
Similarity-choice theory, 537
Simulation models, 257
Simulators, and movements, 386–387
Situational awareness, 283–284
Size and direction, illusions of, 155–157
Size and shape constancy, 155
Size coding, 410
Skill acquisition
and feedback
knowledge of performance (KP), 389–392
knowledge of results (KR), 386–389
observational learning, 392–393
Skill-rule-knowledge framework, 317–318
Sleep hygiene, 509
Sliding friction, 398
Smooth knob, 410
Soar. See States, Operators, and Results (Soar)
Social/consultative distance, 510
Social density, 512
Social stressors, 490
Society, human factors and, 550–551
Sociotechnical system, 495
Sociotechnical theory, 499
Soft keys, 418
Solid-state lighting, 468
Sonic booms, 477
Sound-level meter, 476
Spatial and temporal resolution
temporal sensitivity, 131
Spatial density, 512
Spatial summation, 126
Speaker-dependent systems, 425
Speaker-independent systems, 425
Special-purpose tools, 448
Specular reflection, 473
Speed-accuracy tradeoff, 341–342
Spinal control movements, 367
Spinothalamic pathway, 183
Split keyboard, 442
Standardized tests, 500
States, Operators, and Results (Soar), 541, 542
Static displays
alphanumeric displays, 195–199
combination codes, 204
shape coding, 204
Static friction, 398
Static strength, 436
Statler, Stuart, 547
Stimulus and response repetition, 357
Stimulus-response compatibility, 345–347
Stimulus-response uncertainty, 343–345
Stinger anti-aircraft missile system, 532
Stochastic modeling technique, 75
Straight-handled plier, 444
general adaptation syndrome and stressors, 489–491
Switching and controlling, 240
Symbolism, 515
System, and human factors
components, 55
environment, 56
goals of, 55
hierarchical, 55
and human error
action classification, 61
intentional classification, 63–66
processing classification, 62–63
and operator, 55
performance, 56
reliability analysis
Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), 77–78
human cognitive reliability model, 76–77
human performance data sources, 78–79
probabilistic risk analysis, 79
stochastic modeling technique, 75
Systematic Human Error Reduction And Prediction Approach (SHERPA), 75–76
Task Analysis For Error Identification (TAFEI), 75–76
A Technique for Human Error ANAlysis (ATHEANA), 77
Technique For Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP), 73–75
variables, 56
Systematic Human Error Reduction And Prediction Approach (SHERPA), 75–76
System concept, 527
System design, 533
making case for human factors, 528–532
occupational ergonomics programs, 531
and product development, 531–532
facilitating human factors inputs, 534–535
System planning, 532
System validation, and expert systems, 332–333
Tactile sensory memory, 261–262
TAFEI. see Task Analysis For Error Identification (TAFEI)
Task Analysis For Error Identification (TAFEI), 75–76
Task network modeling, 542
Task selection, 328
Taste pore, 187
Taxonomies, of human error, 61–66
Team cognition, 521
Teamware. See Groupware
Teamwork, 521
Technical controls, 422
Technique For Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP), 73–75
Teleoperation, 427
Telerobot, 427
Temporal and spatial summation, 126
Temporal sensitivity, 131
Tendonitis, 439
Tenosynovitis, 439
Texas Transportation Institute, 424
Texture coding, 410
Thermal comfort, and air quality, 486–489
Thermal discomfort, 518
THERP. see Technique For Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP)
3-D body-scanning technologies, 432–433
Three-dimensional (3D) displays, 147–148, 216–217
3-D tractor driver models, 437
Three-stage model
action stage, 84
cognitive stage, 83
perceptual stage, 83
Threshold shifts, 480
Timbre, 175
Tonotopic coding, 169
Torsional moments, 450
on-site and off-site, 502
on-the-job, 501
Transfer views, 320
Transient stressors, 490
Transitivity and framing, 302–304
Travel time, 402
2-D gestures, 426
Two-tone suppression, 169
Unfair hiring practice, 500
Unitary-resource models, 231–233
Universal design concept, 550
University of California Irvine, 522
Unstructured interview, 500
Upward communications, 520
Variables, 56
VCP. See Visual comfort probability (VCP) method
VDUs. See Visual display units (VDUs)
Veiling reflection, 473
Verbal and nonverbal material
situational awareness, 283–284
written communication, 278–280
VEs. see Virtual environments (VEs)
Vibration-induced white finger, 485
Vigilance and arousal, 242–246
Virtual environments (VEs), 182–183
Virtual teams, 522
Virtual workplaces, 523
Viscous resistance, 399
Visual comfort, 472
Visual comfort probability (VCP) method, 474
Visual displays
auditory displays
three-dimensional displays, 216–217
warning and alarm signals, 214–216
dynamic displays
analog and digital displays, 204–207
motion interpretability, 209–210
head-up displays (HUDs), 210–212
helmet-mounted displays (HMDs), 212–213
static displays
alphanumeric displays, 195–199
combination codes, 204
shape coding, 204
warning signals and labels, 213–214
Visual display units (VDUs), 473, 475
Visual distractions, 517
Visual feedback, 377
Visual pathways
dorsal and ventral streams, 121
Visual perception
dark and light adaptation, 123–124
Purkinje shift, 126
temporal and spatial summation, 126
Visual sensory memory, 260–261
Visual sensory systems
overview, 107
retina
spatial and temporal resolution
temporal sensitivity, 131
visual pathways
dorsal and ventral streams, 121
visual perception
dark and light adaptation, 123–124
Purkinje shift, 126
temporal and spatial summation, 126
Warning signals
Western Electric Company, 471
Widgets, 422
Wolpert, Lewis, 505
Worker-oriented job analysis, 496
Work-oriented job analysis, 496
Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting,450
positioning of controls and objects, 460–461
positioning of visual displays, 459–460
Work tolerance, 438
Written communication, 278–280
Wundt and study of attention, 14–15
Zero-order controls, 404