Index

 

Acceptance angle, 151

Acoustic requirements of studios, 164

Adaptation and glare, 21

Additive colour mixing, 23

Air conditioning, 147

requirements, 161–2

Alternating current (a.c.) power supplies, 191

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 59, 270

ANSI lumens, 180–1

Angle of lighting, 48

Anti–halation layer, 38

Apostilb, 43

Argon, 55

Auto transformer dimmers, 138

Automated control systems, 143–4

Automatic voltage regulator, (AVR), 72

Backlighting, 7, 9, 10, 11

Back–up systems, 143

Ballast, 69

Barndoors, 103, 127, 231, 237

motorised, 181

Barrel loading, 122–4

Barrels, 108

fixed, 156

installations, 154–5

motorised, 108, 111, 118, 155–7, 185

rigging, 121–2

roller, 109, 156

self–climbing, 111, 155

sockets, 115

Bars, dimmers on, 127

Battery:

emergency lighting, 212

hand lamps, 101

BBC lighting system, 14, 15, 108, 121, 131, 150, 155, 186, 207

Beam angle, 12, 48

light, 94

Black body radiation, 27–9, 50

Blacklight, 18

Block and tackle, 108

Blonde, 12

Boats, 108, 151

Bohr, Niels, 29

Bond, safety, 216

Borosilicate glass lamps, 62, 67

Bottom cyc lighting, 152

Bottom limit switch, 114

Brightness, 23, 25

Brite arc lamps, 67

Bromine lamps, 61

Brute spotlight, 12, 63

Buffon, George Louis Leclerc de, 78

Building construction, 147

Burning angles, 104, 218

Cables:

armoured, 226

mixing of voltages/multicore, 201–2, 227–8

Calibrated lamp, 46

Cameras, light conversion in, 40

Candela, 42, 51

Candles, 42

Carbon arc lights, 12, 63, 106

CE conformity mark, 222, 230

Celsius, Anders, 49

Centigrade system, 49

Centre of gravity (C of G) of luminaires, 104

CCDs (charged coupled devices), 39–40

sensitivity, 41

Charging batteries, 102

Choke ballasts, 64–9

Chroma, 23

key, 100

CID lamps, 67

CIE:

chromacity diagram, 26

guidelines for sports lighting, 170

CIE (cont.)

primary functions, 41

standard light sources, 27

standard observer, 24–5

Circuit breakers and fuses, 59, 201

Circular true radius reflectors, 82

Citizen Kane, 5

Coiled lamp filaments, 55

Cold cathode lamps, 63

Cold inrush, 129, 134

Colour:

balance, 14

correction, 34–7

frames, 217

matching, 24

measurement, 50

mixing, 23

perception, 22

primary, 24

prism, 22

rendering, 23–4, 28, 100

sensitivity system, 20, 39–40

shift in dimming, 71

specification, 24

temperature, 14, 50, 196

wheels, 27, 178

Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage see CIE

Condenser lens, 98–9

Cones (eye photoreceptors), 20–1

Consoles, 138–44

basic functions, 140

lighting, 138–44

Consultant, lighting, 147

Control:

of dimmers, 138–44

of lighting, 69, 143

of motorised lighting systems, 181

of pantographs, 187–8

of winch units, 120–1

Conversion of light in cameras, 37

Correlated colour temperature (CCT), 66

Cosine:

corrected meters, 51–2

cubed law, 46

law, 44–5

Counterweight systems, 111, 117–18, 154

Cross:

bars, 123

keys, 10

Crosslighting, 20, 373

CSI lamps, 67

Cyclorama, 87, 151, 152, 153, 209

(cyc) lights, 95, 98, 159

design, 97

distribution, 199–201

reflectors, 87

Davy, Humphrey, 63

Daylight filter, 32

Daymax lamps, 67

D.C. component of dimmers, 133

'Delta’ connected systems, 147

Dichroic:

coatings of lamps, 55

filters, 32, 33

Dietrich Marlene, 5

Digital control of dimmers, 127

Dimmers and dimming, 126–45

chokes, 130, 132

control systems, 134, 138–44

digital control, 127

distributed, 137

EMC directive, 144–5

fusing and sub–fusing, 135

in luminaires, 146

law, 127

mechanical, 126, 163

problems in practice, 130

safety, 224

rack safety, 224–226

technical parameters, 133

theory, 128

types, 132

Dimmer rooms, 131–5

noise, 164

Dipless crossfade, 140

Disability glare, 21

Discharge halides, 64–6

Discharge lighting, 63

colour distribution, 50, 66

safety, 219–20

sources, 28–30, 62–71

tables, 279–81, 276–8

Discomfort glare, 21

Diverter pulleys, 113, 231

DMX, 1, 101, 134, 137, 144, 176

Doors, lens discharge, 219

Dressing room lighting, 210

Drop arms, 124

Earth leakage circuit breaker see Residual current devices

Earthing, 193, 197

Edison, Thomas, 55

Edison and Swan United Electrical Company, 55

EEC Mechanical Regulations, 221

Effects optics, 98

Efficacy of lamps, 76, 100, 158

Electrical:

discharge, 54

track system, 190

Electricity (and electrical distribution), 191–205

cables, 194–7

isolating transformers, 205

lighting loads, 192

meters, 203

phasing, 194

plugs and sockets, 192

power:

factor, 68

patching, 199

requirements, 162, 187, 192

sockets, 199

problems in practice, 198

on the ‘set’, 204

substations, 193

supply, 59–60, 191–3

switchgear, 193

voltages worldwide, 266–9

Electricity at Work Regulations, 229

Electromagnetic interference, 131

Electromagnetic spectrum, 17–18

Electronic ballasts, 70–1

Ellipsoidal/profile lights, 79

Elliptical reflectors, 82, 84, 98

EMC directive, 144–5

Emergency:

exits, 211–12

lighting, 211

switching, 209, 214, 229

Equal energy white, 26

Escape lighting, 211

Euclid, 22

Expendables and spares, 235

Eyes, 19, 27

F–number, 18

F–stop, 18

Fader settings, 140

Fading lights, 140

Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, 49

Fahrenheit system, 49

Fault currents, 202, 135

Field angle, 48

Filaments construction, 56–7

Fill lighting, 7

Film and film emulsion, 38–9

Film sensitivity, 38

Film studios, 5, 150

arc lights, 63

lighting, 13

power, 191

technical design see Studio technical design

Filters, 31, 37

cellulose acetate, 32

colour, 35, 37

colour correction, 35, 36

colour transmission, 35

dichroic, 32

effects, 34

glass, 32

historical, 31–2

mireds, 36–7

polyester/polycarbonate, 32

Final lighting, 11

Fire safety, 215, 227

Flat wall testing, 47

Flicker, 68

Flood luminaires, 92

Fluorescence, 54

Fluorescent lamps, 30, 74–5, 99, 100–1, 207

Focusing reflector lights, 93

Follow spot, 90

Foot candle, 43, 45

Foot lambert, 43, 51

Formulae and conversion tables, 285–9

Franklin, Benjamin, 62

Fresnel, Augustin Jean, 78

Fresnel:

lens, 3

lens distribution, 49

luminaires, 11, 12, 88

Frontal:

key light, 9

softlight, 8

Fuses and circuit breakers, 127, 135, 201–3

Gas:

filling, 55

lighting, 108

pipes, 108

Gates, 89–90, 98

Glass Safety, 216

Greenfield sites, 149

Grids, 108–9, 153, 158

basic, 109, 156, 161

monopole, 111, 153

roller barrel, 109

motorised, 111, 185

structural loads, 153

walkways, 109

Hard:

fill light, 9

light, 3

Harmonics (triplet), 72

Heat generation:

by dimmers, 136

by lamps, 55

Heat loads, 161

Hewitt Banks, 14

High temperature seal lamps, 56

Highest takes precedence (HTP), 143

Hiring of equipment, 233–9

History of TV lighting, 14

HMI:

Fresnels, 3

lamps, 12

Hoist Controls, 198

Hot cathode lamps, 63

House lights, 206

Hue, 23

J²t of fuses, 135

Icarus system, 188–90

IEE regulations, 223

IGBT, 129

Ignitors, 70–1

Ignition:

system, 71

voltage, 70–1

Illuminance:

(incident) light, 43

meter, 51

Incandescence, 54

Incandescent sources, 50

history of, 55

tables, 281–3, 271–5

Incident:

angle, 6–7

light, 6–7

light meters, 51–2

Indicators, 136

Infrared radiation, 17, 27–8

Input phasing, 136

Inrush current, 58, 154

Interference, electromagnetic, 130

Inverse square law, 44

Iodine lamps, 60

IP ratings, 224

Iris, 126

Isaacs, Tony, 138

Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 49

Kelvin scale, 49–50

Key lighting, 7

Labels on equipment, 114–15

Lambert's cosine law, 45

Lamp sing, 130

Lamps:

bases, 62

codes, 59

development of, 55

operating and safety instructions, 219–21

spectral outputs, 56

tables of, 270–8

types, 58, 67

watts, 68

Latest takes precedence (LTP), 143

LD, 12, 34

LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes), 1, 76–7

Light:

meters, 51

sources (standard), 27

Lighting:

designer (director) (LD), 34

grids see Grids

Industries Federation (LIF), 270

loads, 193–4

Limit switches, 113

overload/slack rope, 113–14

Linear lamps, 274–5, 276–8

Linnaeus, Carolus, 49

Location and sports lighting, 165–72

electrical distribution, 166–8

generators, 168

lighting levels, 170, 172

setting up, 166

sports lighting requirements, 170

trussing and support systems, 169

Lumen, 42

Lumens per watt, 42

Luminaires, 78–107

assessment of, 46, 47, 102–14

automated control, 144

barndoors, 103

carbon arc, 106

centre of gravity design, 104–105

dimmers, 162

focusing, 103

multipurpose, 99–100

open–faced, 93

pan and tilt, 102

profile edge focus, 103

rigging, 124–5

safety, 104, 124–5, 216

shutter blades, 89, 103

special designs, 99–100

types, 88, 104

ventilation, 105

Luminance, 43

meter, 51

Luminous:

flux, 42

intensity, 42, 43

Lux, 43, 45

Maintenance, 233–9

access, 136–7

holding spares and expendables, 235–7

luminaires, 234

monitoring equipment usage, 238 rooms, 233

standardisation for, 233

suspension system, 234

Manual control of lighting, 140

Mcb, 135, 137, 202

Mccb, 202 MEI lamps, 67

Melvill, Thomas, 28

Memory, 138–9, 142, 144

Mercury lamps, 64

Mesh, safety, 216

Metal halide lamps, 31, 64

Metering electricity, 203

Micro reciprocal degrees (mired), 36–7

Mixing of colours, 23

MMS console, 139

Molybdenum airseal, 56

Monopoles, 108, 119–20

installations, 153

motorised, 185–6, 188

operation, 121

rigging, 121–2

Moore tubes, 63

Motorised lights, 173–90

acoustic noise, 173

colour wheels, 178–9

control, 175

Digital Light Processing (DLP), 179

digital projection, 179

digital projection control, 180

discharge, 176

electrical track systems, 190

Fresnel/PC, 173

grid system functions, 185

LCD, 179

mechanics, 177

mirrors, 175

pan and tilt, 175–6

TV lighting, 181–4

vertigo system, 180

Motors for suspension units, 111

Moulded case circuit breaker (mccb), 202

Moving pantographs, 121

MSR lamps, 12

Multi–layer film stock, 38–9

Munsell, Albert, 23

Munsell system, 23

Musco lighting, 166

Neenan factor, 93

Neon lamp, 63

Neutral:

current, 226

density filters, 37

Newton, Isaac, 22

Newton's colour wheel, 27

Nitrogen, 55

Ni–cad batteries, 102

Nit, 43

Noise:

arc, 73

induced, 73, 131

Off–line programs, 139

Open–faced luminaires, 85

Panning of luminaires, 11, 231

Pantographs, 11, 110, 115–17

control, 116–17

motorised, 111, 116, 185–6

motor units, 116

rigging, 121–2

spring, 110, 116

unit spacing, 186

wind up, 111

PAR lamps, 11, 95, 165

Parcan, 13

Parabolic reflectors, 85

‘Paramount’ lighting, 5

Patching (soft), 127, 142

PC based console, 139, 189

Phase balance, 194–5

Phosphors, 54, 100

Phosphorescence, 54

Photopic vision, 20, 51, 52

Photoreceptors, 20

Pinch temperatures, 56

Planck's blackbody radiation law, 50

Plano–convex (PC):

lenses, 78

luminaires, 88, 90

Plastic filters, 32

Plug–in dimmers, 132

Polar:

diagrams, 46–7

plot, 49

tests, 47

Polaroid:

rotating filter, 15

sheet, 15

Power:

correction circuit, 70

factor, 68, 73

Gems, 70

see Electricity (and electrical distribution)

Practical lights, 135

Preset, 138, 140

Primary colours, 23–4

Profile/ellipsoidal lights, 88, 91

Profile spot, 13, 91

Project team, 146–7

Protection see Fuses and circuit breakers Pythagoras, 22

Quantity surveyors, 147

Quartz Iodine lamps, 55, 60

Racks for dimmers, 136

Radiant energy, 17–18

Radio waves, 17

Rare earths in lamps, 50

Red/blue balance, 50

Redhead focusing reflector lights, 12, 13, 93

Reflectance (reflection factor), 51

Reflected light measurement, 51

Reflection, 79

types of, 80

Reflectors, 81, 82, 84

Refraction, 79–81

Reid, Francis, 174

‘Rembrandt’ lighting, 5

Remote control systems, 143

Residual current devices (RCDS), 136–7, 214

Resistance dimmers, 128, 138

Richardson, Mole, 63

Rigging, 121–5

Rods (eye photoreceptors), 20–1

Ropes, 112–13

Rutherford, Ernest, 29

Safe working load (SWL), 154

Safety, 213–2

anchor point and bond, 124–5, 216

cables, 218

checklists and inspections, 230–2

electrical, 213

fire, 148–9, 215

instruction sheet, 219–20

luminaires, 216, 220–1

working platforms (towers), 215

Safety glass, 216

Samoiloff, Adrian, 35

Saturated lighting, 108

Scoops, 14

Scrims, 126

Scroll rope winding drums, 112, 231

Sealed beam lights, 95

Sensors (slack rope and overload), 113–14, 231

Shock, 213–14 Shutter:

blades, 89

blinds, 126

Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), 128

Sine wave dimmer, 130

Slow motion filming, 15

Sockets see Electricity (and electrical distribution)

Sodium lamps, 63

Softlights, 3, 86, 92–3

Source, colour, 27

Spectral:

distribution, 30–1

output of sources, 30, 50

spikes, 31

Spectrum:

electromagnetic, 17–18

visible, 17, 50

Spigot, 120, 217

Square law dimming, 14, 127, 134

Studio technical design, 146–64

acoustic requirements, 164

air conditioning requirements, 147

equipment, 160

smaller studio, 159

structural loads, 153

television studio requirements, 158

standard observer, CIE, 20

Standby lighting, 211

‘Star’ connected systems, 147

Star quad cables, 131

Strand lighting, 139

Structural:

engineers, 147

loading, 153–8

Subtractive colour mixing, 23

Sunlight, 3

Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations, 221–3

Suspension systems see Grids

Swan, Joseph Wilson, 55

Switchgear:

dimming, 135–6

electricity supply, 192

Technicolor, 38

Television:

cameras, 38

lighting, 158, 163

prompters, 158–9

studios, 159, 160

Tenlites, 14

Testing:

dimmers, 131–2

safety, 229–30

Thallium lights, 48, 89

Thoriated tungsten, 53 Thorn lighting, 138

Thorn Q file, 138–9

Thyristor (silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)), 128

controlling, 128–9

dimmers, 128, 209

Tilting of luminaire, 11

Top limit switch, 113

Towers, 215

Transformers, 191–2

Triac, 128

Tri–phosphors, 75, 100

Tri–stimulus, 25–6

colour meter, 52–3

Triplet harmonics, 72

Trunking, 115, 137

Tungsten, 55

filament lamps, 55

halogen cycle, 61

halogen lamps, 55, 59–61, 237

Twin backlights, 9

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 1, 66, 181

Value of colours, 23

Ventilation:

dimmers, 136

luminaires, 105

studios, 147

Vertical illuminance, 6, 171

Vibration of filaments, 56, 130

Visible spectrum, 17, 66

Volta, Alessandro, 63

Voltage:

drop (cables), 137, 196

international tables, 266–9

mixing in cables, 227–8

variation in lamps, 59–60

Warning labels, 218

Waster light, 83, 84, 90

Watts, 42

Waveforms of dimmers, 128–9

Whybron, 182

Winch motors and gearboxes, 111

Winches and winding drums, 112–13

Wire ropes, 113

Wired–in dimmers, 133

Working lights and emergency systems, 206–12

dimmers, 209

discharge lighting, 207

dressing rooms, 210

emergency switch, 209, 214

integrating the system, 208

type of lights, 206, 207

Xenon lamps, 73–4

Yokes (luminaires), 216, 231

Zoom optics, 40