Figure 2.1: Rubbing from a stele in Xi’an. 31

Figure 2.2: A page of the original Trinity College Library catalog. 35

Figure 2.3: The Bibliothèque Nationale de France. 36

Figure 2.4: Part of a page from the Book of Kells. 38

Figure 2.5: Pages from a palm-leaf manuscript in Thanjavur, India. 39

Figure 2.6: Views of an electronic book. 40

Figure 3.1: Representation of a document. 68

Figure 3.2: Representation of a message in XML. 78

Figure 3.3: Distributions: (a) Gaussian and (b) power-law. 89

Figure 3.4: Chart of the web. 93

Figure 4.1: A concordance entry for the verb to search from the Greek New Testament. 102

Figure 4.2: Entries from an early computer-produced concordance of Matthew Arnold. 103

Figure 4.3: Making a full-text index. 104

Figure 4.4: A tangled web. 114

Figure 4.5: A comparison of search engines (early 2006). 138

Figure 5.1: The taxonomy of web spam. 157

Figure 5.2: Insights from link analysis. 159

Figure 5.3: A link farm. 160

Figure 5.4: A spam alliance in which two link farms jointly boost two target pages. 173

Figure 7.1: The Warburg Library. 215