CONTENTS
Myron Kayton
1.2 Guidance versus Navigation
1.7 Evolution of Air Navigation
Myron Kayton
2.4 Dead-Reckoning Computations
2.5.2 Line-of-Sight Distance Measurement
2.5.3 Ground-Wave One-Way Ranging
2.5.4 Ground-Wave Time-Differencing
2.6 Terrain-Matching Navigation
2.7.1 Range and Bearing Calculation
2.8.2 Geometric Dilution of Precision
3 Multisensor Navigation Systems
James R. Huddle, R. Grover Brown
3.2 Inertial System Characteristics
3.3 An Integrated Stellar-Inertial System
3.4 Integrated Doppler-Inertial Systems
3.5 An Airspeed-Damped Inertial System
3.6 An Integrated Stellar-Inertial-Doppler System
3.7 Position Update of an Inertial System
3.8 Noninertial GPS Multisensor Navigation Systems
3.9.1 Single Sensor, Stationary Vehicle
3.9.2 Multiple Sensors, Stationary Vehicle
3.9.3 Multiple Sensors, Moving Vehicle
3.10.1 The Process and Measurement Models
3.10.2 The Error Covariance Matrix
3.11 Open-Loop Kalman Filter Mechanization
3.12 Closed-Loop Kalman Filter Mechanization
3.13.1 Linearizing a Nonlinear Range Measurement
3.13.3 11-State GPS-INS Linear Error Model
3.13.4 Elaboration of the 11-State GPS–INS Error Model
3.15 Federated System Architecture
4 Terrestrial Radio-Navigation Systems
Bahar J. Uttam, David H. Amos, Joseph M. Covino, Peter Morris
4.2.1 Radio Transmission and Reception
4.2.2 Propagation and Noise Characteristics
4.3 System Design Considerations
4.3.1 Radio-Navigation System Types
4.3.2 System Performance Parameters
4.4.4 VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
4.4.6 Distance-Measuring Equipment (DME)
4.4.7 Tactical Air Navigation (Tacan)
A. J. Van Dierendonck
5.2 The Basics of Satellite Radio Navigation
5.2.2 Range-Rate (Change-in-Range) Equations
5.3 Orbital Mechanics and Clock Characteristics
5.4 Atmospheric Effects on Satellite Signals
5.5 NAVSTAR Global Positioning System
5.5.1 Principles of GPS and System Operation
5.5.2 GPS Satellite Constellation and Coverage
5.5.3 Space Vehicle Configuration
5.5.6 The GPS Navigation Message
5.5.7 GPS Measurements and the Navigation Solution
5.5.8 Aviation Receiver Characteristics
5.6 Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
5.6.2 GLONASS Signal Structure
5.6.3 The GLONASS Navigation Message
5.6.4 Time and Coordinate Systems
5.7 GNSS Integrity and Availability
5.7.1 Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)
5.7.3 Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
6 Terrestrial Integrated Radio Communication–Navigation Systems
Walter R. Fried, James A. Kivett, Edgar Westbrook
6.2.2 JTIDS System Characteristics
6.2.4 Coordinate Frames and Community Organization
6.3 Position Location Reporting System
6.3.3 Control Network Structure
6.3.6 Position Location and Tracking
6.3.8 Network and Traffic Management
6.3.9 System Capacity and Accuracy
6.3.10 PLRS User Equipment Characteristics
Daniel A. Tazartes, Myron Kayton, John G. Mark
7.3.5 Future Inertial Instruments
7.4.1 Analytic Platform (Strapdown)
7.5.2 Horizontal Mechanization
7.7.4 Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS)
Stephen S. Osder
8.2.1 Conventional “Intrusive” Probes
8.2.5 Angle of Attack and Angle of Sideslip
8.5.1 Helicopter Air-Data Systems
8.5.2 Optical Air-Data Systems
8.6 Calibration and System Test
9 Attitude and Heading References
Myron Kayton, Willis G. Wing
9.3.1 The Averaging Vertical Reference
9.3.3 Acceleration Corrections
9.4.2 Aircraft Magnetic Effects
9.4.3 The Magnetic Compass Needle
9.4.6 The Directional Gyroscope
9.5 Initial Alignment of Heading References
10 Doppler and Altimeter Radars
Walter R. Fried, Heinz Buell, James R. Hager
10.1.1 Functions and Applications
10.1.2 Doppler Radar Principles and Design Approaches
10.1.5 Equipment Configurations
10.2.1 Functions and Applications
10.2.3 Pulsed Radar Altimeters
10.2.5 Phase-Coded Pulsed Radar Altimeters
11 Mapping and Multimode Radars
Jack O. Pearson, Thomson S. Abbott, Jr., Robert H. Jeffers
11.3 Semiautomatic Position Fixing
11.4 Semiautomatic Position Fixing with Synthetic Aperture Radars
11.5 Precision Velocity Update
11.5.4 PVU Mode Observability Concerns
11.6 Terrain Following and Avoidance
11.6.1 Radar Mode and Scan Pattern Implementation
11.9.1 Radar Reflectivity of Weather Formations
11.9.2 Weather Radar Processing
11.9.3 Radar Detection of Microburst and Wind Shear
1l.10.1 Electronic Scanned Arrays
11.10.3 Radar Receiver/Exciter Function
11.10.4 Interfaces and Packaging
Edward J. Knobbe, Gerald N. Haas
12.1.1 Evolution of Celestial Navigation
12.1.2 General System Description
12.2 Star Observation Geometry
12.3 Theory of Stellar-Inertial Navigation
12.3.1 Modeling and Kalman Filtering
12.3.2 Information and Observability
12.4 Stellar Sensor Design Characteristics
12.4.5 Focal Plane Array Processing
12.5 Celestial Navigation System Design
12.5.2 Star Observation and Pointing Errors
12.5.3 Stabilized Platform Configuration
12.5.4 Strapdown IMU Configurations
12.6 Star Catalog Characteristics
12.6.3 Planet and Moon Avoidance
12.6.4 Star Position Corrections
12.7 System Calibration and Alignment
12.7.2 Pre-flight and In-flight Calibration and Alignment
D. B. Vickers, Richard H. McFarland, William M. Waters, Myron Kayton
13.2 Low-Visibility Operations
13.3 The Mechanics of the Landing
13.3.3 The Decrab Maneuver and Touchdown
13.4 Automatic Landing Systems
13.4.1 Guidance and Control Requirements
13.5 The Instrument Landing System
13.6 The Microwave-Landing System
13.6.4 Aircraft Antennas and Receivers
13.7 Satellite Landing Systems
13.8.1 Description of the Problem
13.8.3 Electronic Landing Aids
13.9.3 Airport Surface Navigation
Clyde A. Miller, John A. Scardina
14.1.1 Services Provided to Aircraft Operators
14.1.2 Government Responsibilities
14.2 Flight Rules and Airspace Organization
14.2.1 Visual and Instrument Flight Rules
14.3.1 Victor Airways and Jet Routes
14.3.4 Terminal Instrument Procedures
14.3.5 Standard Instrument Departures and Arrivals
14.5.3 Automatic Dependent Surveillance
14.5.4 Air-to-Ground Data Link Communications
14.5.6 Automation and Display Subsystem
14.5.7 Airborne ATM Subsystems
14.6 Facilities and Operations
14.6.1 National Traffic Management
14.6.5 Flight Service Facilities
14.7.2 Increasing System Capacity
14.8 Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems
Cary R. Spitzer