Index

  • Symbols and Numbers
  • β-radioactivity, 256
  • 2,4-dichlorophenol, 53, 54, 311
  • 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 311
  • 9,10,12,13-tetrachlorostearic acid, 318
  • 12,13-dichlorostearic acid, 318
  • 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid, 318
  • b
  • bacterial diversity, 405, 411
  • bagasse, 127
  • balanced scorecard, 532, 536, 539, 545
  • balance temperature, 457, 458, 465, 466
  • bauxite, 9
  • Belgium, 176, 181, 182
  • benefits
    • ecological, 2
    • economic, 2
  • benthic microbial fuel cells (sMFC), 496
  • bentonite, 383
  • benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene and xylenes, 43, 44
    • concentration, 46
    • derivatives, 52
    • removal, 44, 47
    • removal efficiency, 47
  • best available technology (BAT), 145
  • best management practices (BMPs), 515, 516
  • beta-blockers, 346, 352, 360
  • binary variable, 132
  • bioaccumulation, 252
  • bioavailability, 286, 299
  • bioavailable, 236
  • biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 7
  • biodegradability, 166, 172, 274, 286, 289, 475
  • biodegradability index, 475
  • biodegradation
    • aerobic, 47
    • pathway, 45
    • rate, 47
  • biodiversity, 5, 15
  • bio-electricity, 493, 502
  • bio-electrochemical system (BES), 495
  • bioethanol, 127, 128, 133
  • biological
  • biomethanation, 158
  • bioremediation, 254, 258
  • biosolids, 15, 349, 481
  • biotic components
    • microorganisms, 370
    • plants, 370
  • biotic processes, 350, 353, 367, 377, 419
  • bisphenol A, 53
  • bleaching, 309–311, 317
  • blue baby syndrome, 205
  • BOD/COD ratio, 68
  • boiler
  • bornite, 251
  • boron, 32, 34, 36
  • boron-doped diamond (BDD), 297
  • Bowtie diagrams, 558
  • Brachiaria decumbens, 329
  • Brazil, 203
  • breweries, 95, 96, 101, 103
  • broken bricks, 157
  • BTEX compounds, 44, 55
  • Building Research Establishment (BRE), 551
  • bulrush, 459
  • Business Case Approach, 541
  • Business Case Theory, 532
  • Butomus umbellatus, 177
  • c
  • Cabomba caroliniana, 372
  • cadmium, 430, 482, 514
  • caffeic acid, 288, 291
  • caffeine, 158, 352, 362, 368, 372, 376, 411, 414, 419
  • Calamity Levels Of Urban Drainage systems (CLOUDS), 521
  • calcite, 249
  • calcium
    • carbonate, 185
    • hypochloride, 309
  • Canada, 148
  • Canna indica, 313
  • capillary suction time (CST), 443, 445, 446
  • capillary water, 434
  • capital costs, 533, 534
  • carbamazepine, 345, 352, 361, 367, 372, 376, 383, 414, 419
  • carbohydrates, 128
  • carbolic acid, 51
  • carbon
  • carbon-based methane, 206
  • carbon dioxide fixation, 1
  • carbon felt, 498
  • carbon footprint, 95, 101, 102
  • Carex
  • Carroll's CSR pyramid, 532, 536
  • carwash
  • cascade aeration, 160
  • casein, 175, 176
  • cash flow, 539–546
  • catechins, 96
  • cathode electrode, 494, 503
  • cationic exchange reaction, 212, 226
  • cellulose, 309
  • centralized
    • facilities, 3
    • wastewater treatment, 429
  • centrifuge decanters, 207, 429, 430, 436
  • Ceratophyllum demersum, 372
  • chalcopyrite, 250, 251
  • charcoal matrix, 258
  • cheese whey, 176, 194, 198
  • chemical oxygen demand (COD), 68
  • chemical spills, 51
  • chemisorption, 226
  • Chile, 203
  • China, 203
  • chlorinated hydrocarbons, 311
  • chlorination, 309–312, 321, 488
  • chlorine dioxide, 309, 312
  • chlorocatechols, 311, 315
  • chlorodehydroabietic acid, 318
  • chloroform, 311
  • chloroguaiacols, 311, 315
  • chlorophenols, 289, 299, 311, 314–316
  • chloro-resin, 310
  • chlorosyringaldehydes, 311
  • chlorosyringols, 311
  • chlorovanillins, 311
  • chromate ions, 335
  • chromium, 332, 336, 430
  • Chrysopogon zizanioides, 372
  • ciprofloxacin, 357, 373, 375
  • circular economy principles, 39
  • Cladium jamaicensis, 209,
  • clarithromycin, 357
  • client satisfaction, 552
  • climatic
    • conditions, 11
    • factors, 263
  • climate impact, 433
  • clinoptilolite, 384
  • clofibric acid, 345, 352, 361, 372–374, 383
  • clogging, 152, 165, 197
  • closed-loop reuse, 103
  • C:N:P ratio, 298, 302
  • C/N ratio, 184, 192, 214, 264, 337
  • coagulation, 176, 267, 269, 289, 290, 470
  • coal transformation, 51
  • coarse filling material, 148
  • cobalt, 520
  • cobbles, 171
  • COD/N ratio, 208
  • CO2 emissions, 36
  • Coffea arabica, 157
  • Coffea canephora, 157
  • coffee processing, 157
  • coffee processing wastewater, 53, 62, 86, 157, 288
  • Colocasia esculenta, 313
  • color density, 154
  • combinations of technologies, 103
  • co-metabolism, 369
  • commercial clients, 557
  • compartmentalization, 379
  • compliance-driven, 531
  • compostable material, 264
  • compost production, 4
  • compound-specific isotope analysis, 45
  • conductive material, 493, 496, 503
  • conjugation, 379
  • constructed wetlands (CWs), 1, 3, 6, 26, 28
    • system, 39
    • technology, 35
  • Construction Design and Management (CDM), 555, 557
  • construction manager, 551
  • construction success, 559
  • construction time and cost, 552
  • contaminated groundwater, 50, 54–56, 301
  • continuous aeration, 159
  • convective nighttime cooling, 456
  • conventional treatment methods, 2, 4, 5, 15
  • conveyance ditch, 458
  • cooling tower, 453, 454, 456
  • copper, 226, 256, 430, 482, 520
  • cork production, 285
  • cork boiling wastewater (CBW), 285, 287
  • cork oak forests, 285
  • corkwood, 286, 288
  • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), 531, 535, 536
  • cotton plants, 39
  • covellite, 251
  • Cr(VI), 194, 195
  • customer
  • cyanobacteria, 128
  • cyclophosphamide, 345
  • cylindrical graphite rod, 499
  • Cyperus
  • e
  • Echinochloa
  • ecological engineering, 3
  • ecological impact, 15
  • economy of scale, 553
  • ecosystem services, 28
  • ecotoxicity, 350, 351
  • Ecuador, 147
  • effluent
    • polishing, 135
    • recirculation, 8,73, 75
  • Eichhornia crassipe, 372
  • electroactive bacteria (EAB), 495
  • electrocoagulation, 165
  • electrolytes, 171
  • electron acceptors, 228, 232, 493, 496, 500
  • electron donors, 228, 231, 493, 495, 503
  • electro-oxidation, 165, 167
  • elemental chlorine free (ECF), 310, 311
  • Eleocharis interstincta, 209
  • Elkington triple-bottom-line approach, 532, 536
  • ellagic acid, 288, 298, 300
  • Elodea canadensis, 373
  • emergent macrophyte, 6, 7
  • employee satisfaction, 552
  • endemic plants, 140
  • endocrine disrupting effects, 346
  • endocrine disruption, 350
  • energy
    • footprint, 102
    • input, 5
  • energy budget approach, 456
  • energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), 236
  • engineering efficiency, 553
  • England, 440, 441
  • enrofloxacin, 358, 375, 384
  • environmental footprint, 36
  • environmental impacts
  • environmentally-driven, 531
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 251
  • enzyme activity, 53
  • epoxy coating, 181
  • equalization tank, 98
  • erythromycin, 345, 358, 384
  • ethanol
    • distilleries, 127
    • industry, 153
  • ethical case approach, 541
  • ethical firm, 537
  • ethylbenzene, 43–45, 54
  • European Union (EU), 176, 203, 285, 328, 430
  • eutrophication, 128
  • evaporation ponds, 28, 30, 33, 36, 168
  • evaporator-condenser, 167, 172
  • evapotranspiration, 135, 170, 193, 302, 431, 446, 456
  • Everglades restoration, 15
  • excretion, 233
  • exoelectrogen, 495
  • expanded
  • explosives, 349, 371
  • extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (EXAFS), 239
  • extensive biological processes, 134
  • extra virgin oil, 166
  • exudates, 233
  • f
  • facultative lagoon, 179
  • fat and oil, 432, 437, 443, 446, 447, 470
  • fatty acids, 166, 230, 311
  • fecal coliforms, 13, 470, 486
  • feces, 203
  • Fenton oxidation, 290, 297, 299, 312
  • fermentation
  • fermentative bacteria, 230
  • fermenting sugars, 158
  • ferric
  • ferulic acid, 288
  • fill-and-drain wetlands, 67, 69, 70
  • filtrate water, 433, 436, 442, 447–449
  • filtration, 226, 227, 253, 286, 366, 470
  • Fimbristylis spadicea, 209,
  • financial
    • dimension, 539
    • performance, 532
  • fine gravel, 192
  • first-order area-based PkC* model, 13, 454
  • first-order kinetics, 12, 319, 454
  • fish and shrimp aquacultures, 105
  • Flanders, 189
  • floating plants, 67
  • floating switch, 184
  • floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), 6, 10
  • flocculation, 176, 253, 289, 290, 470
  • flood
    • control, 6
    • irrigation, 36–38
    • protection, 2
  • fluidized bed reactor, 134
  • Folin–Ciocalteau reagent, 288
  • Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 127
  • food industry wastewater, 67, 429, 434
  • food processing, 82
  • Forced Bed Aeration, 67, 181, 190
  • formazine attenuation units (FAU), 146
  • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 236
  • fragrances, 419, 420
  • France, 432
  • FRB seeFrench Reed Bed
  • free water, 434
  • free water surface (FWS)
  • French Reed Bed, 98–100, 102
  • freshwater
  • fuel hydrocarbons, 44
  • functionalization, 379
  • furans, 311
  • furnace slag matrix, 258
  • furosamide, 361
  • g
  • galaxolide, 410, 416, 419
  • galena, 251
  • gardening reuse purposes, 98
  • gasoline contaminants, 54
  • gemfibrozil, 361, 383, 384
  • geobacter, 495
  • geo-membrane, 7–10
  • geo-textile, 7, 9, 10, 183
  • Germany, 432, 469
  • global warming, 251
  • global warming potential, 15
  • Glyceria
  • glycosides of flavonoids, 96
  • granular activated
  • grape processing, 96
  • graphite plate, 498
  • gravel biofilm, 53
  • Greece, 13, 165
  • greenhouse conditions, 137
  • greenhouse gas emissions, 3, 5, 15
  • green infrastructure, 28
  • green table olives, 168
  • groundwater contamination, 154
  • h
  • habitat creation, 6
  • hazard identification, 556, 558
  • hazardous organic compounds, 430, 434, 436, 448
  • HDPE substrate, 196
  • health and safety, 552, 553, 555, 558
  • Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) Services, 560 {AU: This term is given as “Health and Safety Executive (HSE)” in the text. Please check}
  • heat energy, 456, 457
  • heavy metals, 225, 250, 267, 327, 435, 470, 514
  • hemicelluloses, 309
  • Henry's Law constant, 45, 52
  • heterotrophic bacteria, 72, 208, 210, 273, 381
  • hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), 256, 328, 336
  • high density polyethylene (HDPE)
  • holistically driven, 531
  • holistic value chain, 539
  • homogenization, 175
  • Hordeum vulgare L. 373
  • horizontal subsurface flow (HSF)
  • hormones, 176, 203, 346
  • HSE Management Systems (HSEMS), 556
  • hyacinth pond, 158
  • hybrid system, 69, 170, 177, 181
  • hybrid wetland system, 15, 86, 270
  • hydraulic
  • hydrocarbons, 25, 33
    • compounds, 43, 44
    • concentration, 33
    • contamination, 43
    • decomposition, 43
    • molecule structures, 43
    • organic, 43
    • products, 43
    • separators, 470, 477
  • hydro-cyclone oil separators, 28
  • hydrolytic upflow sludge blanket (HUSB), 72, 73, 99
  • hydrophobic compound, 52
  • hydroxyl radicals, 297
  • i
  • ibuprofen, 352, 354, 368, 372–376, 383, 411, 419
  • ice-cream production, 187
  • illegal disposal, 43
  • imhoff tank, 98, 99, 179
  • incineration, 165
  • in-country value, 4, 5, 553
  • India, 137, 263
  • indirect electron transfer (IET), 495
  • inductively coupled plasma (ICP), 238
  • industrial
  • inert material, 264
  • Infiltration–percolation (IP) filter, 471
  • inflow splitter structure, 458
  • infrared spectroscopy, 236
  • innovation cycle, 539
  • insoluble metal sulfides, 229
  • Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 35
  • intensified systems, 68
  • intermediate compound, 53
  • intermittent
  • internal business process, 540
  • International Carwash Association, 470
  • interstitial liquid, 408–411, 418
  • inverted porous clay bowls, 155
  • ion exchange, 194, 370, 382
  • ionization, 345
  • Iris pseudacorus, 177, 329, 373
  • iron, 183, 188, 227, 256, 434, 436, 444, 520
  • iron hydroxides, 249
  • iron-oxidizing bacteria, 250
  • l
  • labile, 236
  • lactose, 176
  • landfill, 263–267, 273, 274, 279, 349
  • landfill leachates, 349
  • Landoltia punctate, 373
  • land pollution, 128
  • landscape integration, 71
  • Langenreichenbach, 70
  • leachate
  • lead, 227, 430, 482, 514, 520
  • leather products, 327
  • Legionella
  • Lemna
    • gibba, 374
    • minor, 373, 374
    • spp., 177
  • Leuna, 54
  • levofloxacin, 384
  • light expanded clay aggregates (LECA), 191, 286, 301, 303
  • lignin, 309, 311, 314
  • ligno-cellulosic materials, 309
  • limestone, 182, 185
  • Limnophila sessiliflora, 374
  • linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), 430, 436
  • linearity, 131, 132
  • Linum usitatissimum, 374
  • lipid regulating drugs, 346
  • lipids, 166, 230
  • lipophilicity, 345, 368
  • liquid treatment systems, 205
  • Litaneutria minor, 177,
  • Lithuania, 147
  • livestock farm effluents, 68, 349
  • lixiviation, 205
  • local availability, 165
  • lockboxes, 556
  • Lolium multiflorum, 159
  • Loss on Ignition (LOI), 434, 435, 437, 444
  • lubricating oil, 436
  • Lupinus luteolus, 374
  • lye treatment, 150
  • Lythrum salicaria L, 375
  • m
  • macrophyte
  • manganese, 227
  • manure, 206–208, 212
  • market share, 535, 539, 540
  • mass removal rates (MRR), 302, 304
  • mass spectrometry, 346
  • mathematical programming model, 130
  • matrix material, 49
  • maximum acceptable level, 513
  • m-cresol, 54, 55, 304
  • meat processing, 145
  • mechanical aeration, 67
  • Mediterranean, 165, 172
  • mefenamic acid, 384
  • melanoidin, 153
  • membrane
    • bioreactors, 351
    • technologies, 289
  • mercury, 256, 430, 482
  • mesophilic conditions, 133, 268
  • metabolites, 346, 349, 350, 379, 386
  • metabolization, 367, 377, 386
  • metal
  • metal-laden wastewater, 225
  • metalloids, 225, 226, 238, 239
  • metathiolate, 233
  • methanogenesis, 134, 303
  • methanogenic
  • methanogens, 230
  • methemoglobinemia, 205
  • methyl dihydrojasmonate, 411, 416, 420
  • methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE )
    • compounds, 44
    • degradation, 49, 54, 55
    • degradation processes, 49
    • mineralization, 48
    • removal, 48, 50, 55
    • removal rates, 50
    • volatilization, 55
  • metoprolol, 360
  • Mexican guideline, 140
  • Mexico, 137, 146
  • microbial fuel cell (MFC), 493, 494, 502
  • microbial
    • biofilm activity, 52
    • community development, 54
    • removal processes, 232
    • respiration, 213
  • microbiological risk, 470, 490
  • microfiltration (MF), 298, 300
  • micronutrients, 172
  • micropollutants, 346, 347, 364, 412
  • milking parlors, 175
  • milk processing units, 175
  • millerite, 251
  • mineralized sludge residue, 13, 431
  • mineral salts, 176
  • mineral sealing layer, 28, 30, 35, 36
  • mine waste dumps, 251
  • mining activities, 249
  • mixed integer linear programming (MILP), 131
  • mobile, 230, 235–238
  • mobility, 233, 366, 367, 379
  • mobybdenite, 251
  • molasses, 127, 129, 134, 135, 140, 230
  • molecular weight (MW), 286, 345
  • monochlorophenolics, 317
  • monohydroxybenzene, 51
  • monooxygenase, 379
  • monsoons, 265
  • montmorillonite, 383
  • mordenite, 384
  • motivation-based strategy, 534
  • multistage CW systems, 98, 171
  • municipal solid waste (MSW), 263–265
    • gross composition, 264
  • Myriophyllum aquaticum, 375
  • n
  • nanofiltration, 165, 176, 253, 289, 351, 470
  • nanowires, 495
  • naproxen, 345, 352, 356, 368, 372–374, 383, 411, 414, 419
  • Natura 2000, 285
  • natural
    • treatment systems, 3
    • wastewater treatment systems, 26
  • natural limestone (CaCO3), 158
  • natural weathering, 249
  • natural wetlands, 1, 2, 7
  • natural zeolite, 9, 14, 196, 384
  • nematode eggs, 476
  • Netherlands, 176, 181, 469
  • neuroactive drugs, 346
  • neutralization, 158, 252, 253
  • nickel (Ni), 226, 430, 438, 482, 513, 520, 523
  • nicotine, 383
  • Nimr oilfield, 27
  • Nimr Water Treatment Plant (NWTP), 27, 28, 39
  • nitrate reduction, 180
  • nitric oxide, 210
  • nitrification process, 159, 270
  • nitrifying activity, 72
  • nitrogen
    • accumulation, 155
    • assimilation, 212
    • cycle, 211
    • elimination mechanisms, 209
  • nitrous oxide, 210
  • nitroreductase, 379
  • Nitrosospira spp., 180
  • nonylphenol/nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE), 430, 436
  • numerical model
    • results, 50
    • simulations, 50
  • nutritional source, 205
  • o
  • objective function, 130, 131
  • Occupational Health Risk Assessment (OHRA), 558
  • octanol-water partition coefficient, 45, 52, 320, 350, 363, 367
  • ofloxacin, 358
  • oil and gas industry, 25
  • oil and grease, 25, 27, 470
  • oil in water, 30, 32, 34, 35
    • concentration, 33
    • content, 30
  • olive mill wastewater (OMW), 51, 56, 165, 167, 288
  • olive oil industry, 165
  • olive pomace, 166
  • operational costs, 5
  • operational taxonomic unit (OTU), 409
  • operation cycle, 539
  • organic
  • organic carbon partition coefficient, 320
  • organic matter
    • decomposition, 71
    • degradation, 99
  • orthophosphate (OP), 170, 411, 413
  • overhead irrigation, 36, 37, 39
  • oxazepam, 362, 372–374
  • oxidation
  • oxidation reduction potential (ORP), 155, 265
  • oxygen
    • consumption rates (OCR), 70
    • solubility, 70
    • transfer, 67, 69, 70, 89, 91
    • transfer capacity (OTC), 12
    • transfer rate, 69, 70
    • uptake rate (OUR), 288, 289, 291, 294
  • oxytetracycline, 358, 375, 377, 383
  • ozonation, 291, 297, 312, 470
  • ozone depletion, 251
  • p
  • palygorskite, 384
  • paracetamol, 383, 384
  • parking areas, 513
  • passive
    • subsurface CWs, 172
    • systems, 68
  • pasteurization, 175
  • p-cumaric acid, 288
  • pea gravel, 183
  • Pennisetum purpureum, 329
  • pentachlorophenol, 311, 317, 321
  • peptides, 176, 380
  • perennial plant species, 37, 38
  • perforated drainage pipes, 67
  • peroxidases, 379
  • peroxygenases, 379
  • persistence, 351, 370
  • persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 311
  • person equivalent (PE), 12, 101, 166
  • pesticides, 327
  • petrochemical industry, 26, 43, 44
  • petroleum hydrocarbons, 25, 26, 43, 49, 371
    • biodegradation, 45
  • Phalaris arundinaceae, 177
  • pharmaceutical industry, 349
  • pharmaceuticals, 345–353, 364–380
  • pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 406, 408, 411, 413, 418
  • phenol
    • adsorption, 52
    • chlorinated, 51
    • concentrations, 52
    • contamination, 44
    • oxidase, 53
    • removal, 51, 52, 168
    • surface load, 52
    • toxicity, 52
  • phenol-degrading microorganisms, 51
  • phenolic
  • phenolic intermediates, 54
  • phenylalcohol, 51
  • phosphate accumulation, 155
  • phosphoric acid, 182, 188
  • phosphorus
    • adsorbent materials, 73, 87
    • adsorption material, 152
    • binding capacity, 185
  • photodegradation, 349, 350, 353–362, 418
  • photo-oxidation, 168, 170, 290
  • photosynthesis, 153
  • Phragmites
  • phytochelatins, 232, 233
  • phytoremediation techniques, 154, 482
  • phytostabilization, 366, 368, 371
  • phytotechnologies, 347, 351, 385
  • phytotoxicity, 51, 233
  • phytotransformation, 366, 368, 369
  • phytovolatilization, 366, 369, 370, 378
  • pig manure, 75, 82
  • pigments, 140
  • Pistia stratiotes, 375, 376
  • plant
    • biomass management, 337
    • exudates, 367
    • matter, 234
    • root mats, 47
    • transpiration, 378
  • plant-mediated oxygen transfer, 69
  • plant uptake, 180, 189, 232, 313, 418
  • plasticizers, 470
  • plastic media, 197
  • polarity, 346, 350, 357, 369, 379
  • polar molecules, 345
  • poly aluminum chloride (PAC), 269, 312, 440
  • polyculture, 371
  • polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 430, 436, 484, 514
  • polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 409
  • polymer coagulants, 433
  • polyphenols, 166, 286, 299
  • polysaccharides, 286
  • Pontederia
  • population equivalent, 68
  • Populus nigra L., 376
  • pork production, 203
  • porosity, 196, 197
  • Portugal, 285, 300
  • potato
  • Pourbaix diagrams, 255
  • powder activated carbon, 499
  • power-generating facility, 453
  • pressure transducer, 458, 459
  • pretreatment processes, 133
  • primary
  • priority pollutants, 51
  • proactive industry, 541, 545
  • processes
    • biological, 2
    • chemical, 2
    • physical, 2
  • produced water, 25–28
    • management, 25–27, 36
    • reuse, 27
  • production scenarios, 130
  • profit-driven, 531, 545
  • proteins, 230
  • protocatechuic acid, 288
  • proton exchange membrane (PEM), 494, 496
  • protozoa, 380, 381
  • Pseudomonas
    • aeruginosa, 51
    • fluorescens, 51
    • putida, 51
    • species, 45
  • psychiatric drugs, 352, 361
  • psychoactive drugs, 352
  • public acceptance, 470
  • pulp and paper
  • pulping of exocarp and mesocarp, 157
  • pulp residuals, 158
  • pulse fed tracer, 147
  • pyrite, 250, 251
  • pyrrhhdite, 251
  • q
  • Quercus suber L. 285
  • s
  • Saccharum officinarum L. 127
  • SAFIRA-project, 55
  • Salicornia bigelovii, 38, 39
  • salicylic acid, 352, 357, 383, 411, 416, 419
  • saline irrigation, 36, 39
  • Salix
    • alba L. 376
    • fragilis, 376
  • Salvinia molesta, 376
  • sand filter, 147
  • sanitary landfill, 263
  • Santa Tea mill, 172
  • scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 236
  • scenario developments, 540
  • Schoenoplectus
  • Scirpus
    • atrovirens, 270
    • californicus, 7
    • lacustris, 7
    • spp., 7, 371
    • sylvaticus, 180
    • tabernaemontani, 177
    • validus, 145, 177, 376
  • screw-press, 429, 430
  • seasonality, 166
  • secondary treatment, 133, 207, 406
  • security fencing, 556
  • sedimentation, 226, 253, 286, 470
  • sedimentation tank, 148, 151, 443
  • selenium, 482
  • Senecio sylvaticus, 177,
  • sepiolite, 383
  • septic tank, 177, 178
  • sequencing batch reactor (SBR), 100, 176, 178, 268
  • sequential extraction procedures (SEP), 236, 237
  • sequential treatment, 289, 299
  • service cycle, 539
  • settling
  • sewage sludge, 429, 432, 437, 443, 445, 447
  • sewer collection network, 3
  • shewanella genera, 495
  • sickness absence, 552
  • single-stage CW, 97
  • slaughterhouse wastewater, 145
  • sludge
    • application, 429
    • dewatering, 429–437
    • handling, 4
    • loading rate (SLR), 13
    • residue, 431–438, 440, 446, 449
    • volume reduction, 446
  • sludge drying reed bed (SDRB), 100
  • sludge treatment reed bed (STRB), 429–431
  • Sludge Treatment Wetlands (STWs), 10, 13, 15
  • slurry management, 203, 205
  • soda pulping, 309
  • sodium
  • soft drinks processing, 145
  • soil amendment, 429
  • solar
  • solid-liquid separation, 205
  • solid waste (SW), 263, 265–267, 328
  • solubility, 229, 235, 346, 349, 363, 377
  • solubility product constant, 235
  • soluble organic compounds, 151
  • solvents, 327
  • sorbents, 365, 385
  • sorption
    • behavior, 52
    • capacity, 52
    • distribution coefficient, 350
  • Sotalia fluviatilis, 178,
  • sotalol, 360
  • South Africa, 138, 165, 251
  • Spain, 13, 165, 285, 406, 469
  • Sparganium erectum, 177,
  • specific conductance, 453, 454, 456, 466, 467
  • specific surface area, 196
  • specific weight, 196
  • sphalerite, 250, 251
  • Sri Lanka, 271
  • stabilization ponds, 134, 136, 167
  • stable isotope, 147
  • staff turnover, 552
  • stakeholder
    • dimension, 539
    • involvement, 147
  • steel factories, 513
  • steel slag, 186, 187, 189
  • Stella software, 532, 536, 540
  • step-feeding, 8
  • stoichiometry, 250
  • storage tank, 471, 488, 490
  • stormwater
  • strategic management, 531, 535, 539, 545
  • Stuckenia pectinate, 178,
  • submerged macrophyte, 6
  • submersible pump, 183
  • substrate
    • conversion rate, 497
    • layer, 8, 10, 14
  • subsurface drip irrigation, 471
  • subsurface flow (SSF)
    • constructed wetlands, 6–8
    • systems, 51, 67, 269, 364
  • subtropical climates, 135
  • sugarcane
  • sugars, 366, 370, 380
  • Suillus pungens, 178
  • sulfamethazine, 358, 373, 375, 377
  • sulfamethoxazole, 345, 352, 358, 372, 376, 383
  • sulfate, 140
  • sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), 227, 228, 231, 328
  • sulfide ore, 249, 250
  • sulfides, 227–235, 327
  • sulphide oxidizing bacteria (SOB), 328
  • sulfide precipitation, 228–230
  • sulphate reduction, 72, 303
  • supply chain management, 553
  • support matrix, 381, 382, 385, 386
  • surface loading rates, 69, 336
  • Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SFCWs), 6, 7, 28, 33, 36, 39, 154
  • surfactants, 469, 470, 474–480, 487
  • surplus activated sludge, 3, 445, 446
  • suspended solids (SS), 7, 289, 312, 434, 443
  • sustainability, 14
  • sustainability-driven, 531
  • sustainable
    • development, 3
    • entrepreneurship, 537
    • wastewater treatment, 72
    • water management, 26
  • Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS), 511
  • Sweden, 432
  • swine
  • synchrotron radiation, 239
  • Syria, 165
  • syringic acid, 288
  • system dynamic, 532, 539, 546
  • u
  • UK, 255
  • ultrafiltration (UF), 289, 300, 312, 351, 470
  • unionized ammonia, 453, 454, 456, 463
  • unit area demand, 12
  • United States of America (USA), 203
  • unplanted wetland, 180
  • upflow anaerobic hybrid reactor (UAHR), 158
  • upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, 133, 154, 158, 176, 268
  • upscaling, 173
  • uranium, 256
  • urban wastewater reuse, 477
  • urban wastewaters, 135
  • urine, 203–205
  • Urtica dioica, 180
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 328
  • UV radiation, 297
  • v
  • valorization, 286, 288, 298, 304
  • vanadium, 520
  • vandalism, 556
  • vanillic acid, 288
  • vapor pressure, 45, 52
  • vegetable processing, 145
  • vehicle
    • cleaning system, 469, 470
    • washing facilities, 469
  • ventilation, 431, 441
  • Veracruz, 137
  • vertical flow (VF)
    • CWs (constructed wetlands), 6, 8, 9,45, 364
    • systems, 67
  • vertical roughing filter, 55
  • veterinary medicine, 345
  • veterinary pharmaceutical products, 145
  • VFCWs seevertical flow, CWs (constructed wetland)
  • virgin oil, 166
  • volatile
  • volatilization rates, 45, 286, 313, 349, 365, 366
  • volcanic substrate, 137
  • volumetric reduction factor (VRF), 292, 293, 296, 300
  • w
  • warning signs, 556
  • washed processing technique, 157
  • wash water, 453
  • wastewater
  • water–biofilm interface, 69, 70
  • water-demanding industries, 103
  • water discharge taxes, 130
  • waterharmonica, 516, 517
  • water reuse, 26, 27
  • waterworks sludge, 430, 440, 449
  • wetland
  • Wetland Technology, 1, 4, 8, 9, 14, 16
  • wet total manure, 204
  • whey, 176, 194, 198
  • whole effluent toxicity (WET), 466
  • whole life performance, 552
  • wineries, 95, 96, 99, 103, 300
  • wine stoppers, 285
  • working hours, 552
  • x
  • X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), 239
  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), 238, 239
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD), 238
  • X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 238
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 236
  • xylenes, 54
  • z
  • Zahn–Wellens test protocol, 288
  • Zannichellia palustris, 377
  • zeolite-filled system, 50, 197
  • zero-discharge approach, 129
  • zero-liquid-discharge, 129
  • zinc, 227, 256, 430, 482, 514, 520
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