INDEX
ACACIA initiative 222, 227–8, 235; information provision 267–8
Africa: biodiversity of 1; challenges to local government 195–7; decentralization 196; poverty and resources 83
African Highlands Initiative (AHI): benchmark sites 15–16, 17; catalysed self-led change 257–8; demand-driven information provision 222; developing social infrastructure 198; dissemination of technologies 62–3; district-level work 197; externally mediated dissemination 65–7; fairness of by-laws 189–90; farmer fora and 264–5; information provision in NAADS 266–9; integrating scientific knowledge 132–3; integration concepts 84–5; intensification 42; landscape governance 167–8; lessons from farm systems 47; local voices in planning process 100; methodological gaps 155–6; methodological innovations 22–31; origins and phases of 11–14; output dissemination 30; participation concept 84–5; participatory integrated watershed management 83; phases of 16; processes of change 18; progress of 154–5; publication of knowledge 30–1; scaling up/out 235, 241, 253–4; supporting institutional change 256, 269–71, 272; value and impact of 31–2; watershed characterization 98–9
African Landcare Network 232
agricultural extension 200
agricultural research: action research/learning 250
agriculture: colonial policies 2; core aims 4
research 2–3; see also farms and farmers; land use
Akiti Alfred 163
Asia 83
Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa (ASARECA) 11
Atu Yirga Tafu 149
Awasa Agricultural Research Institute 252
banks see financial factors
barley 40
beans 98
biophysical factors; biodiversity 1; hydrological delineation 86–8; innovation and 72; local knowledge 132–3; physical capital 2; system components 85; targeting technologies for 68–71
Britain see colonialism
by-laws; colonial imposition 199; common issues 164; community monitoring 135; deliberative process 215–16; detrimental effects 185, 188–9; district-level reforms 206–8; district stakeholders 203; enforcement 215; governing dissemination 66; local level 136, 184, 186–7, 190, 199; mobilizing collective action 182–3; monitoring and evaluating reforms 217–20, 222; multi-stakeholder negotiations 184–5, 186–7, 190–1; negative aspects 219–20, 221; negotiated agreements 172, 178; participatory diagnostics 211–12; participatory reforms 27, 183–91; refusal to abide by 170–1; Rubaya 102–4; synergies 191; Ugandan reform process 208–10; water quality and quantity 30; watershed management 93; women and 218–19
capital see financial factors
Co-Management 2
Coalition for Effective Extension Delivery 264–5
Ethiopia 46; collective action 8–9
adopting technologies 62; difficulties of 147, 162–6; diversity within communities 71; governing common resources 160; institutional innovation 10; lack of 83; learning 24; local approach to watershed 100–1; local organization 15, 95; mobilizing 26, 179–83; multiple stakeholders 108; negotiating divergent interests 169–70; negotiation of conflicts 30; sabotaging innovation 91–2; shared needs 53; social justice and equity 9
Collinson, M. 248
colonialism: agricultural policies of 2; conservation in 56; imposition of by-laws 199, 208; local rule 196; structural constraints from 149–50
communication: about farming systems 47; community feedback 104–5; diversity in communities 14; effective strategies 4; feedback 61–2, 151; supporting innovation 52; supporting negotiations 168–79
communication technology 200; communities: by-laws and 207, 220–2; community-based organizations 100; devolving management to 2; divergent interests 71, 112, 166–79; external mediation and 65–6; facilitators 122, 224; factionalism 213; farmer field schools 53; grassroots demands 263–5; horizontal and vertical links 214–16; hydrological boundaries 88, 89; informal partnerships 233; local concerns 51, 181; local governance and 196; long- and short-term benefits 152–3; model outputs 46; participation 155, 211–12, 220–2; participatory monitoring 133–9; sharing biases 77; telecentres for information 224–7; village-level by-law reform 184, 186–7, 190–1
community-based organizations 100, 230
conflict resolution 52; balanced concessions 172; bottoms lines and win-wins 175–7; destructive land use 108; early dissipation 203; eucalyptus and springs 111; implementing agreements 172, 173; language use 172, 174; local indicators 137; mediators/facilitators 170–1, 175; multi-stakeholder negotiations 142–5; negotiation support 169–79; resolution mechanisms 93; resource management 1, 88; sequential negotiations 170–1; transboundary 83
conservation: decentralized approaches 2; economic incentives 6; exclusionary efforts 5; financing 63–5; identifying hot spots 96–7; innovation without degradation 77–9; isolated structures 86–8; linking with production enhancement 56–60, 61; livelihoods and 4; see also natural resource management
conservation organizations: multi-institutional partnerships 229–34
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) 4, 11, 246–7
corruption: by-law enforcement 185, 188, 190, 212–13
crabs 132
crops: access to seeds 42; benchmark sites 17; by-laws 104; cash 70, 75; complementary cycles 58; complex technologies 39; crop-livestock systems 79; ECA systems 39–41; effect of eucalyptus 129; enset-based systems 46–7; entry points for innovation 48; horticultural 39; impacts of technologies 75; improving varieties 38; income types 98; integrated planning 120; intensification of systems 41–3; legumes cover 69; local seed delivery systems 24; multiplying seeds 66, 67; optimization modelling 45; production improvement s 22; social balancing 91; as system component 85; watershed issues 106, 115–19
cultural factors 5
decision making: collective action 9, 100; community participation 155; devolving to lowest level 206–8; empirical research inputs 128–30, 132–3; farmer representation 204–6; institutional structures of 10; local knowledge 130–3; local level 197–8; within local sphere 196; watershed management 84; see also by-laws; policy-making
democracy: farmer representation 204–6; local districts and 197–8; vertical integration 201–3
development: agricultural research and 154; interaction with research 29; social and political factors 159–60
development agencies 4, 80; divergent interests 160; failure to “scale up” 240; and institutional change 272–3; mobilizing action 181; poor coordination 197; support governance reforms 195; watershed diagnosis and planning 112
developmental units 180
diseases and illness: improvement management 22; local cures 39; population density and 40; waterborne 30; see also pest control
dissemination of innovation: adoption barriers 72; barriers to 74; by-law and 66–7; community sharing 77; externally mediated 65–7; farmer research groups 63–5; farmer-to-farmer 71, 72, 74, 79; gendered patterns 76; identifying patterns of 73–7; participatory monitoring 135, 138; policy task forces 214; predicting adoption 68; scaling out 242, 244–5, 251–5; spillover 73; strategic partnerships for 251; support for 61–3; targeting systems and clients 67–71; tracking spread 72–3
diversification: linked technologies 58
education 30
energy use 94
entry points see under innovation
environment see conservation; natural resource management
equity and social justice: access to technologies 24; by-laws 185, 188–90; dissemination of innovation 71, 135, 138; participation 8; perception of 138; watershed management 153
Ethiopia: Ameya spring 173, 176; Areka field day 252–3; barley systems 40; benchmark sites 15–16; birth of AHI 11, 13; by-laws for dissemination 66–7; champions of change 270; communal grazing 165–6; controlling mole rats 55–6; crop-livestock systems 40; enset-based systems 46–7; entry points for innovation 49; equity perceptions 138; evaluating institutional change 258–60; evidence of soil loss 129–30; farmers field schools 54; Galessa watershed 202–3; Gununo watershed 87; history of land reforms 149, 151; institutional change 262–3; landscape-level entry points 126–7; linked technologies 59, 60; market-led agriculture 41–2; mobilizing collective action 182; nursery management 164–5; participatory monitoring 135, 138; porcupine control 139–40; problem solving 177–8; seeing possibilities in 149; soil fertility 41; sustaining effort in 147–8; trees of Ginchi 107; watershed issues 90, 97, 115–17, 125
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research 150–1
eucalpytus 129
external facilitators 8
faith institutions 95
families and kinship 93
farmer research groups: dissemination of technologies 63–5; respecting knowledge of 60–1
farming systems research 248
farms and farmers: action research 18; AHI lessons 47; components 6; conditions for willingness 183; confidence of 30, 48; conservation linked to production 56–60, 61; dialogues among 53; divergent interests 169–79; early innovators 78; empowering 217; entry points for innovation 48–51; experience and perceptions of 77; experimentation 79; expert information 226; facilitating initiative 151–2; farmer-to-farmer sharing 24, 71, 72, 74, 79; feedback from researchers 47; finding security and confidence 149–52; gender 43, 67, 105–6; household decision units 42; household resources 45, 46, 50, 59, 68; improved agronomic practices 50; information provision 222–8; innovation process 38; integrated planning 124; intensification 41–3; interest groups 49; knowledge of technologies 22; learning cycles 205; links to policy makers 29, 264–5; long- and short-term benefits 22, 57–8, 153; methodological innovations 23–5; monitoring progress 66; multi-institutional partnerships 230; optimization models 44–7; participatory approaches 8, 12, 43–4, 134, 278; perception of equity 138; productivity constraints 22; representation at district level 204–6; seeing possibilities 149; short- and long-term concerns 12; social/thematic groups 22, 43, 57, 67; stimulating innovation 5; as systems 6; taking risks 51; watershed characterization 93–5; watershed entry points 125–6; see also crops; livelihoods; livestock; stakeholders
Farrington, J. 240
feedback: conflict negotiation 172; information provision 223; stakeholder dialogues 110
fertilizers: chemical 41; dung 6; impacts of technologies 75; water run-off 115–19
financial factors: access to 22; conservation incentives 6; constraints on innovation 48; coping strategies 94; experimentation 63–5; government support 42; household incomes 50; income from crops 97–8; institutional support and 41; local institutions 95; micro-credit systems 64–5; watershed characterization 94
fisheries 4
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): classification system 96; farmer field schools 52
food security: cash income and 42; daily nutritional allowances 45; local knowledge 39; modelling approach 44, 45; nutrition deficits 47
forestry and trees: agricultural 27; benchmark sites 17; core aims 4; sustainable management 2
fuel wood 58
gender: barriers for dissemination 74–5; capturing diverse voices 105–6; constraints on innovation 48; crop selection 51; farmer groups 22, 43, 67; household demographics 45; monitoring and evaluation 138; outcomes of by-laws 218–19; patterns of exchanges 76; watershed characterization 95
global positioning systems 96
governance: landscape processes 27; watershed management 25; see also local and district governance; state governments
Gündel, S. 241
Hagmann, J. 4
Hardin, Garrett: The Tragedy of the Commons 160–1
Holetta Agricultural Research Centre (HARC) 150–1, 254
human resources 272
implementation: advertising activity 251; of negotiated agreements 172, 173, 177–8; phases of 164–5; vertical integration 202
individuals: collective action and 9; investing in communities 207
information provision 200; access 30; challenges to 268; district demand-driven 222–8; flow of 223; institutionalized in Uganda 266–9; needs protocol 224; publication of AHI knowledge 30–1; quality assurance 227–8; radio 255; sharing with policy makers 263; systems approach 28; telecentres and ICT infrastructure 224–9, 267; wireless phones 227
innovation: action research 21–2; all aspects of 52; demonstrations 251–2, 253; effectiveness 244; efficiency of 244; entry points 48–51, 58, 125–6; evidence of performance 270; farmlevel constraints 52; implementation challenges 148–54; incentives 273; information provision 222–8; institutional structures 10–11; linked technologies 56–60, 61; linking farm and district 234–5; local 207; local knowledge experimentation 55–6; opting in/out 91; piloting 258–9, 271; regional teams 15; scaling up/out 241–2, 250–5; sustainability 244; tradeoff analysis 46; watershed management 85, 125–6; without degradation 77–9; see also dissemination of innovation; technologies; Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda 257, 260–1
institutional change: agricultural research 250–1; catalysed self-led 257–63; commitment 272; defining scaling out 241–2; evidence of 262; grassroots catalyst 263–5; inadequate resources 253–5; internal catalyst 265–9; methodological gaps 271–4; ownership of initiatives 269; partnerships 254–5; potential of innovations 243–5; recent drives for 249; scaling up/out 5, 241–2, 244–5, 250–5, 274; self-led 28, 255–7; support for 269–71; sustaining research and dialogue 273–4; institutional learning and change (ILAC) initiative 246–7
institutions: agricultural 52, 200; developing local governance 195–7; development of 23; external 152, 153; formal and informal 207; of higher learning 255; innovation 10–11; learning organizations 245–7; limited support from 41; local 53; local dissemination 67, 72; mapping stakeholders 202; models for governance 192; multi-institutional partnerships 229–34; R&D teams and 4; regional 15; synergies 5; Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) 198–9, 249
Integrated Conservation and Development 2
integrated natural resource management: AHI achievements 22–31; by-laws 207; collective governance of 160; common property 83; fairness of by-laws 189–90; farm-level 38–9; informal partnerships 233; information provision 223, 224; institutionalizing 30; key aims of 3–5; links to poverty 83; local and national policies 12–13; local concerns 19, 192–3; managing interventions 259; mobilizing collective action 179–83; multi-institutional partnerships 229–34; multi-institutional processes 28; negotiations 5; new approaches 198–9; participation 8; social and political factors 159–60; watershed common resources 94; watersheds 9–10; working implementation 32; see also landscape management; watershed management
integration: component 6–7, 84–5; concept of 6, 84–5; constructivist 7; optimizing 6–7; seeking synergies 85; synergies 7
intensification: defined 41; linked technologies 58
International Agricultural Centres (IARCs) 11
International Development Research Centre: demand-driven information provision 222
intervention 98, 259; phases of 136–7
Iran 39
ISNAR program 247
Jacobs, R. L. 241
Joint Forest Management 2
Kapchorwa District Landcare Chapter 164, 231–2
Kelly, V. 42
Kenya: early phases of AHI 11, 13; farmer field schools 53; intensification 42; maize-beans systems 40
khat 39
Kirkby, R. 69
Kissa Peter 164
knowledge: access to 4; communication technology 200; farmer learner cycles 205; gaps in 85; local 55–6, 131; scientific data 128–30; scientific validation 55; use for decision-making 29; see also information provision; learning; training
Kotter, J. P. 246
La Rovere, R. 32
labor 41
land use: changes 1; economic interests and 159–60; images and maps of 96, 97; insecurity of 149; intensification 41; owners’ resistance 178; population and 40; size of landholdings 47, 94; spring degradation 167; tenure policies 42; watershed management 84, 88
Landcare International 232
landscape management: AHI focus on 14; co-management policies 175; components of 6; governance 38; inadequate collective action 162–6; institutional model 192; participatory governance 25; relation to watershed 114; watershed complexity and 152–3; watershed issues and 92
language: information provision 222, 225
Latin America 83
law see by-laws
leadership 52; identifying 100; supporting institutional change 256; watershed planning 113
learning: agenda 20; collective action and 24; cross-disciplinary 4; cycles 205; demonstrations and shows 66; experiential 256; institutional change 249–50; as key aim 4; libraries 66; loops 242, 243; multi-stakeholder platforms 232; organizations 245–7; participatory action 19; regional teams 15; research comparisons 21–2; synthesis of lessons 259; see also information provision; training
legumes: Ethiopia 47; socio-economic criteria 68–71; soil fertility and 49
libraries 66
livelihoods: by-law restrictions 185, 188; client-centred approach 5; and conservation 4; improvement without degradation 77; intensification and 42; pests and diseases affecting 94; related improvements 30; strategies 79–80; sustainable approaches 198–9; see also farms and farmers
livestock: benchmark sites 17; by-law affecting 219–20; by-laws affecting 103; communal grazing 165–6; complex technologies 39; conflicts over 178; crop-livestock systems 79; ECA systems 39–41; free grazing 88, 91, 99, 165, 167; holdings 168; improved feeds 58; integrated planning 120; intensification of systems 41–3; landscape processes 27; legume cover crops 70; linked technologies 60; optimization modelling 45; overgrazing 41; as system component 85; watershed issues 94, 106, 115–19
Lobo, C. 240
local and district governance: in benchmark sites 95–6; benefits for community 22; buy-in and goal setting 212–13; challenges to 195–7; democratic process and 197–8; developmental units 180; diversity within 14; farmer representation in 204–6; informal partnerships 233; information provision 222–8; methodology 14–16; mobilizing collective action 179–81, 181–3, 183; multi-institutional partnerships 229–34; multilevel policy reforms 210–22; participatory approaches 43; policy dialogue 214–17; policy innovations 28; public service delivery 199–201; researchers isolated from 192; resource policies 12–13; responsive by-law reforms 206–8; role in mobilizing community 112; scaling out 235; social infrastructure 198; supporting adaptive management 4–5; sustainable policy innovations 234; Uganda's by-law process 208–10; vertical integration 201–3; watershed management 93–4, 100–2; see also by-laws; policy making
Lockwood, H. 241
markets: benchmark sites 17; information provision 222, 224; informed decisions and 50; innovations 23; lack of outlets 12; limited access to 40; linking farmers to 18; multi-stakeholder platforms 232; supporting innovation 52; synergies 5; technology impetus 61
methodology: action research 16, 18–22; farm-level innovations 23–5; gaps in 191–2; innovations in 22–31; landscape scales 84; patterns of dissemination 73–7; priorities for future 155–6; process documentation 141–7; questions of 14; regional aspects 14–16; scaling up 241–2; watershed management 25–7; mining, colonial 2
monitoring and evaluation: “before” and “after” 138; by-law reforms 217–20, 222; community participation 133–9; local indicators 134–7; negotiation support 169; Outcome Mapping techniques 146; participatory 25, 217–20, 222; phases of intervention 136–7; process documentation 141–7; R&D team level 140–2; supporting change 254; of technological dissemination 66; tools for 16; using scientific indicators 139–40; watershed management 84
Napier grass 60, 75; by-laws 103
National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAAS) 251
National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) 11
national agricultural research institutes 56
local knowledge initiatives 55
National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) 257, 262–3; relations with stakeholders 255–6
national agricultural research systems (NARS); historical perspective of 247–9; self-led change 255
Natural Resource Management Planning Committees (NRMPC) 102
natural resources: degradation of 41; livelihood dependence on 1; Ostrom vs Hardin 160–1; ownership and control of 2; see also integrated natural resource management
non-governmental organizations (NGOs): dissemination of technologies 62; information provision 226, 228; multi-institutional partnerships 229–34; partnerships for change 256; researchers isolated from 192; nutrition 30
Nyerere, Julius 199
O'Neil, R. J. 39
parish coordination committees 266
Parish Watershed Committees 100–1
participation: concept of 84–5; diagnostics and vision 211–12; farm systems 43–4; identifying problems 55; meaning of 8; rural appraisal techniques 43; watershed diagnosis and planning 99–100
participatory action research (PAR) 19–21; as key aim 4
Participatory Rapid Appraisal 110
Peasants Associations 91
peppers 98
pest control: collective action 108; improvements 22; integrated pest management 58; intensification and 41; landscape processes 27; local knowledge 39, 130–1; mole rats 55–6; see also diseases and illness; porcupines
planning: capturing local voices 99–100; diverse voices 104–7; farmer representation 204–6; integrated 119–21, 122–5; stakeholder-based 107–14
policy-making: access to 4; After Action Review 217; district-level 199, 216–17; information sharing 263; innovations 5; land tenure 42; links between villages 214–16; links to farmers 29; links with farmers 264–5; local level 198–9; monitoring and evaluating reforms 217–22; multi-level model 210–11; participatory by-law reforms 220–2; participatory diagnostics 211–12; policy task forces 213–14; sequence 221; structural constraints for farms 150; support for adopting innovations 62; sustainable innovations 234; towards markets 41; village task forces 102–4
politics: collective action 9; local government and 195; poorly addressed 159–60; and technical organizations 271–2
population 1, 39, 40; Ethiopia 46; household demographics 45, 93; watershed issues 115–19
porcupines 88, 108, 166; inadequate collective action 162–3; local knowledge 130–1; mobilizing action 180; scientific evaluation 139–40
potatoes 54, 98; optimization models 46
poverty and wealth: alleviation pressures 249, 255–6; capturing diverse voices 105–6; farmer groups 43; information age and 200; limits investment 40–1; link with resources 83; monitoring and evaluation 138; watershed characterization 95
problem solving: Ethiopia 177–8; farmer research groups 60; linked technologies 57; watershed management 83, 84
public services: local delivery of 199–201
Quality Assurance Committee 267
Reardon, T. 42
research and development: action 16, 18–22, 122; adaptive testing 156; building capacity of 59; building rapport with farmers 48; by-law compliance 212; catalysts for change 257–8; clusters 114–19, 155–6; coordination of groups 200; deficiencies of inputs 12; design 20; empirical 18, 21–2, 85, 122; evidence 263–4; feedback from farmers 47; improving participation 247–9; institutional learning 247; integrated 12, 25, 29; mainstreaming action 273; multidisciplinary teams 154; outputs and applications 20; participatory 3, 19–21, 140–2; patterns of dissemination 73–7; planning 121, 122–5; positive attitudes towards 30; protocols for clusters 121–2; publication 30–1; validity 21; watershed management 85; see also farmer research groups; innovation; technologies
risks: constructivism 7; entry points to innovation 51
Sakharani Mission: conflict negotiation 173; multi-stakeholder negotiations 142–5, 171–2; participatory watershed diagnosis 109–10; scientific research 129
sanitation 95
savings and credit cooperative societies 64–5
Senge, P. 246
social groups: entry points to innovation 51; modelling from 45; targeting 72; social justice and equity see equity and social justice; socio-economic factors 5; barriers to adoption 74; changing behaviour 137; characterization 93–6; class constraints 48; developing social infrastructure 198; dissemination of technology 62; poorly addressed 159–60; of resource management 12; targeting technologies for 68–71; watershed management 91–2, 92
soil conservation 2, 30, 39; awareness off 93; by-laws 102–3; erosion and fertility 41, 163–4, 166–7; fertility technologies 11; financial support 64–5; gender patterns and 76; impacts of technologies 75; integrated planning 122; legume cover crops 49, 69; linked technologies 57, 60; loss of fertility 1, 2; monitoring and evaluation 137; population density and 40; restoring fertility 42; scientific evidence 129–30; stabilization 58; structures of 6; as system component 85; watershed issues 87, 115–19; see also fertilizers; land use
South Africa 196
stakeholders 5; by-law reforms 184–5, 186–7, 190–1; documenting the process 141; drives for change 249; engagement in planning 100–1; institutional change and 250–1; institutional mapping 202; local knowledge and negotiations 131; monitoring negotiation process 142–6; multi-stakeholder platform 230–2; negotiating interests 168–79; participation in planning 107–14; policy task forces 213–14
state governments: agricultural ministries 52; decentralized approaches 2; financial support 42; institutional change 255–7; resource policies 12–13
Stroud, A. 12
Sudan 40
synergies: form of integration 7; fostering 100
systems approach: AHI and 12; components 85; conceptualizing 14; crop-livestock 79; farms as 6; linking technologies 59; methodological innovations 23; optimization models 44–7; participatory 43–4; targeting 67–71, 71–2; technology 28
Tanzania: advertising innovations 251; benchmark sites 16, 17; co-management policies 175; Department of Research and Development 257; early phases of AHI 11, 13; entry point tomatoes 50, 51; evaluating institutional change 258–60; impacts of technologies 75; inadequate resources 253–5; local knowledge 39; Nyerere's by-laws 199; participatory monitoring 134; Sakharani Mission 109–10, 129, 142–5, 171–3; scientific data 129; spring degradation 170–1; watershed issues 90, 97, 125–6
technologies: access to 4, 24; by-law effectiveness and 218; conservation linked to production 56–60, 61; diversity of 62; entry points 51; linked 6, 57, 78; local 55–6; methodological innovations 23; problem solving 57; problems and governance 189; relevance to farmers 248; “scaling out” 240–1; solutions from 2; spin-offs 77; stepwise development 59; synergy with politicians 271–2; systems approach 28; transfer model 3, 247; watershed characterization 95; win-win 57; see also dissemination of innovation; knowledge
teff 51
The Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin) 160–1
training: access to 22; adopting innovations 254; capacity development 256; classrooms 53–4; for dissemination 63; facilitators 231; for facilitators 204; farmer field schools 52–4; hands-on 44; incentives to change 273
transboundary issues 163
trees and forestry: Ameya spring negotiation 176, 177; apples 148; by-laws 104, 188–9, 212; fast-growing 167; Ginchi afforestation 107; integrated planning 120; landscape-level entry points 126–7; local knowledge 131; Sakharani eucalyptus 109–10, 111, 129, 142–5, 171–2; as system component 85; watershed issues 94, 99, 106, 115–19
Uganda: banana-coffee systems 40; benchmark sites 16, 17; birth of AHI 11, 13; by-laws 135, 189–90, 208–10; champions of change 270; district information provision 225; farmer links with policy 205–6; farmers links with policy 264–5; free grazing 189; information provision 266–9; landscape-level entry points 127; local by-laws 102–4; Local Government Act 208; mobilizing collective action 181–2; Mt Elgon National Park 108, 174, 176; multi-stakeholder platform 231–2; National Strategy for Growth 200; run-off in Kapchorwa 163–4; watershed boundaries 90
Uganda Wildlife Authority 176
urban areas: water deficits 83
Village Watershed Committees 100–1, 164
villages see communities
voluntarism: multi-stakeholder partnerships 233
watershed management 39; administrative boundaries 88–9, 92; AHI focus on 14; biophysical factors 91, 96–9; by-laws and 30, 102–3; concept of watersheds 9–10; conservation 30; creating R&D clusters 114–19; delineation 92; depletion 41; diagnosis and planning 99–100, 122, 155; drought resistance 70; empirical research and 21–2; farm-level entry points 125–6, 127–8; financial support 64–5; function in agriculture 85; Gununo field day 252–3; hybrid delineation 88–90; hydrological boundaries 86–8, 92; impacts of technologies 75; implementation challenges 148–54; institutions and policies 30; integrated planning 119–21, 122–5; irrigation 94; issues of 106; landscape-level 114, 126–8, 152–3, 155, 156; larger than farm level 84; linkages to cope with change 159; linked technologies 57–8; local knowledge and 130–3; local leadership 100–2; methodological innovations 25–7; minimalist approach 155; mobilizing collective action 181–3; monitoring and evaluation 133–54; multi-institutional partnerships 232; negotiated problem-solving 177–8; participatory 8, 84–5, 133–9; problems of 83; rainwater harvesting 38; regional research 15; resource mapping 110–11; Rwanda 260–1; scientific date inputs 128–30; social diversity 91–2, 104–7; socio-economic characterization 93–6; springs 87–8, 107, 132, 150–1, 167, 170–1; stakeholder engagement 100, 107–14; sustaining effort 147–8; technologies for 11; urban and catchment deficits 83; vertical integration approach 202–3; weather forecasting 39
wheat 46
women see gender
World Agroforestry Centre 11
World Bank: capacity development in Rwanda 261; poverty alleviation 249; scaling up 241
World Health Organization: daily nutritional allowances 45