Part V. Microphone and Loudspeaker Technology
by John Watkinson, Eugene Patronis, Don Davis, Andrew Singmin, John Linsley Hood, R
Audio Engineering: Know It All
- Copyright
- Brief Table of Contents
- Table of Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- About the Authors
- Part I. Fundamentals of Sound
- Chapter 1. Audio Principles
- 1.1. The Physics of Sound
- 1.2. Wavelength
- 1.3. Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
- 1.4. Sound and the Ear
- 1.5. The Cochlea
- 1.6. Mental Processes
- 1.7. Level and Loudness
- 1.8. Frequency Discrimination
- 1.9. Frequency Response and Linearity
- 1.10. The Sine Wave
- 1.11. Root Mean Square Measurements
- 1.12. The Decibel
- 1.13. Audio Level Metering
- Chapter 2. Measurement
- 2.1. Concepts Underlying the Decibel and its Use in Sound Systems
- 2.2. Measuring Electrical Power
- 2.3. Expressing Power as an Audio Level
- 2.4. Conventional Practice
- 2.5. The Decibel in Acoustics—LP, LW, and LI
- 2.6. Acoustic Intensity Level (LI), Acoustic Power Level (LW), and Acoustic Pressure Level (LP)
- 2.7. Inverse Square Law
- 2.8. Directivity Factor
- 2.9. Ohm’s Law
- 2.10. A Decibel is a Decibel is a Decibel
- 2.11. Older References
- 2.12. The Equivalent Level (LEQ) in Noise Measurements
- 2.13. Combining Decibels
- 2.14. Combining Voltage
- 2.15. Using the Log Charts
- 2.16. Finding the Logarithm of a Number to Any Base
- 2.17. Semitone Intervals
- 2.18. System Gain Changes
- 2.19. The VU and the Volume Indicator Instrument
- 2.20. Calculating the Number of Decades in a Frequency Span
- 2.21. Deflection of the Eardrum at Various Sound Levels
- 2.22. The Phon
- 2.23. The Tempered Scale
- 2.24. Measuring Distortion
- 2.25. The Acoustical Meaning of Harmonic Distortion
- 2.26. Playback Systems in Studios
- 2.27. Decibels and Percentages
- 2.28. Summary
- Uncited Reference
- Chapter 3. Acoustic Environment
- 3.1. The Acoustic Environment
- 3.2. Inverse Square Law
- 3.3. Atmospheric Absorption
- 3.4. Velocity of Sound
- 3.5. Temperature-Dependent Velocity
- 3.6. The Effect of Altitude on the Velocity of Sound in Air
- 3.7. Typical Wavelengths
- 3.8. Doppler Effect
- 3.9. Reflection and Refraction
- 3.10. Effect of a Space Heater on Flutter Echo
- 3.11. Absorption
- 3.12. Classifying Sound Fields
- 3.13. The Acoustic Environment Indoors
- 3.14. Conclusion
- Further Reading
- Chapter 1. Audio Principles
- Part II. Audio Electronics
- Chapter 4. Components
- Chapter 5. Power Supply Design
- 5.1. High Power Systems
- 5.2. Solid-State Rectifiers
- 5.3. Music Power
- 5.4. Influence of Signal Type on Power Supply Design
- 5.5. High Current Power Supply Systems
- 5.6. Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectification
- 5.7. Direct Current Supply Line Ripple Rejection
- 5.8. Voltage Regulator Systems
- 5.9. Series Regulator Layouts
- 5.10. Overcurrent Protection
- 5.11. Integrated Circuit (Three Terminals) Voltage Regulator ICs
- 5.12. Typical Contemporary Commercial Practice
- 5.13. Battery Supplies
- 5.14. Switch-Mode Power Supplies
- Part III. Preamplifiers and Amplifiers
- Chapter 6. Introduction to Audio Amplification
- Chapter 7. Preamplifiers and Input Signals
- 7.1. Requirements
- 7.2. Signal Voltage and Impedance Levels
- 7.3. Gramophone Pick-Up Inputs
- 7.4. Input Circuitry
- 7.5. Moving Coil Pick-up Head Amplifier Design
- 7.6. Circuit Arrangements
- 7.7. Input Connections
- 7.8. Input Switching
- Voltage amplifiers and controls
- 7.9. Preamplifier Stages
- 7.10. Linearity
- 7.11. Noise Levels
- 7.12. Output Voltage Characteristics
- 7.13. Voltage Amplifier Design
- 7.14. Constant-Current Sources and “Current Mirrors”
- 7.15. Performance Standards
- 7.16. Audibility of Distortion
- 7.17. General Design Considerations
- 7.18. Controls
- Chapter 8. Interfacing and Processing
- Chapter 9. Audio Amplifiers
- 9.1. Junction Transistors
- 9.2. Control of Operating Bias
- 9.3. Stage Gain
- 9.4. Basic Junction Transistor Circuit Configurations
- 9.5. Emitter–Follower Systems
- 9.6. Thermal Dissipation Limits
- 9.7. Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs)
- 9.8. Insulated Gate FETs (MOSFETs)
- 9.9. Power BJTs vs Power MOSFETs as Amplifier Output Devices
- 9.10. U and D MOSFETs
- 9.11. Useful Circuit Components
- 9.12. Circuit Oddments
- 9.13. Slew Rate Limiting
- Uncited Reference
- Chapter 10. Audio Amplifier Performance
- Chapter 11. Valve (Tube-Based) Amplifiers
- Chapter 12. Negative Feedback
- Chapter 13. Noise and Grounding
- Part IV. Digital Audio
- Chapter 14. Digital Audio Fundamentals
- 14.1. Audio as Data
- 14.2. What is an Audio Signal?
- 14.3. Why Binary?
- 14.4. Why Digital?
- 14.5. Some Digital Audio Processes Outlined
- 14.6. Time Compression and Expansion
- 14.7. Error Correction and Concealment
- 14.8. Channel Coding
- 14.9. Audio Compression
- 14.10. Disk-Based Recording
- 14.11. Rotary Head Digital Recorders
- 14.12. Digital Audio Broadcasting
- 14.13. Networks
- Chapter 15. Representation of Audio Signals
- 15.1. Introduction
- 15.2. Analogue and Digital
- 15.3. Elementary Logical Processes
- 15.4. The Significance of Bits and Bobs
- 15.5. Transmitting Digital Signals
- 15.6. The Analogue Audio Waveform
- 15.7. Arithmetic
- 15.8. Digital Filtering
- 15.9. Other Binary Operations
- 15.10. Sampling and Quantizing
- 15.11. Transform and Masking Coders
- References
- Chapter 16. Compact Disc
- Chapter 17. Digital Audio Recording Basics
- Chapter 18. Digital Audio Interfaces
- Chapter 19. Data Compression
- Chapter 20. Digital Audio Production
- Chapter 21. Other Digital Audio Devices
- Chapter 14. Digital Audio Fundamentals
- Part V. Microphone and Loudspeaker Technology
- Chapter 22. Microphone Technology
- Chapter 23. Loudspeakers
- 23.1. Radiation of Sound
- 23.2. Characteristic Impedance
- 23.3. Radiation Impedance
- 23.4. Radiation from a Piston
- 23.5. Directivity
- 23.6. Sound Pressure Produced at Distance r
- 23.7. Electrical Analogue
- 23.8. Diaphragm/Suspension Assembly
- 23.9. Diaphragm Size
- 23.10. Diaphragm Profile
- 23.11. Straight-Sided Cones
- 23.12. Material
- 23.13. Soft Domes
- 23.14. Suspensions
- 23.15. Voice Coil
- 23.16. Moving Coil Loudspeaker
- 23.17. Motional Impedance
- Chapter 24. Loudspeaker Enclosures
- Chapter 25. Headphones
- Part VI. Sound Reproduction Systems
- Part VII. Audio Test and Measurement
- Index
Part V. Microphone and Loudspeaker Technology
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