References

CHAPTER 1

[1] Aeronautical Radio, Inc. ARINC Characteristics and Specifications for Navigation Equipment. Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee. Annapolis, MD.

[2] Cohen. C. E., et al. Real-time flight testing using integrity beacons for GPS Category III precision landing. Navigation 41:2 (1994): 145–157, Institute of Navigation, Alexandria, VA.

[3] International Civil Aviation Organization. Reports of the Future Air Navigation System (FANS) Committee. Montreal, Canada.

[4] Kelly, R. J., and J. M. Davis. Required navigation performance for precision approach and landing with GNSS application. Navigation 41:1 (1994): 1–30, Institute of Navigation, Alexandria, VA.

[5] RTCA, Inc. Produces Minimum Aviation System Performance Specifications (MASPS) and Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for airborne and ground avionics using DO-xxx report numbers. Washington, D.C.

(a) “Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment,” DO-160D (1997).

(b) “Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) Equipment,” DO-212, 1992.

[6] U.S. Departments of Transportation and Defense. Federal Radionavigation Plan. Published in even-numbered years. Washington, DC, 175 pp.

[7] U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Advisory Circulars Especially the AC-20-xx and AC-90-xx series on navigation. Washington, DC.

[8] U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Technical Standard Orders TSO-C91 (1985) and TSO C126 (1992). Emergency Locator Transmitter (Most recent issue). Washington, DC.

[9] U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Federal Aviation Regulations. Part 25: Instruments, navigation, lightning protection; Part 91: Rules of flight; Part 97: Standard instrument approach procedures. Updated at irregular intervals. Washington, DC.

[10] U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Airman's Information Manual. Updated quarterly. Washington, DC.

[11] EUROCAE (European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment). Produces Minimum Performance Specifications (MPS) and Minimum Operational Performance Specifications (MOPS) for airborne and ground avionics using ED-xxx report numbers. Some are issued jointly with RTCA. Paris, France.

[12] Bellamy, J. C. History of pressure pattern navigation. Navigation 43:1 (1996): 1–7, Institute of Navigation, Alexandria, VA.

[13] Bussert, J. C. China's great march toward modernization. Avionics 20:6 (1996): 34–39. Phillips Publishing, Rockville, MD.

CHAPTER 2

[1] Boozer, D. D., and J. R. Fellerhoff. Terrain aided navigation test results in the AFTI/F-16 aircraft. Navigation (Summer 1988): 161–175.

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[3] Forssell, B. Radio Navigation Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991.

[4] Goehler, D. J. Future electronic charts and aeronautical databases. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, June 1991, Institute of Navigation, Alexandria, VA.

[5] Golden, J. P. Terrain contour matching (TERCOM): A cruise missile guidance aid. Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers 238 (1980): 10–18.

[6] Goodchild. M., D. Maguire, and D. Rhind (eds.). Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications. London: Longmans, 1991.

[7] Hald, A., Statistical Theory with Engineering Applications. New York: Wiley, 1952.

[8] Hinrichs. P. R., Advanced terrain correlation techniques. IEEE Plans Conference, 1976, San Diego, CA. pp. 89–96.

[9] Hsu, D. Y. Closed-form solution for geodetic coordinate transformations. Proceedings of the National Technical Meeting of the ION, January 1992, pp. 397–400.

[10] Kayton, M. Coordinate frames in inertial navigation, 2 vols. MIT Draper Laboratory Report T-260. Cambridge, MA, 1960.

[11] Kovalesky, J., I. Mueller, and I. Kolaczek. Reference Frames in Astronomy and Geophysics. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989.

[12] Massatt, P., and K. Rudnick. Geometric formulas for dilution of precision calculations. Navigation: 37, 4 (Winter 1990–91): 379–391.

[13] McDonnell. P. W. Introduction to Map Projections, 2d ed. New York, M. Dekker, 1991. 174 pp.

[14] Pierce, B. O. A Short Table of Integrals. Boston: Ginn, 1929.

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[16] Torge. W. Geodesy, 2d ed. Berlin, deGruyter, 1991, 264 pp.

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[18] U.S. Defense Mapping Agency. Geodetic Distance and Azimuth Computations for Lines over 500 Miles. ACIC Report 80. Washington, DC, 1959.

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[20] U.S. Defense Mapping Agency. World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84)—Its Definition and Relationship with Local Geodetic Systems. Maryfield, VA: Washington, DC. 1991.

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[23] Zhu, J. Conversion of Earth-centered Earth-fixed to geodetic coordinates. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 30, 3 (July 1994): 957–961.

[24] RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC.

(a) “Preparation, Verification, and Distribution of User-Selectable Navigation Data Bases,” DO-200, 1988.

(b) “Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Area Navigation Equipment Using Multi-Sensor Inputs,” DO-187, 1984.

(c) “Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Area Navigation Equipment Using a Single Colocated VOR/DME Sensor Input,” D0-180A, 1990.

(d) “Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification, DO-178D 1997.

[25] EUROCAE Paris, France.

(a) “Minimum Performance Specification for Airborne Area Navigation Computing Equipment Based on VOR and DME as Sensors,” ED-28, 1982.

(b) “Minimum Operational Performance Requirement for Airborne Area Navigation Systems Based on Two DME as Sensors.” ED-39, 1984.

(c) “Minimum Operational Performance Requirement for Area Navigation Equipment Using Multi-Sensor Inputs,” ED-58, 1988.

[26] Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC), Annapolis, MD.

(a) ARINC Characteristic 424-13 “Navigation System Data Base,” November 1998

(b) ARINC Characteristic 652 “Guidance for Avionics Software Management,” January 1993.

CHAPTER 3

[1] Kalman, R. E. A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Basic Engineering (March 1960).

[2] Huddle, J. R. Applications of Kalman filtering theory to augmented inertial navigation systems. NATO-AGARDograph 139 (February 1970): ch. 11.

[3] Brown. R. G., and D. T. Friest. Optimization of a hybrid inertial solar-tracker navigation system. 1964 IEEE International Convention Record, pt. 7.

[4] Bona, B. E., and R. J. Smay. Optimum reset of ship's inertial navigation system. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, AES-2, no. 4 (July 1966).

[5] Meditch, J. S. Stochastic Optimal Linear Estimation and Control. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.

[6] Brown, R. G., and P. Y. C. Hwang. Introduction to Random Signals and Applied Kalman Filtering, 2d ed. New York: Wiley, 1992.

[7] Maybeck, P. S. Stochastic Models, Estimation and Control, vol. 1. New York: Academic Press, 1979.

[8] Van Dierendonck, A. J., J. B. McGraw, and R. G. Brown. Relationship between Allan variances and Kalman filter parameters. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Precises Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, November 27–19, 1984.

[9] Ausman, J. S. A Kalman filter mechanization for the baro-inertial vertical channel. Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, VA. June 1991, pp. 153–159.

[10] Bierman, G. J. Factorization Methods for Discrete Sequential Estimation. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

[11] Anoll, R. K. Integrated GPS/Loran-C receivers: A perspective on user acceptance, integration schemes, and certification status. Proceedings of the 1994 National Technical Meeting, Institute of Navigation, January 24–26, 1994.

[12] Buell, H., and A. Hunton. Development of an advanced system for helicopter applications. Proceedings of the 1994 National Technical Meeting, Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, January 24–26, 1994.

[13] Carlson, N. A., and M. P. Berarducci. Federated Kalman filter simulation results. Institute of Navigation 41, 3(Fall 1994): 297–321.

[14] Enge, P. K., and McCullough, J. R. Aiding GPS with calibrated Loran-C. Institute of Navigation 35, 4 (Winter 1988–89): 469–82.

[15] Per Enge, et al. Combining pseudoranges from GPS and Loran-C for air navigation. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 37, 1 (Spring 1990).

CHAPTER 4

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[2] Alford, A., and A. G. Kandoian. Ultra-high-frequency loop antennae. Electrical Communication 18, 5 (April 1940).

[3] Anderson, S. R., and R. B. Flint. The CAA Doppler omnirange. Proceedings of the IRE 47, 5 (May 1959).

[4] Britting, K. R. Inertial Navigation Systems Analysis. New York: Wiley-Inter-science, 1971.

[5] Bose, K. W. Aviation Electronics. Casper, WY: IAP. Inc., 1983. Wild Goose Assocation. Loran-C system description. Radionavigation Journal, 1975 and 1976.

[6] Bourasseau, S. Differential Omega in Indonesia. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Internationa! Omega Association, Sanur, Bali, Indonesia, September 1990.

[7] Colin, R. I., and S. H. Dodington. Principles of Tacan. Electrical Communication 33, 1 (March 1956).

[8] DeGroot, L. E. Navigation and control from Loran-C. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 11, 3 (Autumn 1964).

[9] Doherty, R. H., G. Heffley, and R. F. Linfieid. Timing potentials of Loran-C. Proceedings of the IRE 49. 11 (November 1961).

[10] Durbin. E. Current developments in the Loran-C system. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation (U.S.) 9, 2 (Summer 1962).

[11] Frank, R. L., and A. H. Phillips. Digital Loran-C receiver uses microcircuits. Electronics 37 (January 31, 1964).

[12] Gupta. R., S. Donnelly. P. Morris, and R. Vence, Jr. Omega system 10.2 kHz signal coverage diagrams. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Internal Omega Association, Bergen, Norway, August 1980.

[13] Gupta, R., and P. Morris. Overview of Omega signal coverage. In AGARDograph No. 314, Analysis, Design, and Synthesis Methods for Guidance and Control Systems, ed. C. Leondes, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, June 1990.

[14] Hawkins, H. E., and O. LaPlant. Radar performance degradation in fog and rain. IRE Transactions on Aerospace and Navigational Electronics 6, 1 (March 1959).

[15] Henney, K. (ed.). Radio Engineering Handbook (section on Aviation Electronics by A. Casabona), New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.

[16] Hildebrand, V. Omega validation highlights. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association, Long Beach, CA, October 1989.

[17] Hurley, H. C., S. R. Anderson, and H. F. Keany. The CAA VHF Omnirange. Proceedings of the IRE 39, 12 (December 1951).

[18] Johler, J. R. The Propagation Time of a Radio Pulse. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation II, 4 (November 1963).

[19] Kraus, J. D. Antennas. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.

[20] Litchford, G., and J. Saganowich. An Omega/transponder display system. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association, Quebec City, Canada, August 1986.

[21] Metz, H. I. International short distance navigation—after the ICAO February Meeting. Proceedings of the National Aeronautical Electronics Conference, Dayton, OH, 1959.

[22] Morris, P., and M. Cha. Omega propagation corrections: Background and computational algorithm. Report ONSOD 01-74. U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC. December 1974.

[23] Morris, P., and E. Swanson. New coefficients for the Swanson propagation correction model. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association, Bergen, Norway, August 1980.

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[28] Peterson, B., K. Gross, E. Chamberlin, and T. Montague. Integrated CIS VLF/Omega receiver design. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 8, 1 (January 1993).

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[30] Poritsky, P. (ed.). Special Issue on VOR/DME. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Navigational Electronics 12, 1 (March 1965).

[31] Powell, C. The Decca navigator system for ship and aircraft use. Proceedings of the 1EE, England, 105, suppl., March 1968.

[32] Reynolds, P. Pan American World Airways Omega experience. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association. San Diego, CA. September 1979.

[33] Sakran, C. U.S. Navy flight test results with the LTN-211 ONS. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association, Montreal, Canada, August 1981.

[34] Samaddar, S. N. The Theory of Loran-C ground wave propagation—A review. Journal of the Institute of Navigation 26, 3 (Fall 1979).

[35] Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer and Communications, 7th ed. Indianapolis, IN: Sams, Howard W. & Co., 1985.

[36] Skolnik, M. I. Introduction to Radar Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.

[37] Swanson. E. A new approach to Omega coverage diagrams. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association, Lisbon, Portugal, July 1983.

[38] Terman. F. E. Radio Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1947.

[39] Warren, R., K. Tench, R. Gupta, and P. Morris. Omega ACCESS: A microcomputer display of Omega signal coverage diagrams. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association, Quebec City, Canada, August 1986.

[40] Watt, A. VLF Radio Engineering. International Series of Monographs in Electromagnetic Waves, vol. 14. London: Pergamon Press, 1967.

[41] Westling, G. R. Joint Soviet/American Loran operations, The Bering Sea chain. IEEE Position, Location and Navigation and Symposium, 1988.

[42] Westman, H. P. (ed.). Reference Data for Radio Engineers. New York: International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., 1956.

[43] U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard. Omega Navigation System User's Guide. COMDTPUB P1656.3. Washington, DC, 3 July 1990.

[44] U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Specification of the Transmitted Loran-C Signal. Washington, DC, 29 May 1990.

[45] Per Enge, et al. Combining pseudoranges from GPS and Loran-C for air navigation. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 37, 1 (Spring 1990).

[46] Anoll, R. K. Integrated GPS/Loran-C receivers: A perspective on user acceptance, integration schemes, and certification, status. Proceedings of the 1994 National Technical Meeting, Institute of Navigation, January 24–26, 1994, San Diego, CA.

[47] Enge, P. K., and J. R. McCullough. Aiding GPS with calibrated Loran-C. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 34, 4 (Winter 1988–89): 469–482.

[48] U.S. Departments of Defense and Transportation. 1994 Federal Radionavigation Plan, DOT-VNTSC-RSPA-95-1/DOD-4650.5. Washington. DC, 1994.

[49] RTCA, Inc. Washington, DC.

(a) “Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne VOR Receiving Equipment.” DO-196, 1986.

(b) “Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Area Navigation Equipment Using Loran-C Inputs,” DO-194, 1986.

(c) “Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne DME,” DO-189, 1985.

(d) “Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne ADF Equipment.” DO-179, 1982.

(e) “Minimum Performance Standards for Airborne Omega Receiving Equipment.” DO-164A, 1979.

(f) “Minimum Performance Standards for Airborne Radio Marker Receiving Equipment,” DO-143, 1970.

[50] EUROCAE, Paris, France.

(a) “Minimum Performance Specification for Airborne VOR Receiving Equipment,” ED-22B, 1988.

(b) “Minimum Performance Specification for Airborne Omega Navigation Equipment,” ED-29, 1977.

(c) “Minimum Performance Specification for Airborne ILS Receiving Equipment (Localiser),” ED-46A, 1988.

(d) “Minimum Performance Specification for Airborne ILS Receiving Equipment (Glide Path),” ED-47A, 1988.

(e) “Minimum Performance Specification for Conventional and Doppler VHF Omnirange, Ground Equipment.” ED-52, 1984.

(f) “Minimum Operational Performance Requirements for DME Interrogators” ED-54, 1987.

(g) “Minimum Performance Specification for DME Ground Equipment,” ED-57, 1986.

CHAPTER 5

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[56] Private communication with Ken Plate of Dome & Margolin, 1992.

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[53] Tazartes, D. A., R. J. Buchler, H. J. Tipton, and R. Grethel. Synergistic interferometric GPS-INS. Proceedings, Institute of Navigation 1995 National Technical Meeting, January 18–20, 1995, Anaheim, CA, pp. 657–671.

[54] Tazartes, D. A., and J. G. Mark. Integration of GPS receivers into existing inertial navigation systems. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 35, 1 (Spring 1988), 105-119.

[55] Warren, K. Electrostatically force-balanced silicon accelerometer. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 38, 1 (Spring 1991): 91–99.

[56] Warzynski, R., and R. Ringo. The evolution of ESG technology. Proceedings of AGARD Symposium, June 1971.

[57] Weber, D. A three axis monolithic ring laser gyro. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 35, 1 (Spring 1988): 15–22.

[58] Wei, M., and K. Schwarz. A strapdown inertial algorithm using an Earth-fixed cartesian frame. Navigation, Journal of the Institute of Navigation 37, 2 (Summer 1990), 153–167.

[59] Wilkinson, J. R. Ring lasers. Progress Quantum Electronics 11 (1987): 1–103.

[60] ARINC Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee, Aeronautical Radio, Inc., Annapolis, MD.

(a) ARINC Characteristic 561-11 “Air Transport Inertial Navigation System,” January 17, 1975.

(b) ARINC Characteristic 704-6 “Inertial Reference System,” May 25, 1990.

(c) ARINC Characteristic 738-1 “Air Data and Inertial Reference System,” November 18, 1994.

[61] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, NY. IEEE Standards.

(a) 337-1972 “IEEE Standard Specification Format Guide and Test Procedures for Linear Single-axis Pendulous Analog Torque Balance Accelerometer.” 48 pp.

(b) 517-1974 “IEEE Standard Specification Format Guide and Test Procedure for Single-Degree-of-Freedom Rate-Integrating Gyro.” 60 pp.

(c) 529-1980 “IEEE Supplement for Strapdown Applications to IEEE Standard 517.” 24 pp.

(d) 528-1994 “IEEE Standard for Inertial Sensor Terminology.” 20 pp.

(e) 530-1978 “IEEE Standard Specification Format Guide and Test Procedure for Linear Single-Axis, Digital Torque-Balance Accelerometer.” 44 pp.

(f) 671-1985 “IEEE Standard Specification Format Guide and Test Procedure for Non-Gyroscopic Inertial Angular Sensors: Jerk, Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement.” 52 pp.

(g) 813-1988 “IEEE Standard Specification Format Guide and Test Procedure for Two-Degree-of-Freedom Dynamically-Tuned Gyros.” 64 pp.

(h) 836-1991 “IEEE Recommended Practice for Precision Centrifuge Testing of Linear Accelerometers.” 80 pp.

(i) 647 “IEEE Specification Format Guide and Test Procedure for Single Axis Laser Gyros,” under preparation.

[62] U.S. Air Force, “Specification for USAF Form, Fit and Function (F³) Medium Accuracy Navigation Unit,” SNU-84-1, Revision D. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH: Aeronautical Systems Division, Air Force Systems Command, September 21, 1992.

CHAPTER 8

[1] Abbott, W. Y., S. C. Spring, R. J. Stewart. Flight evaluation of J-Tec VT-100 vector airspeed sensing system, final report. USAAEFA Proj. No. 75-17-2, May 1977.

[2] Aiken, W. S., Jr. Standard nomenclature for airspeeds with tables and charts for use in calculation of airspeed. NACA Report No. 837, 1946, Washington, DC.

[3] Aeronautical Radio, Inc., Annapolis, MD. ARINC characteristic 706-4, Mark 5 subsonic air-data system. January 1988.

[4] Ames Research Staff, Equations, tables and charts for compressible flow. NACA Report 1135, Ames Aeronautical Laboratories, Moffett Field, CA, 1953.

[5] Ames Research Staff, US standard atmosphere. 1962 and 1976 Revision. Langley, VA: NASA and U.S. Committee on Extension to Standard Atmosphere (COESA).

[6] Baumker, M., and W. Hassenpflug. Analytical evaluation of helicopter true airspeed and associated flight tests, papers no. 112, 119. 14th European Helicopter Forum, Milan, Italy, Sept. 1988.

[7] Bogue, R. K. Recent flight-test results of optical air-data techniques. NASA Technical Memorandum 4504, 1993.

[8] Colton, R. F. Vortex anemometry—new applications of an old principle. 20th International Instrumentation Symposium, May 21–23, 1974, Instrument Society of America, Albuquerque, NM.

[9] Colton, R. F. Vortex anemometers—second generation. Instrument Society of America (ISA) Report 75-757, Industry Oriented Conference and Exhibit, Milwaukee, WI, October 6–9, 1975.

[10] DeLeo, R. V., and F. W. Hagen. Flight calibration of aircraft static pressure systems. Federal Aviation Agency, Report SRDS RD-66-3, February 1966.

[11] Diehl, W. S. Standard atmosphere tables and data. NACA Report No. 218, 1948.

[12] Emrich, R. J. Methods of experimental physics, vol. 18, Fluid Dynamics. Academic Press. 1981.

[13] Erickson, R. A. Accuracy of in-flight computation of altitude from air-data inputs. NAVWEPS Report No. 7784, NOTS TP 2771, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, CA, December 1961, 28 pp.

[14] U.S. Army. Final Report III, USAASTA, Project No. 71-30, Flight Evaluation Pacer Systems, Inc. LORAS II low airspeed system. March 1974.

[15] U.S. Army. Final Report I, USAASTA, Project No. 71-30, Flight evaluation, Elliott dual-axis low airspeed system, LASSIE II, low airspeed sensor. September 1975.

[16] U.S. Army. Final Report VI, USAAEFA, Project No. 71-30, Flight evaluation, Elliott dual-axis low airspeed system. LASSIE II, low airspeed sensor. September 1975.

[17] U.S. Army. Final Report IV, U.S. Army Aviation Systems Test Activity USAAST SUP Project No. 71-30, Flight evaluation, J-TEC airspeed system, low airspeed sensor, April 1974.

[18] Gracey, W. Recent developments in pressure altimetry. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, May–June 1965.

[19] Goldstein, S. (Ed.). Modern developments in fluid dynamics. Volumes I and II, Oxford Engineering Science Series, Oxford University Press, 1952.

[20] Hansman, R. J., and B. H. Kang. Preliminary definition of pressure sensing requirements for hypersonic vehicles. AIAA-88-4652; Proceedings of AIAA/NASA/AFWAL Conference on Sensors and Measurement Techniques for Aeronautical Applications, September 1988.

[21] Hess, J. L., and A. M. O. Smith. Static pressure probes derived from supersonic slender-body theory. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, September–October 1967, pp. 409–415.

[22] Hillje, E. R. The orbiter air-data system. NASA CP-2342-PT-1, June 1983.

[23] Hillje, E. R., and D. E. Tymms. The ascent air-data system for the space shuttle. Proceedings of llth Aerodynamic Testing Conference, March 1980, Colorado Springs.

[24] Hilton, W. F. High speed aerodynamics. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1951.

[25] Hoad, D. R., and D. B. Rhodes. Preliminary rotor wake measurements with a laser velocimeter. NASA Tech. Memorandum 83246, 1986.

[26] Kaletka, J. Evaluation of the helicopter low airspeed system LASSIE. DGLR Seventh European Rotorcrqft and Powered Lift Aircraft Forum, Garmisch Parten Kirchen, Germany. 1981.

[27] Kayton, M., and W. R. Fried (Eds.). Avionics navigation systems. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 1969.

[28] Ladenburg, R. W., B. Lewis, R. N. Pease, and H. S. Taylor (Eds.). Physical measurements in gas dynamics and combustion. Princeton University Press, 1954.

[29] Lion, K. S. Instrumentation in scientific research. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1959.

[30] Livingston, S. P., and W. Gracey, Tables of airspeeds, altitutde and Mach number based on latest values for atmospheric properties and physical constants, NASA TN D-822, August 1961.

[31] Mandle, J. A promising low speed air-data system for helicopters. Twelfth European Rotorcraft Forum, Paper No. 51, Garmisch Parten Kirchen. 1986.

[32] Minzner, R. A., K. S. W. Champion, and H. L. Pond. The ARDC model atmosphere. 1959, Air Force Surveys in Geophysics No. 115 (AFCRC-TR-59-267), Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Aug. 1959.

[33] Onksen, P. J. Helicopter omnidirectional air-data systems. Proceedings of IEEE NAECON Conference, Dayton, OH, May 1983. IEEE, New York, NY.

[34] Pruett, C. D., J. Wolf, M. L. Heck, and P. M. Siemers, Innovative air-data system for the space shuttle orbiter. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 20, 1 (January–February 1983).

[35] Roshko, A. On the development of turbulent wakes from vortex streets. NACA TN 2913 (1953).

[36] Sebring, D., and M. Mclntyre. An air-data inertial reference system for future commercial airplanes. Paper No. 88-3918, AIAA/IEEE 8th Digital Avionics Systems Conference Proceedings, October 1988.

[37] Shapiro, A. H. The dynamics and thermodynamics of compressible flow. Vols. 1 and 2. Ronald Press, New York, 1953.

[38] Siemers, P. M. et al. Shuttle flight pressure instrumentation: experience and lessons for the future. NASA CP-2283, March 1983.

[39] Society of Automotive Engineers. Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP):

(a) ARP-920: “Design and Installation of Pitot Static Systems for Transport Aircraft,” 1967.

(b) ARP-942: “Pressure Altimeter Systems,” 1967. Society of Automotive Engineers, New York 17, N.Y.

[40] Stephan, S. C., Jr., Study and experimental research into flight instrumentation for vehicle operation in the fringe or outside of the atmosphere. ASD Tech Report 61-142, Volumes I and II, Nov. 1961.

[41] Von Karman, Mechanism of drag. Physikalische Zeitschraft, 1912.

[42] Webb, L. Characteristics and use of X-I5 air-data sensors. NASA TND-4597, November 1967.

[43] Wolf, H., M. Henry, and P. M. Siemers, Shuttle entry air-data system (SEADS)—flight verification of an advanced air-data concept, AIAA Paper 88-2104, May 1988.

[44] Wolowicz, C., and T. Gossett, Operational and performance characteristic of the X-15 spherical hypersonic flow direction sensor, NASA TND-3070, August 1965.

[45] Winn, A. L., and J. S. Kishi, Flight evaluation Elliott low airspeed system, Final Report 21 June–15 November, 1971, Report No. AD-753343. USAASTA-71-30, September 1972.

[46] Young, W. L. Test evaluation of J-Tec true airspeed sensor, AFFDL-TM-70-1-FGS, December 1970.

[47] EUROCAE, Minimum performance standards for airborne altitude measurements and coding systems. ED-26, Paris, France, 1979.

[48] RTCA, Inc. Altimetry, DO-88, Washington, DC, 1958.

CHAPTER 9

[1] Archibald, J. B. New technology alternatives to the existing aircraft magnetic azimuth detector. IEEE NAECON Conference, Dayton, OH 1993, pp. 333–344.

[2] Barton, C. E. International geomagnetic reference field: The Seventh generation 1995. Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity, special issue on IGRF 1996.

[3] Bickel, S. H. Error analysis of an algorithm for magnetic compensation. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems (September 1979).

[4] Hine, A. Magnetic Compasses and Magnetometers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968.

[5] Jacobs, J. A. (ed.). Geomagnetism, 4 vols. San Diego: Academic Press, 1987–91.

[6] Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity, special issue on IGRF, 44(1992): 679–707. Articles by R. A. Langel, J. Quinn, and others.

[7] Quinn, J., et al. 1995 revision of joint US/UK geomagnetic field models; Main field. Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity (Fall 1996).

[8] Ramsden, E. Measuring magnetic fields with fluxgate sensors. Sensors (September 1994): 87–90.

[9] Savet, P. H. Gyroscopes: Theory and Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.

[10] Shapiro, A. H. Precision azimuth reference systems. Proceedings of the IRE (IEEE) National Conference on Aeronaturical Electronics, Dayton, OH, May 1957.

[11] Spencer, H. S., and G. F. Kucera. Handbook of Magnetic Compass Adjustment and Compensation. Washington, D.C: U.S. Hydrographic Office Pub. 226. latest issue.

[12] Truxall, J. C. Control System Synthesis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.

[13] U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Technical standard order for magnetic non-stabilized type direction instrument. TSO-C7d. Washington, DC, 1989.

[14] U.S. Federal Aviation Agency. Technical standard order for direction instruments (magnetic). Direct and remote reading. Report TSO-C7c. Washington, DC, 1958.

[15] U.S. Federal Aviation Regulations. Part 25.1303. Washington, DC.

[16] Washburn, J., J. Galloway, and H. Kent. Standard compass/attitude and heading reference system (C/AHRS) utilizing fiber optic gyroscopes. IEEE NAECON Conference, Dayton, OH, May 1993. IEEE, New York, pp. 362–369.

CHAPTER 10

[1] Barton, D. K. Modern Radar Systems. Boston: Artech House, 1988.

[2] Benjamin, S. K. The AN/APN-153(V) Doppler navigation equipment. IEEE Transactions AS-1, 2 (August 1963).

[3] Berger, F. B. The design of airborne Doppler velocity measuring systems. IRE Transactions ANE-4 (December 1957): 176–196.

[4] Berger, F. B. The nature of Doppler velocity measurement. IRE Transactions ANE-4 (September 1957): 157–175.

[5] Buell, H. Doppler radars for low cost, medium accuracy navigation. AGARD Conference Proceedings: Medium Accuracy Low Cost Navigation, no. 176. Sandefiord, Norway, September 1975.

[6] Buell, H. Performance of the AN/ASN-128 Doppler navigation system for helicopters. 1982 IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Atlantic City, October 1982.

[7] Buell, H., and J. Fiore. Accuracy certification flight test report for Doppler velocity sensor (DVS) for C-130 SCNS. GEC Marconi Electronic Systems, April 18, 1985.

[8] Buell, H., and D. Doremus. The AN/ASN-157; A single LRU Doppler navigation system for helicopters. 12th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Ft. Worth, TX, October 1993.

[9] Buell, H., and A. J. Hunton. Synergistic effects of Doppler radar/GPS navigation integration and the development of an advanced navigation system for helicopter applications. Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation National Technical Meeting, San Diego, January 1994.

[10] Buell, H. The AN/ASN-137 advanced Doppler navigation system for helicopters. IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Atlantic City, NJ, 1980.

[11] Bussey, H. C., and C. A. Zielinski. The AN/APN-79 navigation system CW Doppler radar groundspeed sensor. Proceedings of the 1958 National Conference on Aeronautical Electronics, IRE, Dayton, OH, May 1958, pp. 128–132. IEEE, New York, NY.

[12] Campbell, J. P. Back-scattering characteristics of land and sea at X-band. Proceedings of the 1958 National Conference on Aeronautical Electronics, IRE, Dayton, OH, May 1958.

[13] Condie, M. A. Basic design considerations—Automatic navigator AN/APN-67. IRE Transactions ANE-4 (December 1957): 197–201.

[14] Durst, C. J. The sea surface and Doppler. Journal of the Institute of Navigation (England) 11, 2 (April 1958): 143–149.

[15] Eaves, J. L., and E. K. Reedy. Principles of Modern Radar. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1986.

[16] Fried, W. R. An FM-CW radar for simultaneous three dimensional velocity and altitude measurement. IEEE Transactions ANE-11, 1 (March 1964).

[17] Fried, W. R. The application of Doppler navigation equipment in the air traffic control environment. Proceedings of the 1949 National Aeronautical Electronics Conference, IRE, Dayton, OH, May 1959, pp. 502–517.

[18] Fried, W. R. Principles and performance analysis of Doppler navigation systems. IRE Transactions ANE-4, 4 (December 1957): 176–196.

[19] Fried, W. R., and J. A. Losier. The nature and correction of Doppler radar errors over water. Proceedings of the 1964 National Conference on Aerospace Electronics, IEEE, Dayton, OH, May 1964.

[20] Glegg, K. C. M. A low noise CW Doppler technique. Proceedings of the 1958 National Conference on Aeronautical Electronics, IRE. Dayton, OH, May 1958, pp. 133–144.

[21] Grant, C. R., and B. S. Yaplee. Back-scattering from water and land at centimeter wavelengths. Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 45, July 1957, pp. 976–982.

[22] Gray, T., and J. Moran. Decca Doppler and airborne navigation. British Communications and Electronics 5 (October 1948): 764–771.

[23] Grocott, D. F. H. Doppler correction for surface movement. Journal of the Institute of Navigation (England) 16, 1 (January 1963).

[24] Gustin, R. M. Flight test results of navigation set radar, AN/APN-66 and AN/APN-82. Wright Air Development Center Technical Note TN-55-746. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 1955.

[25] Laschever, N. L. AN/APN-78, A Doppler navigator for helicopters. Proceedings of the 1958 National Conference on Aeronautical Electronics, IRE, Dayton, OH, May 1958, pp. 117–122.

[26] McKay, M. W. The AN/APN-96 Doppler radar set. 1958 IRE National Convention Record, pt. 5, pp. 71–77.

[27] McMahon, F. A. The AN/APN-81 Doppler navigation system. IRE Transactions ANE-4 (December 1957): 202–211.

[28] Miller, G. M. Design considerations for the APN-79 airborne Doppler navigation system. Navigation 6, 3 (Autumn 1958): 147–156.

[29] Moore, R. K., and C. S. Williams. Radar terrain return at near vertical incidence. Proceedings of the IRE 45, 2 (February 1957): 228–238.

[30] Oleinik, L., et al. Doppler/GPS navigation set (DGNS) flight test report. U.S. Army Electronics Systems Division, Command/Control and Systems Integration Directorate. Cecom Research, Development and Engineering Center, Fort Monmouth, NJ, February 27. 1995.

[31] Saltzman, H., and G. Stavis. A dual beam planar array antenna for Janus type Doppler navigation systems. IRE Convention Record 1958, pt. 1, p. 241.

[32] Schultheiss, P. M., C. A. Worgin, and F. Zweig, Short-time frequency measurement of narrow band random signals in the presence of wide-band noise. Journal of Applied Physics, 25, 8 (1954): 1025–1036.

[33] Smith, P. G. Leakage rejection in beam-switched CW radars. IRE Transactions ANE-10, 1 (March 1963).

[34] Smith, P. G. Null tracking Doppler navigation radar. IEEE Transactions, ANE-10, 1 (March 1963).

[35] Willis, D. C. Operational experience with Doppler. Navigation 9, 3 (Autumn 1962).

[36] Wiltse, J. C., S. P. Schlesinger, and C. M. Johnson. Backscattering characteristics of the sea in the region from 10 to 50 KMC. Proceedings of the IRE 45, 2 (February 1957): 220–228.

[37] Wulfsberg, P. G. A coherent high performance FM-CW Doppler radar navigation system. Proceedings of the 1959 National Aeronautical Electronics Conference, Dayton, OH, May 1959, pp. 343–347.

[38] ARINC Characteristic No. 540. Airborne Doppler radar, Annapolis, MD: Aeronautical Radio Inc., 1965.

[39] RTCA, Inc. Minimum operational performance standards for airborne Doppler radar navigation equipment, DO-158, 1975, Washington, D.C.: RTCA.

[40] Fried, W. R., History of Doppler radar navigation, Navigation 40:2 (1993) 121–136, Institute of Navigation, Alexandria, VA.

[41] Tull, W. J., The early history of airborne Doppler systems, Navigation, 43:1 (1996), 9–24, Institute of Navigation, Alexandria, VA.

CHAPTER 11

[1] Kovaly, J. J. Synthetic Aperture Radar. Boston: Artech House, 1976.

[2] Hovanessian, S. A. Introduction to Synthetic Array and Imaging Radars. Boston: Artech House, 1980.

[3] Rihaczek, A. W. Principles of High Resolution Radar. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969, ch. 13.

[4] Wehner, R. R. High Resolution Radar. Boston: Artech House, 1987, ch. 6.

[5] Monis, G. V. Airborne Pulse Doppler Radar. Boston: Artech House, 1988, ch. 9.

[6] Stimson, G. W. Introduction to Airborne Radar. Hughes Aircraft Company, El Segundo, CA, 1983, pt. VIII.

[7] Oppenheim, A. V. (ed.). Applications of Digital Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978, ch. 5.

[8] Farrell, J. L., J. H. Mims, and A. Sorrell. Effects of navigation errors in maneuvering SAR. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 9, 5 (September 1973): 758–775.

[9] Robinson, P. N. Depth of field for SAR with aircraft acceleration. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 20, 5 (September 1984): 603–615.

[10] Ausherman, D. A., A. Kozma, J. L. Walker, H. M. Jones, and E. C. Poggio. Developments in radar imaging. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 20, 4 (July 1984): 363–400.

[11] Cafforio, C., C. Prati, and F. Rocca. SAR data focusing using seismic migration techniques. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 27, 2 (March 1991): 194–207.

[12] Perkins, L. C., H. B. Smith, and D. H. Mooney. The development of airborne pulse Doppler radar. IEEE Transactions of Aerospace and Electronic Systems 20, 3 (May 1984): 292–303.

[13] Scott, W. B. ITT Gilfillan focuses on advanced phased array and bistatic radars. Aviation Week and Space Technology, June 1988, pp. 93–97.

[14] Scott, W. B. First model of ATF common integrated processor delivered to Lockheed. Aviation Week and Space Technology, August 29, 1988, pp. 65–67.

[15] New circuits expected to exceed projections. Aviation Week and Space Technology, July 30, 1984, pp. 46–51.

[16] Zorpette, G. The beauty of 32 bits. IEEE Spectrum (September 1985): 65–71.

[17] Hutcheson, L. D., P. Haugen, and A. Husain. Optical interconnects replace hardware. IEEE Spectrum (March 1987): 30–35.

[18] Skolnik, M. I. Introduction to Radar Systems, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

[19] Barton, D. K. Radar Systems Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964.

CHAPTER 12

[1] Kayton, M., and W. R. Fried. Avionics Navigation Systems. New York: Wiley, 1969.

[2] Pitman, G. R. Inertial Guidance. New York: Wiley, 1962.

[3] Britting, K. R. Inertial Navigation Systems Analysis. New York: Wiley-Inter-science, 1971.

[4] Jazwinski, A. H. Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory. New York: Academic Press, 1970.

[5] Nahi, N. E. Estimation Theory and Applications. New York: Wiley, 1969.

[6] Brockstein, A., and J. Kouba. Derivation of free inertial, general wander azimuth error model equations. Litton Systems, Inc., Woodland Hills, CA, Technical Memo 69-72, Pub. No. 9325A.

[7] Ogata, K. State Space Analysis of Control Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

[8] Gelb, A. Applied Optimal Estimation. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974.

[9] Knobbe, E. J. Application of the information matrix to inertial component/system test. Proceedings Seventh Biennal Guidance Test Symposium, Holloman AFB, NM, May 1975.

[10] Van Trees, H. L. Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory. Part I. New York: Wiley, 1968.

[11] Wiley, R. R. Cassegrain-type telescopes. Sky and Telescope, April 1962.

[12] Herzberger, M. Modern Geometrical Optics. New York: Interscience, 1958.

[13] Valasek, J. Introduction to Theoretical and Experimental Optics. New York: Wiley, 1949.

[14] Sherwin, C. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. New York: Henry Holt, 1959.

[15] Bell, E. Radiometric quantities, symbols, and units. Proceedings of the IRE, September 1959.

[16] Celestial trackers, theory, design, applications. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Navigational Electronics (special issue) 10, 3 (September 1963).

[17] Quasius, G., and F. McCanless. Star Trackers and Systems Design, Spartan Books, 1966.

[18] The brightness and polarization of the daylight sky at altitudes of 18,000 to 38,000 feet. Journal of the Optical Society of America 41, 7 (July 1951).

[19] Laverty, N. P., and W. M. Clark. High altitude daytime sky radiance measurement. Nortronics Report 64-219. June 1964.

[20] U.S. Air Force. The Handbook of Geophysics, rev. ed. New York: Macmillan, 1960.

[21] Deters, R. A., and R. L. Gutshall. Charge transfer device star tracker applications. AIAA Journal of Guidance 10, 1 (January–February 1987).

[22] Dereniak, E., and D. Crowe. Optical Radiation Detectors. New York: Wiley, 1984.

[23] Duncan, T. M. A daylight stellar sensor using a charge coupled device. Proceedings, SPIE 111 (1989).

[24] Cox, J. A. Evaluation of peak location algorithms with subpixel accuracy for mosaic focal planes. Proceedings SPIE (August 1981).

[25] Boxenhorn, B. Covariance analysis of a charge carrier device processing algorithm for stellar sensors. AIAA Journal of Guidance 6 (July–August 1983).

[26] Dennison, E. W., and R. H. Stanton. Ultra-precise star tracking using charge coupled devices (CCDs). Proceedings SPIE 252 (1980).

[27] Norville, W. Celestial Navigation Step by Step, 2d ed. Camden, ME: International Marine Publishing, 1984.

[28] Meeus, J. Astronomical Algorithms. Richmond, VA: Willman-Bell, 1991.

[29] Stoll, R., P. F. Forman, and J. Edelman (Perkin-Elmer Corp.). The effect of different grinding procedures on the strength of scratched and unscratched fused silica. Symposium on the Strength of Glass and Ways to Improve it, Perkin-Elmer Corp., September 1961.

[30] Thomas, C. O., and M. F. Popelka, Jr., Viewing condition during supersonic flight. Autonetics Division, North American Rockwell Corporation. Report EM-1314. September 16, 1957.

[31] Johnson, F. S. Atmospheric structure. Astronautics (August 1962): 54.

[32] Hosfeld, R. Comparison of stellar scintillation with image motion. Journal of the Optical Society of America 44, 4 (April 1954).

[33] National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Ligh diffusion through high speed turbulent boundary layers, NACA RM A56B21, May 25, 1956.

[34] Ellison, M. H. The effects of scintillation on telescopic images. Symposium Proceedings on Astronomical Optics. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1956.

[35] Deflection and diffusion of a light ray passing through a boundary layer. Douglas Aircraft Co., DDC AD264. May 16, 1952.

[36] Gottlieb, D. M. SKYMAP, A New Catalog of Stellar Data. Astrophysical Journal, suppl. series, 38 (November 1978): 287–308.

[37] Glasby, J. S. Variable Stars. London: Constable Ltd., 1968.

[38] Burnham, R., Jr. Burnham's Celestial Handbook, vols. 1–3. New York: Dover, 1978.

[39] Green, R. Spherical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

[40] Kennel, J., S. Havstad, and D. Hood. Star sensor simulation for astroinertial guidance and navigation. SPIE Proceedings No. 1694 (April 1992).

[41] Bowditch, N. The American Practical Navigator. U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office Publication 9, Washington, DC, 1995.

CHAPTER 13

[1] Kelly, R. J., and J. M. Davis. Required navigation performance (RNP) for precision approach and landing with GNSS application. Navigation 41, 1 (Spring 1994).

[2] Directorate of All Weather Operations. National Air Traffic Service (U.K.). Internal memos of various dates in 1982.

[3] Correspondence titled “RVR Statistiek” from A. J. G. J. Brakke, Aeronautical Inspection Directorate, Hoofdorp, The Netherlands, November 1994.

[4] The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), headquartered in Montreal, an entity of the United Nations, maintains various Annexes to the (Chicago) Convention on International Civil Aviation that promulgate standards and recommended practices (SARPs) to ensure ground/air avionics interoperability. In addition a large number of manuals and other documents provide guidance on implementing and operating most aspects of the civil aviation infrastructure:

(a) Annex 10, Aeronautical Telecommunications, vol. 1, 4th ed., April 1985

(b) Annex 14, Aerodromes, 8th ed., March 1983

(c) Doc 9365, Manual of All Weather Operations, Second. Ed., 1991

(d) Operational requirements for a new non-visual precision approach and landing guidance system for international civil aviation, Report of the 7th Air Navigation Conference, 1974

(e) Report of the All Weather Operations Divisional Meeting (AWO 78), Doc 9242, 1978

(f) Report of the Fifteenth Meeting of the All Weather Operations Panel, October 1994

(g) Proposed Operational Requirements for Advanced Surface Movement Guidance & Control Systems (A-SMGCS), European Air Navigation Planning Group, Draft 6, October 1994.

[5] Federal Aviation Administration: Washington, D.C.

(a) Advisory Circular 120-29, Criteria for Approving Category I and Category II Landing Minima for FAR121 Operations, September 1970

(b) Advisory Circular 120-28c, Criteria for Approval of Category III Landing Weather Minima, March 1984

(c) Advisory Circular 20-57A, Automatic Landing Systems, January 1971

(d) Handbook 8260.3B, United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS), 3d ed., July 1976, reprinted August 1993.

(e) Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR), current edition

(f) GPS Implementation Plan for Air Navigation and Landing, August 1994.

(g) Order 6750.54, Electronic Installation and Instructions for Instrument Landing System (ILS) Facilities. Dec. 17, 1993. pp. 20. Washington, DC.

[6] Instrument Approach Procedure Charts. Published by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and by the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center at two-week intervals.

[7] Litchford, G. B. The 100 ft barrier. Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA (July 1964): 58–65.

[8] AIAA/ION Guidance and Control Conference Proceedings, August 1965:

(a) G. L. Teper and R. L. Stapleford. An assessment of the lateral-directional handling qualities of a large aircraft in the landing approach, pp. 351–359

(b) J. R. Utterstrom and R. E. Kestek. The Boeing-Bendix precision approach and landing system, pp. 319–324

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, 1965.

[9] Redlien, H. W., and R. J. Kelly. Microwave landing system: The new international standard. Advances in Electron Physics 57 (1981).

[10] Cole, D. A Brief Early Histoiy of Automatic Landing in the UK. London: CAA House, undated.

[11] McGrath, J. L. Trident All Weather Operations. Islip, Middlesex: British European Airways, June 1973.

[12] Lloyd, E., and W. Tye. Systematic Safety. London: CAA House, July 1982.

[13] Metz, H. I. A survey of instrument landing systems in the United States. IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics (January 1959): 78–84.

[14] Sandretto, P. C. Electronic Avigation Engineering, ITT Corp., New York, 1958.

[15] Brockway, A. L. ILS accuracy requirements per ICAO Annex 10. Bendix Corporation, Baltimore, MD, January 1974.

[16] Instrument Landing System Concepts, 7th ed. Federal Aviation Administration Academy, Catalog No. 40233, March 1986.

[17] Kayton, M. The near field of the instrument landing system glide slope. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electrical Systems (July 1968): 237.

[18] RTCA, Inc. Washington, DC.

(a) A new guidance system for approach and landing. Document DO-148. December 18, 1970

(b) Minimum operational performance standards for MLS area navigation equipment. Document DO-198, 1995

(c) Minimum aviation system performance standards DGNSS instrument approach system, DO-217 including Change 1, 1994.

(d) Minimum operational performance standards for airborne ILS localizer receiving equipment, DO-195, 1986.

(e) Minimum operational performance standards for airborne ILS glide slope receiving equipment, DO-192, 1986.

(f) Minimum operational performance standards for MLS airborne receiving equipment, DO-177, 1992.

[19] U.S. Air Force, Electronic Systems Center. Specification for the Mobile Microwave Landing System, Revision A. Hanscom Air Force Base, MA, September 1993.

[20] Kelly, R. J., and D. R. Cusick, Distance measuring equipment and its evolving role in aviation. Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics 68 (1986).

[21] van Graas, F., et al. FAA/Ohio University/UPS Autoland flight test results. 1995 National Technical Meeting, Institute of Navigation, Washington, DC, January 1995.

[22] van Graas, F., D. Diggle, and R. Hueschen. Interferometric GPS Flight Reference/Autoland System: Flight test results. Satellite Division Conference GPS-93, Institute of Navigation, Washington, DC, September 1993.

[23] Diggle, D. An Investigation Into the Use of Satellite-Based Positioning Systems for Flight Reference/Autoland Operations, Ph.D. dissertation Ohio University, March 1994.

[24] Institute of Navigation, Satellite Division Conference GPS-95, September 1995:

(a) W. Hundley, et al. FAA-Wilcox Electric Category IIIb Feasibility Demonstration Program—Flight test results

(b) F. van Graas, et al. FAA/Ohio University/United Parcel Service DGPS Autoland flight test demonstration

(c) B. Elrod, et al. Stanford Telecommunications, Test results of local area augmentation of GPS with an in-band pseudolite.

[25] Durand, T. S., and R. J. Wasicko, Factors influencing glide path control in carrier landing. AIAA J. Aircraft 4:2 pp. 146–158. 1967. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

[26] Schoppe, W. J. The Navy's Use of Digital Radio, IEEE Transactions on Communication, 1979, pp. 1938–1945.

[27] Dornheim, M. A. MM-Radar Shows Commercial Utility, Aviation Week, November 2, 1994, pp. 55–59.

[28] Henry, H. G., R. C. Frietag, R. R. Shaller, and M. Cohn. 1989 IEEE Electron Devices Symposium (IEDM Convention Record), July 1989, pp. 7.7.1–7.7.4.

[29] Gold, T. Visual perception of pilots in carrier landing. AIAA J. Aircraft 11:12 pp. 723–729. 1974. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

[30] Sharp, R. (ed). JANES FIGHTING SHIPS 1995–96. Surrey, UK: Janes Information Group.

[31] EUROCAE, Minimum operational performance specification for ILS/MLS airborne receiving equipment. ED-74. Paris, France.

[32] Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee, Aeronautical Radio, Inc. Annapolis, MD.

(a) ARINC Characteristic 709-8 “Precision Airborne Distance Measuring Equipment. 8/94.

(b) ARINC Characteristic 710-10 “Mark 2 Airborne ILS Receiver.” 7/96.

(c) ARINC Characteristic 727-1 “Airborne Microwave Landing System” 8/87.

CHAPTER 14

[1] ARINC, Inc. Airborne Global Positioning System Receiver. ARINC Characteristic 743. Aeronautical Radio, Inc., Annapolis, MD 21401. Current edition.

[2] ARINC, Inc. Automatic Dependent Surveillance. ARINC Characteristic 745. Aeronautical Radio, Inc., Annapolis, MD 21401. Current edition.

[3] ARINC, Inc. Aviation Satellite Communications System. ARINC Characteristic 741. Aeronautical Radio, Inc., Annapolis, MD 21404. Current edition.

[4] Congress of the United States of America, Federal Aviation Act of 1958. Public Law 85-726, as amended. U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, August 23, 1958.

[5] Department of the Air Force, Instrument Flying. AFM 5137. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC 20402. Current edition.

[6] Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 121. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Current edition.

[7] Federal Aviation Administration, Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Advisory Circular 61-23. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Current edition.

[8] Federal Aviation Administration, Airman's Information Manual. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Current edition.

[9] Federal Aviation Administration, Approval of Area Navigation Systems for Use in the U.S. National Airspace System. Advisory Circular 90-45. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Current edition.

[10] Federal Aviation Administration. United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS). FAA Handbook 8260.3. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Current edition.

[11] Federal Aviation Administration, Air Traffic Control. FAA Order 7110.65. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Current edition.

[12] Federal Aviation Administration, Instrument Flying Handbook. Advisory Circular 61-27. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Current edition.

[13] Federal Aviation Administration. National Airspace System Operational Concept. NAS-SR-130, DOT/FAA/SE-93/1. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. June 1993.

[14] Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. National Aviation Standard for the Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service. FAA Order 6880.1. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC 20591. Current edition.

[15] Federal Aviation Administration. Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System (GPS). Technical Standard Order C129. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC 20591. Current edition.

[16] Federal Aviation Administration. Aviation System Capacity Plan. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC 20591. Current edition.

[17] Federal Aviation Administration. Introduction to TCAS II. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC 20591. March 1990.

[18] Field, A. International Air Traffic Control. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985.

[19] Green, S. M., et al. Profile negotiation: A concept for integrating airborne and ground-based automation for merging arrival traffic. Proceedings of the 1991 RTCA Technical Symposium. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. November 1991.

[20] Harman, W. H. TCAS: A system for preventing midair collisions. Lincoln Laboratory Journal, vol. 2, no. 3 (special issue on ATC). Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA 02173-91108. Fall 1989.

[21] International Civil Aviation Organzation. Manual on Implementation of a 1000 ft Vertical Separation Minimum (VSM) Between FL290 and FL410. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2. Current edition.

[22] International Civil Aviation Organization. Guidance Material for Required Navigation Performance (RNP). International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2. To be published.

[23] International Civil Aviation Organization. Secondary Surveillance Radar Mode S Advisory Circular. Circular 174-AN/110. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2. 1983.

[24] International Civil Aviation Organization. Automatic Dependent Surveillance. Circular 226-AN/135. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2. 1983.

[25] International Civil Aviation Organization. Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service Advistory Circular. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2. To be published.

[26] International Civil Aviation Organization. Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems. Circular 195-AN/118. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2. 1985.

[27] International Civil Aviation Organization. Report of Special Committee on Future Air Navigation Systems Fourth Meeting. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada H3A 2R2. May 1988.

[28] Jeppesen Sanderson, Instrument Rating Manual. Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., Engle-wood, CO. Current edition.

[29] Mahapatra, P. R., and D. S. Zrnic. Sensors and systems to enhance aviation safety against weather hazards. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 79, no. 9. September 1991.

[30] Massoglia, P. L., et al. The use of satellite technology for oceanic air traffice control. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 77, no. 11 (special issue on ATC). November 1989.

[31] McCarthy, J. Advances in Weather Technology for the Aviation System. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 77, no. 11 (special issue on ATC). November 1989.

[32] Miller, C. A. et al. A View of Air Traffic Management as a Challenge in Information Management. Paper presented at GLOBAL NAVCOM 93, Seattle, WA, June 28–July 1, 1993. (Available from Secretariat of International Civil Aviation Organization.)

[33] Miller, C. A., et al. Results of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System Transition Program. Paper presented at 46th Annual International Air Safety Seminar, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. November 8–11, 1993. (Available from Flight Safety Foundation, Arlington, VA.)

[34] Miller, C. A., et al. Report of the Future System Design Working Group. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC 20591. November 1990.

[35] Miller, C. A., and J. J. Fee. Future management of oceanic air traffic. Avionics. August 1991.

[36] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Terminal Procedures. National Ocean Service, NOAA, N/CG33, Rieverdale, MD 20737.

[37] Nolan, M. S. Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990.

[38] Orlando, V. A. The Mode S beacon radar system. Lincoln Laboratory Journal vol. 2, no. 3 (special issue on ATC). Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA 02173-91108. Fall 1989.

[39] Pozesky, M. T., and M. K. Mann. The US air traffic control system architecture. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 77, no. 11 (special issue on ATC). November 1989.

[40] Pozesky, M. T. Concepts and Description of the Future Air Traffic Management System for the United States. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC 20591. April 1991.

[41] Roy, A., and A. D. Martelli. Aeronautical VHF datalink: Present and future. Proceedings of Third Annual International Aeronautical Telecommunications Symposium on Data Link Integration. Federal Aviation Administration and Aeronautical Radio, Inc., Annapolis, MD, May 1991.

[42] RTCA, Inc. Report of Special Committee 159 on Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPs) for Global Positioning System (GPS). DO-202. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[43] RTCA, Inc. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using Global Positioning System (GPS). DO-208. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[44] RTCA, Inc. Task Force Report on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Transition and Implementation Strategy. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. September 1992.

[45] RTCA, Inc. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System/Mode Select (ATCRBS/Mode S) Airborne Equipment. DO-181A. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[46] RTCA, Inc. Minimum Operational Performance Standard for Airborne Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS). DO-212. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[47] RTCA, Inc. Minimum Operational Performance Standard for Mode S Airborne Data Link Processor. DO-203. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[48] RTCA, Inc. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Services (AMSS). DO-210. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[49] RTCA, Inc. Guidance on Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service (AMSS) End-to-End System Performance. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. To be published.

[50] RTCA, Inc. Design Guidelines and Recommended Standards to Support Open Systems Interconnection for Aeronautical Mobile Digital Communications. DO-205. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[51] RTCA, Inc. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) Airborne Equipment. DO-185, Vol I and II. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[52] RTCA, Inc. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for an Active Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System I (Active TCAS I) for Revenue Passenger Operations. DO-197A. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC 20036. Current edition.

[53] RTCA, Inc., Final report of RTCA Task Force 3 Free flight implementation, October 26, 1995.

[54] Sorensen, J., et al. Opportunities for integrating the aircraft FMS with the future air traffic management system. 37th Annual Air Traffic Control Association Conference Proceedings. Air Traffic Control Association, Inc., Arlington, VA 22201. November 1992.

[55] Stallings, W. Data and Computer Communications. New York: Macmillian, 1988.

[56] Stevens, M. C. Secondary Surveillance Radar. Boston: Artech House, 1988.

[57] Stone, M. L., and J. R. Anderson. Advances in Primary Radar. Lincoln Laboratory Journal vol. 2, no. 3 (special issue on ATC). Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA 02173-91108. Fall 1989.

[58] Unisys Corporation. Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS IIA) System Description. Unisys Corporation, Paoli, PA 19301. May 1987.

[59] U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Department of Defense. Federal Radionavigation Plan. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. Published in even-numbered years.

[60] Van Sickle, N. D. Modern Airmanship. Tab Books, Inc., Blue Ridge Summit, PA. Current edition.

[61] Williamson, T., and N. Spencer. Development and operation of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 77, no. 11 (special issue on ATC). November 1989.

CHAPTER 15

[1] U.S. Department of the Navy. Advanced avionics architecture and technology review. Final report. U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command, August 1993.

[2] Aeronautical Radio, Inc. ARINC 429 Digital Information Transfer System. Annapolis, MD. 1993.

[3] Spitzer, C. R. Digital Avionics Systems, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

[4] RTCA, Inc. DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment. Washington, DC, 1989.

[5] MIL-STD-1553 Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Bus, September 1986.

[6] MIL-STD-704 Aircraft Electrical Power Characteristics, May 1991.