INDEX
Use this index in conjunction with the Table of Contents. Acronyms are defined in italics. Listings are under the noun except where an expression is commonly used, in which case the listing is under the adjective (e.g., Kalman filter or multisensor navigation). When navigation is the noun, the listing is under the adjective or the navaid. Some expressions are listed only under the acronym (e.g., FIR, FANS, AGC). Page numbers lead the reader to the vicinity of the topic in the book but not necessarily to all pages on which the expression occurs.
A-200, 605
AAMP microprocessor, 247
Aborted landing, see Bolter; Missed approach
Aborted takeoff, 7
Absolute position:
Absorption, see Atmosphere
Absorption ratio, 101
A/C aircraft
Acceleration:
deck heave, 631
effect on gyro drift rate, 345
effect on oscillators, 233
GPS limit, 248
inertial equations, 365 ff
See also Accelerometer; Vibration
Accelerometer:
bias estimation, 87
electrolytic level, 429
flight control, 324
floated, 320
hysteresis, 321
multiaxis, 323
pendulum, 319
PIGA, 323
pulse-rebalance, 326
rectification in, 323
testing, 324
thermal effects, 323
vibrating beam, 322
vibration effects, 320
Accident rate, autoland, 597–598
Accuracy, see Error
ACID, aircraft identification code, 665, 675
ACLS, automatic carrier landing system, 633
Acoustic:
air data, 417
gyroscope, 348
target detector, 6
Acquisition:
GPS code, 216
Loran, 151
radar target, 505
star, 574
A/D, analog-digital
Adaptive control, see Filter
ADC, see Analog-digital converter
ADC, air-data computer, 409–411
Adcock loop, 119
ADDSI, Army data distribution system interface, 311
ADF, airborne direction finder, 117
ADIZ, Air Defense Identification Zone
ADS, see Automatic dependent surveillance
Advisory Circulars, see FAA,
AE, antenna electronics, 245
AEEC, Airline Electronic Engineering Committee
AERA, automated en-route ATC, 679
Aeronautical Radio, Inc., see ARINC
Aeronautical Telecommunications Network, 671
Aerosols, 419
AFCS, automatic flight control system
Africa, 167
AFSCF, Air Force Satellite Control Facility, US, 208
AGC, automatic gain control, 233, 247, 507
AGL, above ground level
AGR, air-to-ground ranging, 504
AH, alert height, 599
AH-1 helicopter, 417
AH-64D helicopter, 415
AHRS, attitude and heading reference system:
complex dg/vg, 426, 430, 433–436
with Doppler radar, 450
with GPS, 347
gyroscopes for, 325
with magnetic compass, 443
with navcom, 14
simple inertial, 389
AIM, Airman's Information Manual, 645
Air, properties, see Atmosphere; Ionosphere; Troposphere; Weather
Airbus HUD, 637
Air Carrier Operating Certificate, 644
Aircraft carrier:
alignment, INS, 377
deck motion, 631
landing systems, 630 ff
Air data:
boom, 395
distributed ports, 421
helicopter, 413 ff
history, 400
hypersonic, 421
optical, 418 ff
smart probes, 424
system, 393 ff
Air Force, see United States
Airport:
capacity, 681
control tower, 655
cornerpost fix, 659
reliever, 681
sensitive area, 620
surface detection radar, 604
surface navigation, 9, 605, 638
surface reflection, 619
surveillance radar, 664–667, 683
traffic control, 642 ff
See also Approach: Departure; Ground control; Runway
Airspace:
capacity, 681
Class A and B, 645
positive control, 645
special use, 646
See also Air traffic management
Airspeed:
during carrier landing, 631
equivalent, 397
“hold,” 15
indicated, 397
Mach calculation, 405
Air traffic management, 642 ff
alert, 686
blocks, 12
China, 13
procedural, 13
railroad precedent, 13
undeveloped areas, 13
See also Airport; Airspace; Capacity; Landing; Mode-C; Separation
Airway:
jet route, 646
low altitude, 646
Victor, 646
AJ, anti-jam, 230. See also Jamming
ALA-52, 497
Alarm:
limit, 266
navaid integrity, 11
radar, false, 540
star selection, 583
Alaska, 152
Aliasing, 247
Alert:
conflict, 678
flag, GPS, 221
height, 599
TCAS, 684
Alignment, 317 ff
avionics, 703
azimuth, 86
directional gyro, 446
coarse, 382
fine, 383
gyrocompassing, 384 ff
maneuver-match, 388
memory, 381
numerical example, 392
optical, 381
preflight, 592
runway, 381
stellar-inertial, 560, 592–593
vertical gyro, 446
See also Calibration
Allied Signal, 497
Almanac:
GLONASS, 251
star, 556
Altimeter:
for approach, 600
for traffic control, 644
in celestial navigator, 575
GPS-inertial, 86
inertial, 374
Altitude:
astronomical, 556
ATM display, 658
baro-inertial, 375
density, 404
indicated, 644
inertial, 374
hole, radar, 481
star (angular), 556
See also Minimum altitude
Altitude rate, air data, 407
Amplifier:
TWT, 546
AN/x, U.S. military designation, see x
Analog-digital converters:
accelerometer, 320
air data, 402
Anchorage, 681
Anemometer:
early flight, 19
rotating, 414
Aneroid, see Altimeter; Barometric
Angle of attack:
landing, 603
probe, 395
Angle of sideslip, 399 ff
Aniso-inertia, 343
Anomaly:
magnetic, 437
orbital, 187
Antarctic, 503
Antenna:
Adcock, 119
aperture, 101
array, GPS, 204
ATM radar, 665
controlled reception pattern, 230
dipole, 99 ff
directivity, 101
DME airborne, 131
drift-stabilized, 459
elevation pattern, 507
end-fire glide slope, 617
farm, 4
fixed radiation pattern, 215
GPS ground, 208
GPS requirements, 230
GPS satellite, 204
isotropic radiator, 101
Janus, 454
location for GPS pseudolite, 278
log periodic, 613
Loran transmitter, 147
marker beacon, 121
mechanically scanned, 622
MLS airborne, 626
near field, 463
nulls, 110
Omega airborne, 169
Omega ground station, 156
phase center, 511
pseudolite, 278
radar altimeter, 492
radiated power, 102
SAR pattern, 513
SAR radar, 512
slotted array, 480
SPN-46, 635
Tacan, 134
transponder, 665
wave-guide glide slope, 616
See also Aperture; Beam configuration; Centroid; Polarization
See also each navaid
Antenna placement:
aircraft, 4
aircraft carrier, 632
Antenna, stabilized:
horizontally, 134, 459, 474, 636
Anti-jam, 230, See also Jamming
AOC, auxiliary output chip, 248
AOR, Atlantic Ocean Region, 270
APD, automated problem detection, 679
Aperture:
antenna, 101
effective area, 101
SAR, 517
telescope, 565
APN-81, 490
APN-154, 634
APN-194, 493
APN-202, 634
Apogee, satellite, 186
Apollo, 450
Approach:
alarm, 11
back course, 613
controller, 655
coupled, 609
crab angle, 603
description, 8
fix, 8
front course, 613
instrument, 652
navaids allowed, 652
radar, 662
routes, 659
sink rate, 600
terminal area, 6
terminal VOR, 646
visual, 651
See also Approach; Precision; Landing; Missed approach; PAR
GPS, 235
See also Category of landing: ILS; PAR
APQ, available position quality, 299
APR, automated problem resolution, 679
Apsides of orbit, 186
Architecture, system:
air data, 412
distributed, 412
Area navigation, see RNAV
Argentina, 152
ARINC, Aeronautical Radio Inc.:
air data, 725
characteristics, 19
DME, 628
Doppler radar, 730
marker beacon, 619
multimode receiver, 638
software, 51
See also each navaid
ARINC-429 data bus, 693
air data, 409
GPS, 234
ARINC-600, 702
ARINC-629 data bus, 694
Army, see United States
Arrival, see Approach
ARSR, air route surveillance radar, 677
ARTCC, air route traffic control center, 677–678, 681
Artificial horizon, 11
A-S, anti-spoofing, 198, 235, 248
Ascension Island, 208
ASDE, airport surface detection radar, 604
ASF, additional secondary phase factor, Loran, 143
ASN-157, 490
ASR, airport surveillance radar, 679
Astrocompass, 446
Astrodome, 3
ATC, air-traffic control, 642 ff
ATCSCC, air traffic control system command center, 677
ATCT, airport traffic control tower, 677, 679
ATE, automatic test equipment, see Testing
ATIS, automatic terminal information service, 657, 660, 670, 680
Atlantic Ocean, 13, 152, 270, 651, 680
ATM, air-traffic management, 642
Atmosphere:
absorption, 109
attenuation in fog, 109
attenuation in rain, 109
radio noise, 105
refraction, L-band, 298
specific heat ratio, 397
standard, aerodynamic, 397, 644
standard, refraction, 196
See also Ionosphere; Troposphere
ATN, Aeronautical Telecommunications Network 671
ATR, Austin-Trumbull radio rack
Attitude:
“hold,” 15
integration, 349
Augmentation, GPS, 268 ff
Autocorrelation, see Correlation; Noise
Automatic dependent surveillance, 1, 13, 650, 660, 667–669, 687
Autofocus, SAR, 520
Autoland, 605 ff
Automation:
cockpit, 17
navaid, 11
See also Fault tolerance and each navaid
Autonomy, navaid, 9
Autopilot, see Flight control
Availability:
ATM, 663
landing, 629
Loran, 144
See also Reliability; SA
Aviation System Capacity Plan, 681
Avionics:
architecture, 18
interfaces, 691 ff
military, 16
partitioning, 18
subsystems, 16
See also Packaging
AWACS airborne warning and control system 290
Azimuth:
from direction cosines, 385
free, 371
SAR, 513 ff
star calculation, 556
See also Heading
B-2, 551
B-52, 450
B-58, 551
Back azimuth, MLS, 621
Back-course, ILS, 613
Background light, see Atmosphere
Backscattering:
Doppler radar, 452 ff
mapping radar, 507
Bandwidth:
air data, 402
antenna, 475
data bus, 693
Doppler, 475
GPS-IF, 236
GPS P-code, 216
Omega, 169
radar altimeter, 493
Band, see Frequency bands
Barometer, see Altimeter
Barometric correction, 405
Baseband, 216
Baseline, Loran, 153
Batteries, 18
Beacon:
carrier landing, 634
four-course, 11
lighted, 11
non-directional, 13, 120–121, 662
radar mode, 503
Tacan, 133
See also Interrogator; Marker beacon; Transponder
Beam:
riding, 2
See also Doppler radar; Radar; Airborne
Beam width:
radar, 504
radar altimeter, 492
Bearing:
to autopilot, 21
illustration, 30
measurement of, 32
relative, 39
Bearing, gyro, 344
Beaufort scale, 475
Bellamy, J.C., 12
Bends, ILS, see Multipath
Betelgeuse, 585
Bias:
clock, 83
Doppler radar, 65, 462, 489, 559, 561
mini, 385
radar velocity, 528
BIT, built-in test:
See also Failure detection; Fault tolerance; Monitor
BITE, built-in test equipment, see BIT
Black Sea, 175
Blanking, Loran, 140
BLEU, Blind Landing Experimental Unit, UK, 605
Block:
air traffic control, 12
Blunder:
navigation error, 48
parallel approaches, 683
Boeing aircraft:
cooling, 703
data bus, 694
display photos, 696
HUD, 637
landing systems, 605
MLS, 626
MTBF, 700
Bogue, R.K., 421
Bolter, 633. See also Missed approach
Boltzmann's constant, 473
Bomber, 5
Bombing, radar, 503
Boresight:
See also Antenna
Boundary layer, 578
BPSK, binary phase-shift keying, 213, 278, 671
Brazil, 152
Bridge, compensation, 399
Bubble level, 429
Buffalo International Airport, USA, 616
Bug, cursor, 50
Built-in test, see BIT
Burble, 631
Burnout protection, 245
C, computer language, 51
C-130, 626
C/A, coarse/acquisition 198
Cables, carrier landing, 631
CADC, central air data computer, 409
Caging, gyro, 440
Calibration:
accelerometer, 324
air data system, 408–409, 422–423
focal-plane array, 592
GPS, 210
gyro, 358
inertial instruments, 358
Loran grid, 146
magnetic compass, 444
mapping radar, 529
overwater, 483
radar PVU, 526
stellar-inertial, 590 ff
See also Error; Kalman filter
Cams, mechanical:
air data, 393
magvar, 438
Capacity:
PLRS, 309
RNAV, 649
runway, 690
Tacan, 136
terminal, 651
Capricornus, 585
Capture effect ILS, 610
Cargo aircraft, 6
Carrier, see Aircraft carrier
Carrier-phase tracking, 249 ff, 629
Cartridge, data entry device, 21
Caspian Sea, 175
Cassegrain telescope, 565
Catalog, see Star
Catadioptric, 564
CATC, carrier air traffic control, 631
Category of landing:
Cat I, 8, 272, 663, 677, 681–684
See also Airport; ILS; Landing
Cathode ray tube display, 695
data link, 671
radar altimeter, 492
weather radar, 542
CBT, computer-based trainer, 20, 52
CCD, charge-coupled device, 553, 572–573, 596
CCITT, International Consultive Committee for Telephone and Telegraph, 311
CDI, course-deviation indicator, 609 See also VDI
CDMA, code-division multiple access, 214, 257
CD/ROM, compact disc read-only memory, 21, 50, 51
CDU, control-display unit, 698
Ceiling, 597, 683. See also Visibility
Ceilometer, 599
Celestial navigation, 552 ff
block diagram, 580
focal plane processing, 573
Moon, 586
moving observer, 557
offset gimbal, 581
See also Star; Telescope
Cells:
PVU, 524
resolution, 508
SAR, 518
Center:
ATC/ATM, 661 ff
CSOC, 208
See also ARTCC
Centralized, see Architecture
Centrifuge, 324
Centroid:
discriminant, 536
Doppler spectrum, 462
optical, 574
radar target, 534
TF/TA, 535
CEP, circle of equal probability, also called circular error probable, 47, 561
CERAP, Center/Radar Approach Control, 679
Cesium clock, 204
CFAR, constant false-alarm rate, 540
Chaika, see Chayka
Chain:
Chayka, 173
Decca, 171
Loran, 139
Changeover point, 646
Chart:
for air traffic control, 642
airways, 647
analog, 50
approach plate, 9
display, 211
en-route example, 647
instrument, 49
Lambert, 28
Mercator, 16
radar strip map, 516
UTM, 28
visual, 49
Checkpoint, see Waypoint
China:
enroute navigation, 13
Chip:
GPS processing, 240
See also EPROM; GaAs; MMIC; RAM; ROM; PROM; Spread-spectrum
Chronometer, 575
Cicada, 178
Circular error, see CEP
CIS, Confederation of Independent States:
en-route navigation, 13
helicopters, 414
magnetic field, 437
Tsikada, 178
Clearance:
air traffic, 645
Clearance signal, ILS, 609–610
CLOC, central oscillator control, 307
Clock:
air-data computer, 409
atomic, 204
drift, 190
JTIDS synchronized, 284, 286 ff, 298
Loran, 146
one-way ranging error, 36
synchronization, 36
time-difference error, 36
See also each navaid; Oscillator; Time definition; Time measurement
Clock correction:
DGPS, 250
GLONASS, 262
JTIDS drift, 286
passive synchronization, 287
relativistic, 227
Clouds, see Weather
CLR, ILS clearance signal, 609–610
CMC-2012, 490
CNES, Centre National des Etudes Spatiales, 202
Coarse/acquisition code, 198
Coast Guard, see USCG
Cockpit workload, 530. See also Controls; Displays
Codes:
C/A, 214
Gold, 214
forward error correcting, 271
GPS spectrum, 216
GPS tracking, 241
P-, 216
transponder, 657
See also Spread-spectrum
Coherent:
Doppler radar, 464
processing interval 540
video, 512
Collision-avoidance:
subsystem, 16
taxiway, 9
See also Separation
Colorado Springs, USA, 208
Comanche helicopter, 414
Combat, see Military
Communication, air-ground:
civil, 119
differential GPS, 250
differential Omega, 167
HF, 660
integrated with navigation, 283 ff
JTIDS, 284 ff
military, 119
Mode-S, 667
oceanic, 660
PLRS, 311
subsystem, 15
Communication, interfacility:
ATM, 661
ionospheric, 108
Communication-navigation system:
en-route, 8
nodal, 284
nodeless, 283
terrestrial, 283 ff
See also Inmarsat; JTIDS; PLRS; WAAS
Community, navigation:
JTIDS, 288
PLRS, 300
Commutativity, 349
Compass:
astro, 446
gyro, 436
radiomagnetic, 426
See also Magnetic compass
Compensation:
air data, 402 ff
antenna stabilization, 134
GPS frequency, 194
magnetic, 438
meatball, 634
vertical gyroscope, 434
See also Calibration; Errors; Kalman filter; Motion compensation
Compression, see Pulse
Computer:
centralized, 18
decentralized, 18
distributed, 412
microprocessor, 247
parallel, 540
See also each navaid
Conductivity, see Earth
Cone of silence, 120
Confidence, see Quality
Configuration control, software, 51
Conflict, ATC:
alert, 678
prediction, 679
TCAS, 685
Conical scan, 634
Conning, 1
Constellation:
GLONASS, 262
GPS, 200
star, 584
Continuity, 263
Continuous wave Doppler, 465–472
Control area, see Airspace
Controller:
hand, 18
human ATC, 655 FF
Controls:
cockpit, 17
fly-by-wire, 18
subsystem, 18
See also Display, Cockpit; Flight control
Control segment, GPS, 179, 207
Control tower, 14
CONUS, continental United States, 202, 252, 269, 273
Converging runway display aid, 684
Cooling, see Temperature
COP, changeover point 646
Coordinates:
Earth-centered, 26
geodetic, 27
GLONASS, 262
JTIDS, 288
map grid, 28
radar, 527
tangent plane, 29
transverse pole, 28
See also MGRS
Coriolis acceleration:
defined, 368 ff
inertial error, 61
in vertical gyro, 435
Corner post, 659
Correlation:
codeless, 198
coefficient, 45
GPS code, 240
loss, 217
terrain-matching, 37
See also Covariance matrix; Spread-spectrum
Correlation distance, 146
Correlation time, Doppler, 462, 477
COSPAS, Russian acronym for search and rescue satellite, 16
Cost:
flying time, 675
GNSS, 664
GPS user charges, 15
inertial navigator, 313
military avionics, 16
tradeoffs, 8
see each navaid
Course-line computation:
block diagram, 22
Covariance matrix:
information, 564
system error, 46
See also Error; Kalman filter
Coverage, geographic:
Chayka, 174
gaps, 3
Loran, 152
navaids, 115
tradeoffs, 11
CPA, closest point of approach, 685
CPE, circular probable error, see CEP
CPI, coherent processing interval, 540
CPU, central processing unit, 409
Crab, landing, 603
CRDA, converging runway display aid, 684
Crew:
ATM responsibilities, 658, 660
See also Display; Human navigator; Trainer; Landing
Cross-correlation, see Correlation
Cross-coupling:
accelerometer, 320
gyro, 325
Cross-pointer, 609
Cross-track velocity:
illustrated, 30
Cross-wind:
drift, 30
landing, 603 ff
CRPA, controlled reception pattern antenna, 230
CRS, ILS course signal, 610
CRT, cathode ray tube, 695
Cryptographic:
GPS security, 198
key, 235
security, 300
Crystal, see Clock
Cs, cesium, 204
CS, see Control Segment, GPS
CSB, ILS carrier-with-sidebands signal, 609
CSOC, consolidated space operations center, 208
Cycle slip:
GPS, 630
Omega, 168
D, Bellamy Drift, 12
Damping:
compass needle, 440
gravity sensor, 428
Data bus:
air-data computer, 409
avionics, 18
controller, 691
fiberoptic, 693
high speed, 693
MLS, 626
STANAG-3838, 693
See also ARINC; MIL-STD-1553
Data-entry device, 21
Data link:
future, 687
satellite, 671
See also Communication; Mode-S
Data message, GPS, 218 ff
DBS, Doppler beam sharpening, 504
DDM, difference in depth of modulation: 609
Deadband:
accelerometer, 323
laser gyroscope, 341
Dead-reckoning:
defined, 2
Doppler radar, 31
flat Earth, 31
gyroscopes, 426 ff
illustration, 30
JTIDS, 290
in multisensor system, 55
sensors, 56
with wind, 31
Dead zone, see Deadband
Decentralized, see Architecture
Decision height:
ATC, 654
See also Approach, Precision
Deck motion, 631
Declination:
astronomical, 553
magnetic, 437
Decrab, 603 ff
Defense Mapping Agency, US, 197, 208
Deflection of the vertical, 25, 98, 188–190
Degrees of freedom:
platform, 361
Delay:
air-data pneumatics, 412
air traffic, 681
alarm, 266
compass, 440
data bus, 694
Doppler radar, 479
group, 194
PLRS, 305
TCAS, 686
tradeoff, 10
traffic model, 690
tropospheric, 196
See also Latency
DMA, Defense Mapping Agency, US, 197, 208
Departure:
controller, 655
routes, 659
terminal VOR, 646
Depth of focus, SAR, 518
Descent, rate of:
carrier landing, 631
land landing, 603
Detector, see Sensor
Deviation, magnetic, 438
DF, see Direction finder
DGPS differential GPS:
accuracy, 14
for approach, 251–252, 628–630, 638
corrected pseudorange, 250
kinematic, 252
landing, 663
RTCM-SC104, 250
runway surface, 680
DGRF, Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field, 437
DH, see Decision height
Diego Garcia Island, 208
Differential:
carrier phase, 252
Loran, 146
Omega, 167
Diffraction, 565
Dipole:
magnetic, 437
Directional gyroscope, 444–446
Direction finder, 112
Direction cosines:
azimuth from, 385
inertial mechanization, 342 ff, 354 ff, 371
JTIDS, 294
latitude-longitude from, 372
multisensor software 90
Direction finder:
airborne, 117
ground, 116
radio, 112
Directivity, antenna, 101
Direct ranging, see Ranging
Dispatch:
computer, 21
FMS, 676
inoperative avionics, 703
Display, cockpit:
avionics, 17
ball-bank indicator, 400
block diagram, 22
cathode ray tube, 695
CDI, 609
CDU, 698
cross-pointer, 609
DME, 608
EICAS, 695
eight ball, 426
flat panel, 695
liquid crystal, 695
manual target-finding, 506–507
micromachined sensor, 429
multifunction, 695
PFD, 696
radar altimeter, 495
radio-magnetic compass, 426
speech, 699
VDI, 613
VOR, 126
weather radar, 540
See also Display, Map; HMD; HUD
Display, traffic control, 673–675, 684
Distance calculation:
flat Earth, 39
spherical Earth, 40
Distance measuring equipment, see DME
Diurnal correction:
Loran, 142
Omega, 160
electron density, 194
Diversity, radio propagation, 111
DMA, see Defense Mapping Agency
DME:
block diagram, 129
duty cycle, 132
with MLS, 621
recovery time, 130
signal-in-space, 127
steering to, 42
on taxiway, 604
DME/N, 628
DO-160, 700
DoD, Department of Defense, US, 643
See also Military; United States
Doppler, Christian, 451
Doppler navigator:
block diagram, 452
test results, 489
See also PVU: Multisensor navigation
Doppler radar:
bandwidth, 475
boresighting, 486
components, 464
frequency tracker, 469–472, 476
installation, 486
maneuver error, 485
sea current, 481
smooth-earth paradox, 453
spectrum, 460 ff, 479, 481–482
stabilization, 459–460, 474, 485–486
terrain bias, 481
transmitter frequency, 463
See also Antenna; Backscatter; Doppler navigator; Helicopters;
Multisensor navigation; Noise; Oscillator; Radome
Doppler shift:
air data, 419
drift angle, 31
GPS, 240
radar, 451 ff
radar filter, 514 ff
SAR radar, 523
See also Doppler radar
Doppler velocity:
measurement of, 449 ff
See also PVU
Dorne & Margolin, 245
Douglas aircraft:
antenna farm, 4
displays, 699
HUD, 637
DPSK, differential phase-shift key, 626, 670
Drag, orbital, 188
Drift, gyro:
aniso-elastic, 346
directional gyro, 445
in error analysis, 376
historical, 325
mass unbalance, 346
temperature-dependent, 341, 346
vertical gyro, 432
Drift angle:
illustration, 30
measured by Doppler radar, 459
pressure pattern, 12
Drone, see UAV
Duplex data bus, 691
Duty cycle, DME, 132
Earth:
conductivity, 104, 141, 143, 161
coordinate frame, 26–29, 365 ff
dielectric constant, 104
orbit, 590
polar wander, 389
radar backscatter, 474
rotation rate, 23, 188, 365, 554
VLF anisotropy, 161
See also Atmosphere; Ionosphere; Troposphere
ECEF, Earth-centered, Earth fixed, 26, 184, 212
ECCM, electronic counter-countermeasures, 300, 538
ECD, envelope-to-cycle difference, 140
ECI, Earth-centered inertial, 26–27
Ecliptic, 553
EEPROM, electrically erasable PROM:
air data, 409
stored program, 51
Effective radiated power, 103
EFGS, end-fire glide slope, 617
EGNOS, European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System, 268
EHF, extremely-high frequency, 100
EI, Earth ionosphere, 161
EICAS, engine indicator and crew alerting system 695
Eight-ball indicator, 426
EIRP, effective isotropic radiated power, see ERP
Electric power, see Power, Radiated; Power consumption
Electrolytic level, 429
Electromagnetic interference, see EMI
Electronic countermeasures, 17
Elevation angle:
line of sight, 34
star calculation, 556
Ellipse, orbital, 186
Ellipsoid, reference, 23
See also Earth
ELT, emergency locator transmitter, 16
EMI, electromagnetic interference:
data bus, 693
radar, 538
Engine control, 16
Engineer, flight, 19
En-route:
navigation, 7
traffic control, 658–659, 677–679
Environment:
anti-jam, 232
GPS space, 204
HIRF, 18
See also EMI; Lightning; Vibration
Ephemeris:
errors, GPS, 249
GLONASS, 261
WAAS, 271
EPLRS, enhanced PLRS, 310
EPROM, erasable programmable read-only memory, 51, 409
Ergodic statistics, 44
ERP, effective radiated power, 102
Error, component:
beam direction, 480
lever arm, 359
mechanical gyroscope, 345–346, 560
optical, 574 ff
PVU, 525
sculling, 359
star angle, 552
Error, subsystem:
baroinertial altitude, 374, 378
DGPS, 251
DME, 132
differential, 114
direction finder, 119
GPS velocity, 255
magnetic compass, 438 ff
mapping radar, 529
PLRS propagation, 298–299, 310
radar altimeter, 495
step, radar altimeter, 495
Tacan, 136
warm up, 381
See also each navaid; Error, Budget; Error, System
Error, system:
absolute, 114
along track, 489
autoland, 607
cross-track, 489
en-route, 8
instrumentation, 115
principal axes, 45
relative, 114
repeatable, 114
system use, 44
terminal area, 7
tradeoffs, 9
uncorrelated, 49
vertical channel, 253
wild points, 480
See also Covariance; Flight technical error
Error budget:
air data, 408
SAR, 522
Error covariance matrix, 75
Error rate, PLRS, 309
ESA, electronically scanned array, 546
Escape maneuver, 686
Estimator, see Filter
ETR, external time reference, 286
Euler angles, 349
EUROCAE, European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment:
altimetry, 727
GPS, 719
ILS, 608
marker beacon, 619
specifications, 19, 705, 707, 711
Europe:
Geostationary Overlay, 268
ILS interface, 620
Loran chain, 152
F-16, 402
F-104, 421
FA, final approach, 628
FAA, Federal Aviation Administration, US:
Advisory Circulars, 734
airport lights, 600
airport capacity, 681
data link, 670
display, 694
ILS, 608
landing categories, 606
Loran regulations, 175
Omega regulations, 168
overwater, 3
required navigation, 663
terminal facilities, 679
traffic publications, 736
weather, 672
FAA, Technical Center, 275
FADS, flush air-data system, 422
FAF, final approach fix, 600
Fail-safe, see Fault tolerance
Failure detection:
Loran, 139
subsystem, 16
See also BIT; Fault-tolerance; Monitor; RAIM; Safety-critical
Fan beam:
airborne radar, 546
FANS, Future Air Navigation System:
GPS, 279
FAR, Federal Aviation Regulations (US)
Faraday Effect, 333
Fault, see BIT; Failure detection; Fault tolerance; Monitor
Fault tolerance:
computation, 18
FDE, 272
GPS monitor, 210
landing, 599
MLS, 627
quadruple bus, 692
strapdown IMU, 357
See also BIT; Category III; Failure detection; Monitor; RAIM; Safety-critical
FCS, flight control system
FDE, fault detection and exclusion, 264
FDMA, frequency division multiple access, 257
FEC, forward errror correction, 271
Federal Aviation Administration (US), see FAA
Federal Radionavigation Plan (US), 136, 145, 200, 662
See also Architecture
FFT fast Fourier transform:
SAR, 519
target detection, 540
Fiberoptics:
gyro, 336
Field of view:
optical, 566 ff
radar, 508
Field stop, 565
Filter:
anti-aliasing, 247
baro-inertial, 375
Doppler inertial, 67
GPS-IF, 236
gyrocompass, 385
leakage elimination, 465
leveling, 383
Loran notch, 151
marker beacon, 618
multisensor, 55 ff
notch, 151
radar beam sharpening, 513–514
radar matched, 539
SAR, 515 ff
satellite triplexer, 206
SAW, 236
sensor errors, 70
transfer alignment, 387
vertical gyroscope, 433
weighting functions, 71
See also Kalman filter; Multisensor navigation
Final approach segment, 654. See also Approach
FIR, flight information region, 680
Fix:
arrival, 659
differential, 114
holding, 658
hyperbolic, 164
intermediate, 653
metering, 658
radar manual, 503
radar reference, 505
radar update, 506
rho-theta, 113
semiautomatic radar, 509 ff
theta-theta, 113
FL, flight level, 644
Flare maneuver:
carrier landing, 631
dispersions, 607
equations, 603
guidance, 606
Flight control system:
accelerometer, 426
carrier landing, 634
terrain following, 530, 536–538
Flight-critical, see Safety-critical
Flight director, ILS, 599
Flight level, 644
Flight management system, 16, 409, 670, 675, 688, 698
Flight plan, ATC:
contract, 645
IFR, 656
processing, 678
VFR, 657
Flight rules, see IFR; VFR
Flight service station, 32, 656, 680
Flight technical error, 44, 116, 254, 647, 653
Flight test, see each navaid; Test
FLIR, Forward-looking infrared detector, 530, 636
FLOLS, Fresnel Lens Optical Landing System, 632–634
Flow, ATC, 658
Fly by wire, 18
FMC, flight management computer, see Flight management system
FM-CW, frequency modulated continuous wave:
FMS, see Flight management system
f/number, telescope, 566
FOC, full operational capability, 175
Focal length, 565
Focal plane, optical:
defined, 565
Focus, radar, see SAR
FOG, fiber-optic gyro, 336 ff
Forrestal, 631
Foucault pendulum, 61
Formation flight, 18
Fortran, 51
Four-dimensional navigation, 16
Frame, GPS, 220
Framing pulses, 665
Free azimuth, 371
Frequency, operating:
Chayka, 173
Decca, 171
direction finder, 120
DME, 127
Doppler radar, 463
glide slope, 609
GLONASS, 258
JTIDS, 285
laser gyroscope, 331
localizer, 609
Loran, 139
MLS, 621
Omega, 157
PLRS, 300
radar, 538
radar altimeter, 492
Tacan, 133
VOR, 122
weather radar, 542
See also each navaid
Frequency measurement, Allan variance, 190–192, 208
See also Time measurement
Frequency, plasma, 193
Frequency stability, 192
Frequency tracker, see Tracker, Electronic
Fresnel lens, 633
Front course, ILS, 613
FRP, see Federal Radionavigation Plan
FRPA, fixed radiation pattern antenna, 245
FSS, flight service station, 656, 677
ft, foot, meter equivalent, 25
FTE, see Flight technical error
Future trends, see last section of each navaid chapter
g, gravity unit
GaAs, gallium arsenide, 493, 546, 548
Gain:
antenna, 101
scheduling, 606
Gatwick Airport, 597
Gaussian:
Doppler noise, 460
MLS delay, 628
GCA, ground-controlled approach, 6
GDOP, geometric dilution of position:
defined, 201
GPS, 201
Omega, 166
GEC Avionics, Inc., 419
GEO, geostationary orbit, 268–269
Geological Survey, US, 437
GEOMAG, 437
Geometric dilution of precision, see GDOP
Geopotential, see Gravity
Geostationary orbit, 202, 268–269
GES, ground earth station, 269
GHA, Greenwich hour angle, 554–556
GHz, gigahertz = 109 Hz
Gimbal:
antenna, 527
gyro, 344
platform, 361
See also Platform, Inertial
Gimbal lock, 361
Glide path angle:
carrier, 631
land, 602
Glide slope:
aircraft carrier, 631
capture effect, 614
end-fire, 617
obstacles, 654
point of intercept, 654
stabilized, 634
waveguide, 616
Global Navigation Satellite System, see GNSS
Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System, see GLONASS
Global positioning system, see GPS system; GPS receiver
GLONASS Russian Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System:
cost, 15
GMV, ground moving vehicles, 545
GNSS, Global Navigation Satellite System:
description, 178
landing, 662
over ocean, 661
RNAV, 649
required accuracy, 263
GPS hybrids, see Multisensor navigation
GPS receiver:
AGC, 246
antenna requirements, 230
frequency plan, 233
See also Antenna
GPS system:
for ATC, 663
Category I approach, 254
cost, 15
description, 179 ff
ECEF calculation, 280
en-route, 7
for free flight, 688
military use, 5
outlook, 175
over ocean, 650
range calculation, 33–35, 180–183
runway surveillance, 605
sole means of navigation, 235, 687
spares, 207
traffic control, 687
user charges, 15
See also Clock; Codes; DGPS; GPS receiver; Integrity;
Message navigation; Multisensor navigation; RAIM
GRASS, Geographical Resource Analysis Support Group, 50
Gravity, 23
Great circle, 40
Greenwich:
GRI, group repetition interval, 139, 149
Ground controller, ATC, 655, 680
Ground wave:
attenuation, 105
range calculation, 35
GT ground transmitter
Guard sampling, 151
Gulf Stream, 484
Gunn diode, 490
Gust, see Wind
Gyrocompass:
airborne (erroneous), 436
marine, 313
Gyroscope, directional:
description, 444 ff
backup, 446
gravity sensor, 444
performance, 445
Gyroscope, fiberoptic:
closed loop, 339
resets, 339
Gyroscope, mechanical:
electrostatic, 325
floated, 325
hemispherical resonator, 348
history, 325
micromachined, 347
simple, 427 ff
single-degree-of-freedom, 325
testing, 347
two-degree-of-freedom, 325, 343 ff, 434, 444
See also Gyroscope, Directional; Gyroscope, Vertical
Gyroscope, ring laser:
description, 326 ff
error model, 345
finesse, 329
gas mixture, 332
lock-in, 330
mode hops, 332
pseudoconing, 333
rate biasing, 331
scale factor, 328
two-mode, 327
weight, 340
Gyroscope, vertical:
description, 429 ff
erection, 431
Hall Effect, 443
Hamming code, 221
Hand-over word, 218
Hard iron, 438
Harmonics:
gravitational, 189
magnetic field, 437
Harrier, see AV-8
Hawaii, 208
Hawkeye, 290
HCG, half-cycle generator, 147
HDOP, horizontal dilution of position:
description, 49
Heading:
best available, 29
illustration, 30
inertial measurement, 371
reference for Doppler radar, 450, 488
toward target, 34
true, 30
See also Azimuth
Heading reference, see Gyroscope, directional; Inertial navigator; Magnetic compass
Head-up display, see HUD
Heat removal, see Temperature
Heave, deck, 631
Helicopter:
air data sensors, 413 ff
Doppler radar, 72, 89, 450, 469, 502
military, 6
naval, 636
operational, 6
Heterodyne:
Doppler radar, 465
mapping radar, 512
HF, high frequency, 100
HF/DF, high-frequency direction finder, 11
HG9550, 498
HIRF, high intensity radiated fields, 18
See also each navaid; Time measurement
HMD, helmet-mounted display, 696
Holding:
aircraft carrier, 631
ATC, 658
Homing, 119
Honeywell:
inertial, 357
radar altimeter, 495
Honolulu, 681
Houston, 681
HPA, high-power amplifier, 270
hr, hour
HRG, hemispherical resonator gyro, 348
HSDB, high-speed data bus, 693
HSI, horizontal situation display, 691
HUD, head-up display, 637, 696–698
Hyperbolation, 298
Hyperbolic navigation, 138 ff
See also Decca; Loran; Omega
Hypersonic:
aircraft, 3
See also Supersonic
Hysteresis, accelerometer, 321
Hz, Hertz = cycle/second
I, in-phase, 234
IA, initial approach, MLS, 628
IAF, initial approach fix, 600, 653
ICAO, International Civil Aviation Organization:
airport lights, 600
annexes, 733
approach, 600
DME, 132
FIR, 680
interfacility communication, 661
Mode S, 661
standard atmosphere, 644
traffic control, 643
vertical separation, 651
VOR, 122
WAAS/SBAS, 268
ICD, interface control document, 261
ICD-GPS-200B-PR, 212
Icing:
helicopter, 416
probes, 396
ICNIA, integrated communication, navigation, and identification: avionics, 96
ICNIS, integrated communication, navigation, and identification system, 96
ICO, intermediate circular orbit, 279
ICW, interrupted continuous wave, 465
ID, identification, 675
IDENT, identification code, 665
Identification point, 509, 517
IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 725
IF, intermediate fix, 653
if, intermediate frequency
IFR, instrument flight rules, 9, 598, 645, 677
IFRB, International Frequency Registration Board, 258
IFOG, interferometric fiber-optic gyro, 336 ff
IGRF, International Geomagnetic Reference Field, 437
IIP, ionospheric intersection point, 225
ILS, instrument landing system, 608–620
bends, 619
error, allowed, 611
limitations, 619
low-visibility landing, 599
military use, 6
monitors, 608
paired frequencies, 609
portable, 627
Russian, 13
signal-in-space, 609
See also Glide Slope; Localizer; MLS
IM, inner marker beacon, 618, 654
IMA, integrated modular avionics, 96
Image:
optical, 565 ff
radar, 505 ff
See also Display
IMC, instrument meteorological conditions, 9, 598, 651, 657
IMU, inertial measurement unit, see Inertial navigator
Inclination of orbit, 185
Index of refraction, see Atmosphere; Ionosphere
India:
Omega coverage, 167
Indonesia:
air traffic control, 13
Omega coverage, 167
Inertial navigator:
AHRS, 389
cost, 313
horizontal mechanization, 368–373
limitations, 389
military use, 5
over ocean, 650
SAR processing, 519
SAR stabilization, 511
sole means, 661
system specification, 349, 364
throwaway, 390
vertical mechanization, 373–375
wander azimuth, 366
weight, 317
See also Accelerometer; Alignment; Gyroscope; Multisensor navigation; Platform
Inertial navigation hybrids, see Multisensor navigation
Inertial space, defined, 26–27
Infrared, see Optical; Sensor; Star
Initial conditions:
dead-reckoning, 29
time, 575
INMARSAT, International Maritime Satellite Organization, 268–271
Input-output, computer, see Data bus
INS, inertial navigation system, see Inertial navigator
Installation:
Doppler radar, 486
EMI, 703
HUD, 697
JTIDS, 297
maintenance, 700
radar mounting, 528
stellar-inertial, 577
Instrument approach procedure, 652, 655
Instrument departure procedure, 655, 657
Instrument flight rules, see IFR
Instrument landing system, see ILS
Instrument meteorological conditions, see IMC
Integrated navigation systems, see Multisensor navigation systems
Integrity, navaid:
ATC, 663
GPS receiver, 230
GPS system, 663
landing, 605
Loran, 145
See also Fault tolerance; RAIM; WAAS
Interdiction, 5
Interfaces, intersubsystem, see Data bus
Interference, see EMI
Interferometer:
radar, 538
International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 437
International Civil Aviation Organization, see ICAO
International Frequency Registration Board, 258
International traffic control, 13, 660
Interrogator:
ATC radar, 665
DME, 127
JTIDS, 287
Tacan, 133
See also Beacon; Transponder
Interrupted CW Doppler, 465
Intersection, chart, 43
I/O, input-output, see Data bus
IOD, issue of data, 250
IODC, issue of data clock, 223
IODE, issue of data ephemeris, 224
Ionosphere:
best path, 108
correction, 213
D. E regions, 161
delay model, 193–194, 225–226, 249
dual-frequency correction, 195
electron density, 194
Omega propagation, 161
scintillation, 195
skip distance, 107
sunspot cycle, 161
windows, 109
IOR, Indian Ocean Region, 270
IP, identification point, 509, 517
I/Q, in-phase/quadrature, 528
Iridium, 279
Irradiance, star, 567
IRS, inertial reference system, 263
See also Inertial navigator
IRU, inertial reference unit, 650
Island, aircraft carrier, 631
ISO, International Standards Organization, 672
Isolation:
gimbals, 362
inertial sensor, 357
transmitter/receiver, 467
Isotropic radiator, 104
Iterative solution, 43, 70–72, 181–184
ITT Aerospace, 205
JAA, Joint Aviation Authority, Europe, 608
Jamming:
altimeter, 498
GPS, 230
military, 300
stellar, 551
Janus beams, 454, 480, 500, 523
Japan, Loran coverage, 152
Jitter, PPI, 498
JPL, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA 208
JPO, joint project office, 197
JSTARS, joint surveillance target attack radar system, 290
JTIDS, joint tactical information distribution system, 284–299
air-data backup, 297
clock synchronization, 287 ff, 312
community, 288 ff
donor, 286
quality, 293
relative navigation, 285
RelGrid, 288
signal-in-space, 286
time reference, 289
TOA only, 285
with GPS, 286
See also Multisensor navigation
Julian date, 584
Ka-band 101, 634
Ke-band 101, 463
Ku-band 101, 538, 545, 634, 671
km, kilometer
cascaded, 94
extended, 560
GPS ground, 212
GPS orbit, 212
in-flight calibration, 358, 593–594
INS, 386
magnetic compass, 444
observability, 563
Omega, 171
practical considerations, 91–93
square-root form, 93
stellar inertial, 61–64, 557 ff, 582, 590–593, 595
U-D factorization, 93
See also each navaid
Keyboard, 698
kHz, kilohertz = 103 Hz
KLM airline, 597
kn, see Knot
Knot = one nautical mile per hour
Korea, Loran coverage, 152
Kronecker delta, 351
kt, see Knot
KVH Industries, Inc., 441
Kwajalein Island, 208
L1, GPS carrier frequency, 178
L2, GPS carrier frequency, 178
L-1011, 605
LAAS, local area augmentation system 687
Lambert conformal chart, 28
Lag, see Delay: Latency
accidents, 598
with Doppler-GPS, 498
HUD usage, 637
missed apporach, 605
navaids, 662
radar altimeter, 497
see to land, 599
see to taxi, 599
taxi, 681
See also Airport; Approach; Category of landing; ILS; MLS
Lane:
Omega, 155
Laser:
air data velocimeter, 418 ff
inertial sensor, 326 ff
radar, 637
Latency:
data bus, 694
Doppler maneuvers, 485
during flare, 603
during landing, 630
Latitude:
L-band, 101
data link, 671
DME, 133
GPS, 198
JTIDS, 285
SSR, 665
Tacan, 133
LCD, liquid crystal display, 549
LCP, left-circularly polarized, 333
LDGPS, local differential GPS, 638
Leakage:
Doppler, 465
radar altimeter, 493
LEM (now LM), lunar excursion module, 450
LEP, linear error probable, 253
Leveling, inertial navigator, 382–384
Levels, see Accelerometer
Lever-arm correction:
GPS, 278
inertial system, 388
LHA, local hour angle
LHA, LHD landing ships, 636
LHCP, left-hand circularly polarized, 230
Lidar, 418
background, see Atmosphere
bars, 600
See also Airport
Lightning:
atmospheric, 105
See also EMI
Linearization:
GPS equations, 229
of range measurement, 35
See also Filter
Line of nodes, 185
Line of position, see LOP
Line-of-sight:
optical, 564
radar, 523
Link-4, 634
LLWAS, low-level wind-shear alert system, 673
LNA, low-noise amplifier, 232, 493
LO, local oscillator, 232, 247, 469, 493
Lobe:
switching, 483
See also Antenna; Beam
Lobing, simultaneous, 483
Local controller, ATC, 655, 680
Localizer:
bends, 619
See also ILS
Local level coordinates, 27, 365–373
Lockheed, 245. See also C-130
Longitude:
defined, 234
of satellite, 186
Loop direction finder, 117
LOP, line of position:
celestial, 557
Decca, 171
Omega, 159
accuracy, 143
for approach, 652
availability, 144
calibration, 146
chain, 139
with Chayka, 176
differential, 146
diurnal effects, 142
false locks, 151
geometry, 153
hyperbolic, 13
integrity, 145
for landing, 618
nonprecision approach, 8
propagation error, 141
repetition interval, 139
tracking, 151
See also Ground waves; Sky waves; Multisensor Navigation
LOS, see Line-of-sight
Low observables, 532
LP, linearly polarized, 230
LPD log-periodic dipole antenna, 613
LPH, landing ship, 636
LPI, low-probability of intercept, 493
LRM, line replaceable module, 700
LRU, line replaceable unit, 691, 700
LSO, landing signal officer, 633
LTP, local tangent plane, 201
m, meter
m, prefix milli = 10 − 3
M, prefix mega = 106
Mach number:
effect on airspeed, 407
effect on light, 578
effect on temperature, 398
Magnetic compass:
Compass Engine, 441
in Doppler navigator, 489
Magnetic field:
declination, 437
effect on gyroscopes, 341, 346
effect on IMU, 363
goniometer detector, 119
mathematical model, 437 ff
sensors, 440 ff
variation defined, 437
VOR reference, 176
Magnetometer, see Magnetic compass
MAGR, miniature airborne GPS receiver, 243–245
Magvar, 437
Maintenance:
avionic, 700
dispatch, 703
radar, 504
See also MTBF, MTTR
mamp, milliampere
Manchester coding, 692
Manual navigation, see Human navigator
Maneuver sensitivity, see Error
MAP, missed approach point 654
Map, see Chart; Display, map
Map matching, see Terrain matching
Marker beacon:
as final fix, 654
landing, 599
taxiway guidance, 605
MASP, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standard, 251
Master station:
Decca, 171
GPS control, 179
Loran, 139
Mathematical model, see Error; Simulation
Matrix:
antenna rotation, 527
covariance, 75
direction cosine, 27, 355, 366
Kalman gain, 75
measurement noise, 74
observability, 563
rotation, 563
McDonnell-Douglas Corporation, 4, 699
See also Boeing; C-17; F-15; F-18; MD-x
MCF, Metroplex control facilities, 679
MCM, multi-chip module, 548
MCOPS, million complex operations per second, 548
MCS, master control station, 208
MCU, modular concept unit, 235
MD-80, 605
MDA, minimum descent altitude, 600
MEA, minimum en-route altitude, 649, 657
Measurement, see each navaid; Accelerometer; GPS; Gyroscope; Magnetic Compass; Sensor
Mean time between failures, see MTBF
Meatball, 633
Memory:
DME, 131
Loran, 149
See also EPROM; RAM; ROM; Software
Message:
Meteorology, see Weather
Metroplex, ATC, 679
MF medium frequency, 100
MFD, multifunction display, 695
MF/DF, medium-frequency direction finder, 11
MGR, miniature GPS receiver, 243
MGRS, military grid reference system, 28, 302
MHz, megahertz = 106 Hz
Microwave landing svstem, see MLS
Military:
airborne radar, 503
airspace, 646
avionics, 16
celestial navigation, 594
cooling, 703
Doppler radar, 450
helmet display, 697
mission planning, 17
MLS, 622
packaging, 702
radar, 503
radar velocity error, 526
standards, 19
See also aircraft designations; Aircraft carrier; Helicopter;
Radar, airborne
Millibar, defined, 397
Millington (Loran), 146
MIL-M-28787, 702
MIL-STD-704 power, 700
MIL-STD-1553 data bus:
air data, 409
Doppler radar, 490
GPS, 235
MIL-STD-1773, 693
min, minute
Minimum altitude:
landing, 652
vectoring, 659
warning, 674
MIPS, million instructions per second, 548
Mirror:
laser gyro, 327
telescope, 567
Misalignment, see Alignment
MIS, metal insulator semiconductor, 572
Missed approach:
aircraft carrier, 633
procedure, 654
segment, 654
See also Bolter
Mixer, 470
Mizar, 585
MLS, microwave landing system, 620–628
in Europe, 687
ICAO, 7
mobile, 627
redundancy, 627
scanning, 623 ff
signal-in-space, 621
Shuttle landing, 636
See also DME/P
MM, middle marker 618
mm, millimeter (10–3 meter)
MMIC, microwave monolithic integrated circuits, 493, 498
MMLS, mobile MLS, 627
MMO, maximum operational Mach number, 408
MMWR, millimeter-wave radar, 636
Mode S:
display overlay, 50
TCAS coordination, 686
Models, mathematical, see Filter; Simulation
Modes, see each navaid
Modulation:
air-ground communication, 670
depth of, Tacan, 134
difference in depth of, 609–610
Doppler VOR, 126
fiberoptic gyroscope, 337
fluxgate compass, 441
GLONASS, 259
GPS, 213
JTIDS, 286
localizer, 609
marker beacon, 121
PLRS, 302
pseudonoise, 213
of radio waves, 100
VOR, 123
wobbling, 495
See also each radio navaid
Monitor:
aircraft systems, 670
gyro, 325
ILS, 608
landing, 638
Loran transmitter, 149
PLRS, 301
precision runway, 683
WAAS, 269
See also BIT; Failure detection; Fault tolerance
Monopulse, see Antenna
Monte Carlo simulation, 376
MOPS, Minimum Operational Performance Standards, 235, 271
MOS, metal oxide semiconductor, 572
Motion compensation:
autofocus, 520
Doppler tuning, 515
range walk, 516
Morse code, 123, 133, 609, 618
Moving target detection, 539–540
mrad, milliradian = 10 − 3 radian
MS, master station, PLRS, 300
MS, monitor station, GPS, 208–210
MSAS, MTSAT satellite augmentation system, 268
MSAW, minimum safe altitude warning, 678
MSBLS, microwave scanning beam landing system
MSK, minimum shift key, 670
MSL, mean sea level, 23, 38, 307, 644
MSS, mobile satellite services, 259
MTBF, mean time between failures:
inertial, 364
radar, 504
MTBUR, mean time between unconfirmed removals, 700
MTI, moving target indication, 541, 544
MTSAT, multi-functional transport satellite, 268
MTTR, mean time to repair, 202
Multilateration, 42–43, 113, 283–284, 288
Multimode radar, 538 ff
Multipath effects:
altimeter, 495
direction finder, 119
DME, 132
Doppler CW, 465
glide slope, 615
ILS bends, 619
ILS siting, 630
ionosphere, 107
PLRS, 309
Tacan siting, 138
VOR siting, 127
Multisensor navigation:
air-data-inertial, 67–68, 97, 373–375
block diagram, 22
Doppler-inertial, 64–67, 451, 462, 477, 479
GPS-Doppler, 97, 451, 490, 498
GPS-JTIDS, 297
GPS-Loran-Doppler, 2069-70
JTIDS-air data, 297
JTIDS-inertial, 289
JTIDS multifunction, 311
Loran-Chayka, 176
Omega-inertial, 156
stellar-inertial, 61–64, 557 ff
stellar-inertial-Doppler, 68–69
theory of, 55 ff
VOR-inertial, 82
NAS, national airspace system, US, 262
NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US
air data, 418
Space Shuttle, 422
NATO, North American Treaty Organization, 197, 198
Nautical mile, defined, 25
NAVSTAR, see GPS
NC, navigation controller, 288
NCO, number-controlled oscillator, 240
ND, navigation display, 695
NDB, nondirectional beacon, 12, 120–121, 662
Network:
air traffic, 671
JTIDS, 284 ff
PLRS, 300 ff
New York, 681
NEXRAD, Next-Generation Weather Radar, 673
NF, noise figure, 476
Night, propagation, 117
NIST, National Institute of Science and Technology, US, 575
nm, nanometer = 10 − 9 meter
nmi, nautical mile = 1852 meters.
NNSS, Navy navigation satellite system, US, 178
NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US, 152
Node:
ascending, 186
com-nav, 283
descending, 186
line of, 185
Noise:
clock, 190
Doppler S/N, 476
Doppler spectrum, 460, 472–473
optical gyro, 331
radar jitter, 528
receiver, 102
velocity, 487
See also Atmosphere; Correlation; Filter; Power spectral density: Spread-spectrum
Noise power, receiver, 102
Northrop-Grumman Corp., 580, 582, 591
NOTAM. Notice to Airmen, 661, 670, 680
NovAtel Communications, Ltd., 235, 236, 237, 239
NTR, net time reference, 286, 289
Null, antenna, 110
Null-reference glide slope, 614
Nutation, astronomic, 587
NWS, National Weather Service, US, 672, 680
Nyquist rate, 548
Oakland, 681
OAT, outside air temperature, 398
Observability:
Doppler radar, 65
Kalman filter, 91
radar. 529
Oceanic traffic:
Atlantic, 660
celestial navigation, 551
OCXO, oven-controlled crystal oscillator, 233
OEM, original equipment manufacturer
Offset, parallel ATC, 663. See also Clock
O'Hare International Airport, 275, 608
OM, outer marker beacon, 602, 654
differential, 167
hyperbolic, 162
over ocean, 650
propagation anomalies, 159–161
RNAV, 649
sole means, 661
Omnidirectional range, see VOR
Optical landing aid:
enhanced vision, 636
FLIR, 636
focal plane array, 637
Optical sensor, see Sensor
OQPSK, offset quaternary phase shift keying, 670
Orbit elements:
GLONASS, 257
Orbiter, see Space Shuttle
Order wire, PLRS, 300
Orthogonality, 560
Oscillator:
DME crystal, 128
Doppler radar, 480
number-controlled, 240
OXCO, 233
radar altimeter, 493
TXCO, 233
VCO, 236
VFO, 524
VOR crystal, 123
See also Clock
OSI, open system interconnection, 671
Outlier, 48
P3V, 450
P3V, 450
Pacer Systems, Inc., 416
Pacific Ocean:
Inmarsat, 270
Loran, 152
Omega, 156
Packaging:
radar, 548
Packet, 671. See also MTBF; Weight; Power consumption
Painting, radar 506
PAR, precision approach radar:
Russia, 13
shipborne 636
Paradox:
smooth Earth, 453
Parallel processors, 540
Parasitic element, Tacan, 134
Partitioning, 18
Pascal, B., 51
Patch:
terrain-matching, 37
PATCO, pulse amplitude and timing controller, 147
PCD, polar-cap disturbance, 165
PCDP, pilot control display panel, 301
P-code, precise code:
GLONASS, 260
GPS, 216
PDF, probability density function, 541
PDOP, position dilution of position, 49, 201
Pendulum, see Accelerometer
Performance, see Error
Perigee, 187
Period of orbit, 187
Perturbation:
orbital, 188 ff
state vector, 78
See also Filter
PFD, primary flight display, 695
PGTR, pulse group time reference, 149
Phase:
lock, 236
measurement, 32
VOR, 126
Phased-array, see Antenna
Phases of flight, 7–10, 655–659
Photoconductive, 572
Photomultiplier, 573
Photon, 572
Photovoltaic, 572
Pickoff:
accelerometer, 320
air-data probe, 417
inertial platform, 361
Pick-up, see Detector; Pickoff
Piezoelectric:
air-data, 402
cavity control, 331
mandrel, 337
torquer, 327
PIGA, pendulous integrating gyro accelerometer, 323
Pilot, see Display; Cockpit
Pipeline processors, 540
Pitot tube, 393 ff
Pixel:
CCD, 572
defective, 592
telescope, 596
PL, see Pseudolite
Planar array, see Antenna
Planck's constant, 572
Planet, 586
Plan position indicator, 506
Plasma, ionosphere, 193
Plates, see Charts
Platform, inertial, 314, 348 ff
alignment, 382 ff
analytic, 314
gimballed, 361 ff
gimbal lock, 361
stellar, 552
strapdown, 356
PLRS, position location reporting system, 299–311
altimetry, 305
capacity, 309
control network, 301
enhanced, 310
Kalman filter, 307
MGRS, 312
range measurement, 305
time offset measurement, 305
Pneumatic tubing, 396
PMC, power managment control, 493
PN, see Pseudo-random noise
P/N, part number
Pointing:
precise, 594
to star, 556
Polarization:
DME, 131
Doppler radar, 464
GPS linear, 206
radio waves, 104
Polar regions:
air traffic control, 13
wander azimuth, 29
POR, Pacific Ocean region, 270
PORT structure, 301
Positioning:
defined, 2
relative, 283
Position Location Reporting System, see PLRS
Position report, ATC, 660
Position update, see Fix
See also Air traffic control
Power, optical
Power, radiated:
DME interrogator, 127
DME transponder, 128
Doppler radar, 490
GPS, 206
Loran, 147
marker beacon, 121
Omega, 169
pseudolite, 276
radar altimeter, 491–493, 495, 498
radar, phased array, 546
radio navaid, 103
VOR, 123
See also each navaid
Power consumption:
gyroscope, 345
radar altimeter, 493, 495, 498
Power spectral density, 219, 479
PPC, predicted propagation correction, 159
PPI, plan position indicator, 506
PPLI, precise position location and identification, 284–285
PPM, pulse-position modulation, 665, 670
PPS, precise positioning service:
accuracy of, 245
description, 198
error budget, 253
PPS-SM, PPS Security Module, 248
Preamble:
GPS, 220
JTIDS, 285
PLRS, 302
WAAS, 271
See also Data bus
Preamplifier, see Amplifier
Precession:
gyroscopic, 343
vertical gyro, 432
Precipitation, see Rain
Precise positioning service, see PPS
Pressure:
dynamic, 396
helicopter dynamic, 414
impact, 396
pilot, 396
static, 394
total, 396
Pressure altitude, 404
Pressure-pattern navigation, 12, 41, 661
PRF, pulse reptition frequency, 493, 498
PRI, pulse reptition interval, 540
Principal axes, 45
PRM, precision runway monitor, 683
PRN, Pseudo-random noise, see Spread-spectrum
Probability:
CEP, 45
Gaussian, 46
integrals, 46
landing accident, 597
SEP, 48
three dimensional, 48
See also MTBF; Safety of flight
Probe, air data:
intrusive, 394
omnidirectional, 415
recovery factor, 399
swivel, 417
Profile, see Terrain matching
Program pins, 409
Programming, see Software
Prohibited area, 646
Projections, map, see Charts
PROM, programmable ROM:
ARINC bus, 694
data storage, 51
personality, 694
Propagation, radio:
description, 99 ff
JTIDS, 298
Loran over water, 146
Proportional navigation, 41
Protocol, communication, 671
Pseudolite:
coverage, 202
landing, 630
WAAS, 275
Pseudo-random noise, see Spread-spectrum
Pseudorange:
definition, 181
radio navigation, 114
PTH, path, 696
PTTI, precise time and time internal, 139
Pulse:
compression, 545
group, Loran, 139
Tacan, north, 136
PVU, precision velocity update, 453, 504
Q-ball, 421
Quality of navigation:
JTIDS, 289
MLS confidence, 626
PDOP, 202
See also Errors
QPSK, quadrature phase-shift keying, 278, 670–671
Quaternions:
strap-down inertial, 352–353, 355
JTIDS, 293
RA resolution advisory, 686
Rad, radian
Radar:
history, 503
millimeter wave, 637
Radar, airborne:
fluctuations, 513
mapping, 503 ff
military target, 5
multimode, 29, 451, 457, 503, 524, 538 ff
reliability, 504
search, 664
sensitivity, 507
shadowing, 508
terrain avoidance, 504, 529 ff
terrain-following, 529 ff
warning time, 533
See also ACRS; Altimeter, radar; Doppler radar; PAR; SAR; ??????????Weather radar
Radar, traffic control:
airport surveillance, 652
approach vectors, 600
ASR, 679
display, 658
ground-controlled approach, 636, 664
height-finding, 664
primary, 664
procedures, 662
secondary surveillance, 664–667, 687
Tracon, 679
transponder, 665
See also Separation
Radiance, sky, 569
Radiation:
hardening, 206
natural, 10
Radio altimeter, see Altimeter; Radar
Radio-frequency interference, see EMI
Radio-magnetic compass, 426
Radio navigation:
radiated power, 103
See also each navaid
Radionavigation Plan, US, 705
Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, see RTCA
Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services, see RTCM
Radius of curvature:
Gaussian, 25
Radome, 4–5, 125, 230, 465–466, 480, 626
Rails, cooling, 703
RAIM, receiver autonomous integrity monitoring, 264–268
Rain:
attenuation in, 109
detection by radar, 542
effect on air-data, 399
effect on GPS, 195
effect on weather radar, 540, 542–543
IR absorption, 637
landing, 599
RAM, random-access memory
Random route, see RNAV
Random walk, see Noise
Range:
cell, 534 ff
calculation of line-of-sight, 33–35
clock error, 35
dynamic, 507
in ECEF, 233
Millington's method, 146
samples, 506
trace, 506
two-way, 32
Ranging:
GPS, 229
with JTIDS, 288
with PLRS, 305
WAAS, 273
while search, 538
See also Multilateration
Ranging, direct:
Range-rate calculation, 183–184
RAPCON, radar approach control center, 655, 679
Rayleigh scattering, 421
Rb, Rubidium, 204
RBGM, real beam ground map, 504–509, 538
RCAG, remote communication air-ground site, 677
RCP, right circularly polarized, 333
RCS, radar cross section, 542
Reasonability test:
JTIDS relnav, 294
Kalman filter, 92
Reasonableness, see Reasonability test
Rebalance loop:
mechanical gyroscope, 343, 345
optical gyroscope, 339
Receiver, see each radio navaid
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring, see RAIM
Reconnaissance, 6
Recovery:
factor, probe, 398
Recursive filter, see Kalman filter
Redundancy, see Fault tolerance
Reference:
pulse, Tacan, 134
points, radar, 505
station, GPS, 248
Reflection, see Mirror; Multipath
Reflectivity:
clouds, 542
dust, 544
See also Mirror; Multipath
Refraction, see Atmosphere; Ionosphere; Troposphere
Refueling, 6
Relative navigation, 283
Relativity, 227
RelGrid, 288
Reliability:
air data, 412
inertial navigator, 364
Loran, 144
radar, 504
of software, 18
temperature effect, 703
See also Availability; MTBF
RelNav, 284
Remotely piloted vehicles, 6
Repair, see Maintenance
Repetition rate:
DME, 127
weather radar, 544
Reporting, ATC, 660
Required navigation performance, 235, 662
Rescue, see Search and rescue
Residuals, GPS, 229
See also Errors
Resolution:
A/D converter, 402
advisory, 686
radar, 511 ff
Resolvers:
gimbal, 317
Resonance:
accelerometer, 320
optical gyroscope, 326
vertical gyroscope, 433
See also Tuning
Restoring loop, see Servo
Restricted area, 646
RF, radio frequency
RF, remote facility, 208
RFI, radio frequency interference, see EMI
RH, relative humidity, 195
RHCP, right-hand circularly polarized, 230
Rho-rho fix, 113
See also Multilateration
Rho-theta fix, 113
Rhumb line, 40
RLG, ring-laser gyro, 326 ff
RMS, root mean square, 46
RNAV, random navigation:
GNSS, 687
MLS, 626
oceanic, 661
separation, 663
RNP see Required navigation performance
Rockwell, dust jacket photo
Rollout, on runway, 599, 604–605
Rosemount, Inc, 395
Rotation:
axis of, 352
of Earth, see Earth
Euler angles, 349
on takeoff, 7
See also Direction cosines; Quaternions
Round-off, 92
RPV, remotely piloted vehicle, see UAV
RS, radio set, 300
RSS, root sum square
RS-232, serial data bus, 409
RSBN, CIS navigation aid, 13
RT, radio transmitter, 174
RTCA, formerly Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics:
altimetry, 727
air traffic management, 738
avionics standards, 19, 705–739
Doppler radar, 730
ILS specifications, 608
landing, 735
marker beacon, 619
radio navaids, 710
software, 51
RTCM, Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Senices, 250, 252, 715
RTR, remote transmitter/receiver, 679
RTT, round-trip timing, 286–287
RTTI, round-trip timing interrogation, 286
RTTR, round-trip riming reply, 286
Rubidium clock, 204
Runge-Kutta, 261
Runway:
active, 656
ATM, 660
capacity model, 690
environment, 651
ILS installation, 619
monitor, 683
surveillance, 600
See also Airport
Runway dimensions:
aircraft carrier, 630
fixed, 600
Russia, see CIS
RVR, runway visual range, 599
S3A, 450
SA, selective availability, GPS 198, 235
Safety-critical:
air data, 399
air speed 413
engine controls, 16
partitioning, 18
terrain following radar, 536–538
software, 51
traffic control, 678
WAAS, 268
See also Fault tolerance
Sagnac effect, 326
Sampling:
aliasing, 247
Kalman filter, 94
See also Filter
SAR, synthetic aperture radar, 511–522
array time, 512
autofocus, 519
beam sharpening, 504 ff
future, 549
polar format, 519
rectangular format, 518
scalloping, 509
strip maps, 516
terrain features, 508
SARP, Standard and Recommended Practice, 608
SARSAT, search-and-rescue satellite-aided tracking, 16
Satellite navigation history, 178. See also GLONASS; GPS
Saudi Arabia, 176
SAW, surface acoustic wave, 236
SBAS, satellite-based augmentation system, 268
SBO, ILS sidebands-only signal, 609
Scale factor:
gyro, 341
Scalloping, radar, 509
Scattering, radar:
Schiphol Airport, 597
Schuler frequency:
damping, 91
Scintillation:
radio, 195
SAR, 508
star, 578
TF/TA radar, 535
Scorsby table, 365
Scramjet, 421
Sculling, 359
SDF, single-degree-of-freedom,
SDLC, synchronous data link control, 210, 212
Sea:
bias, radar, 481
state, 475
water, Loran, 143
water, Omega, 160
SEADS, Shuttle Entry Air-Data System, 422
Sea level:
refraction, 578
Search:
Loran, 149
radar, 511
Search and rescue, 16, 119, 605, 642, 657
sec, second of time
Secondary phase factor, 143
Secondary surveillance radar, 665
Sector, ATC, 656
controller, 677
departure, 657
terminal, 679
Segment:
final approach, 654
GPS, 207 ff
intermediate approach, 653–654
missed approach, 654
Selective availability, see SA
Self-test, see BIT
SEM, standard electronic module, 702
Sensitivity, receiver, 102
Sensitivity time control, 507
Sensor:
electrolytic level, 429
military target, 5
navigation, 21
quantum of, 572
See also Accelerometer; Dead-reckoning; FLIR; Gyroscopes; Star
Sensor Systems, Inc., 235, 238
SEP sphere of equal probability, also called spherical error probable, 48, 207
Separation of aircraft:
in controlled airspace, 645
longitudinal, 650
metering, 678
procedural 12, 649
radar, 651
TCAS, 685
vertical, 651
visual, 651
wake turbulence, 659
See also Airspace; Air traffic management; Collision Avoidance
Servo:
accelerometer restoring, 320
air data, 393
goniometer, 117
Tacan antenna, 136
Sextant, 551
SF, secondary phase factor, 143
Shadowing, 508
Shear, see Wind shear
SHF, super-high frequency, 100
Shimmer, star, 578
Shock and vibration, see Vibration
Shock wave, see Supersonic
Shupe Effect, 340
SID, standard instrument departure, 16, 49, 655
Side lobe:
Doppler radar, 461
suppression, 665
Side-looking radar, see SAR
Signal-in-space:
Tacan, 135
VOR, 123
See also each navaid
Signal processing, see each navaid; Filter; Kalman filter
Signal-to-leakage ratio, 465
Signal-to-noise ratio, 103, 241, 472, 476, 533, 573
Silicon sensors:
air data, 402
Simplex data bus, 691
Simulation:
inertial, 376 ff
landing, 604
Monte Carlo, 376
training, 52
See also each navaid; Error; Kalman filter; Multisensor navigation
SINS, ship's inertial navigation system, 314
Sirius, 555
SITAN, 38
Siting errors:
Tacan, 136
VOR, 127
SKE, stationkeeping equipment
Skip distance, 107
Sky wave, Loran:
pulse contamination, 140
Slave station:
Decca, 171
Loran, 139
Slip rings, 363
Slot, see Time slot
SM, security module, 248
Smart probes, 492
Smart skin, 549
smi, statute miles = 5280 feet
Smoothing, see Filter; Delay
S/N, see Signal-to-noise ratio
Snell's Law, 577
Snow, see Rain
SNR, see Signal-to-noise ratio
Soft iron, 438
Software:
contents of, 21, 411, 507, 539
cost, 52
independent verification, 251–252
See also each navaid; Filter; Kalman filter
Solar:
activity, 194
array, 204
Sole means of navigation, 11, 661, 687
Sound, speed of, 397. See also Acoustic
Soviet Union, see CIS
Space segment, GPS, 179
Space Shuttle:
landing, 636
Space wave, 141
Spacing, see Separation
Specification, see ARINC: Eurocae; ICAO; RTCA
Specific heat, air, 397
Spectrum:
Doppler radar, 460 ff
GLONASS, 260
See also Frequency bands; Spread spectrum
Spectral density, see Power spectral density
Speech:
recognition, 699
synthesis, 699
Speed
of sound, 397
See also Airspeed
Sperry Corp, see Honeywell
Spherical harmonics:
gravity model, 188
magnetic model, 437
Spherical triangle, 40
SPI, special identification pulse, 665
SPN-35, 636
Spread-spectrum:
JTIDS, 286
PLRS, 302
SPS, standard positioning service: accuracy of, 198, 253 ff
described, 198
SR-71, 551
SRC, sensitivity range control, 492
SS, space segment, GPS, 179
SSR, secondary surveillance radar, 665
Stable element, see Platform; Inertial
Stable platform, see Platform; Inertial
Stability, filter, 92
Stabilization:
celestial, 577
heading references, 426 ff
Tacan transmitter, 134
Stall margin, 603
STANAG 3910, 693
Standard:
arrival, 655
atmosphere, 397
departure, 655
deviation, 46
positioning service, see SPS
Standards,
avionic, 19
See also ARINC; DoD; Eurocae; ICAO; IEEE; RTCA
Standard terminal arrival route, see STAR
STAR, standard terminal arrival route, 16, 655
Star:
double, 585
irradiance, table, 570
measurement, 552
quantum efficiency, 574
spectral characteristics, 567–568
Star tracker:
detached, 577
gimballed, 576
See also Celestial navigation; Telescope
State vector:
dimensions, 90
GPS, 91
inertial, 90
JTIDS, 289
stellar-inertial, 560
See also Filter; Kalman filter
Static defect, 394
Static source, 413
Statistics:
distribution of errors, 45
Gaussian, 46
stationary, 44
variance, 46
See also Covariance; Noise
STC, sensitivity time control, 507
Steering:
carrier landing, 633
great circle, 40
guidance, 2
inertial, 373
Stellar-inertial navigation, 68, 557 ff
STOL, short takeoff and landing, 6. See also VTOL
Strapdown:
radar antenna, 459
stellar sensor, 64, 581–583, 594
Strapdown INS, 348 ff
role of gyroscope, 325
SUA, special-use airspace, 688
Subframe, GPS, 220
Sunspots, 106
Supersonic:
Mach calculation, 405
optical shock wave, 578
radar reflection, 465
See also Hypersonic
Supplemental navigation, 235, 266, 661
Surveillance:
automatic dependent, 1, 667–669
on runway, 605
Surveyor, 450
Swerling, P., 536
Swinging:
with Doppler radar, 490
Switch, land-sea, 483
Synchro:
air data computer, 400
direction finder, 445
Doppler radar, 459
magnetic compass, 441
Synchronization:
bit, 242
frame, 242
GPS codes, 216
GPS navigation data, 218
Loran, 147
of measurements, 92
Omega, 158
PLRS, 300
VLF, 167
See also Time measurement
Synchronous satellite, 268
Synthesizer, GPS, 239
Synthetic aperture radar, see SAR
Synthetic array, see SAR
TA, traffic advisory, 658, 686
TA, terrain avoidance, 504
TACAN, radical air navigation:
approach fix, 600
military usage, 5
signal-in-space, 133
Takeoff, 7
rapid, 593
Tanker, 5
Target:
military, 5
radar, 534
Taxi, see Landing
Taylor series, 520
TCAS, traffic alert and collision avoidance system:
display overlay, 50
speech cues, 699
TCXO, temperature compensated crystal oscillator, 233
TD, dynamical time, 576
TD, time difference, 139
TDF, two-degrees-of-freedom, 343–345
TDMA, time-division multiple access:
JTIDS, 287
PLRS, 303
TDOP, time dilution of position, 49, 201
TDWR, terminal Doppler weather radar, 673
TEC, total electron content, 194
Telescope:
Temperature:
accelerometer error, 323
antenna error, 480
avionic bays, 703
effect on reliability, 703
free stream, 398
lapse rate, 644
optical effects, 578
outside air, 398
stagnation, 398
star, 568
total, 398
Temperature-compensation:
beam direction, 480
gimballed platform, 363
inertial instruments, 321, 331, 340, 346, 381, 429
optical gyroscope, 340
Template, voice, 699
TERCOM, Terrain Contour Mapping, 38
Terminal:
control area, 645
instrument procedure, 657
See also Airspace
TERPROM, 38
TERPS, terminal instrument procedures, 652, 736
Terrain:
avoidance radar, 529 ff
following radar, 529 ff
glide slope bends, 619
land-water boundary, 506
matching, 37
measurement, radar, 38, 534–536
radar reflection, 67, 453–454, 474, 508–509
scattering, radar, 474 ff
See also Glide slope; Radar, Airborne
Testing:
accelerometer, 324
air data, 422
Doppler radar, 489
flight, 299, 311, 379, 394, 409, 413, 418, 422–423, 489 7/ 8/10
mechanical gyroscope, 347
optical gyroscope, 342
See also Compensation; Calibration; Swinging
Textron Defense Systems, 627
TF, see Terrain following
TF/TA, terrain following/terrain avoidance
TFM, traffic-flow management, 542
Threshold, optical, 574. See also Landing
Throttle management, 15
carrier landing, 635
Category II, III, 599
TID, travelling ionospheric disturbance, 194
Tidal effect:
landing altimeter, 607
radar, 484
Timation, 197
Time constant, see Delay
Time definition:
dynamic, 576
Time-difference, Loran, 139
Time measurement:
atomic, 204
celestial navigator, 551, 575–576
from GPS, 255
history, 13
from JTIDS, 289
WWV, 575
See also Clock
Time of arrival:
ComNav, 283
GPS, 184
JTIDS, 284 ff
PLRS, 299 ff
Omega, 36
Time slot:
DME, 130
JTIDS, 284 ff
Loran, 149
PLRS, 304
Time to closest approach, 685
Time Reference Scanning Beam, 621
TLM, telemetry word, 218 ff
TMU, traffic management unit, 677–678
TOA, see Time of arrival
TOPCO, transmitter operational control, 147
Torquer:
accelerometer, 319
directional gyro, 445
gyro, 325, 343, 345, 431, 444, 583
mechanization, 371
platform, 314
Touchdown:
aircraft carrier, 631
tolerances, 604
wheel path, 602
See also Landing
TOW, time of week, 204
Tower:
air traffic control, 655, 679–680
T/R, transmit/receive, 546
TR-I, 245
TRACAB, terminal radar approach colocated with tower cab, 679
TRACE, track review and correction estimation, 307
Trace, range, 506
Track:
angle, illustration, 30
oceanic, 660
processing, 678
terrain matching, 37
toward target, 40
Tracker, electronic:
altitude, 493
DME, 131
leading edge, 492
Loran, 151
mapping radar, 511
sine-cosine, 471
while scan, 538
TRACON, terminal radar approach control center, 655, 679
Traffic, see Air space; Air traffic management
Training:
CBT, 20
maintenance, 701
radar operator, 506
simulator, 52
Transducer, air data, 400. See also Sensor
Transit, 178
Transmissometer, 599
Transmitter, see each radio navaid
Transponder, ATC, 657, 658, 665–667. See also Beacon; Interrogator
Trident aircraft, 605
Trilateration, see Multilateration
Troposphere:
Truncation, 92
Tsikada, 178
TSO, technical standard order, 235
TT&C, telemetry, tracking and control, 270
Tuning:
gyrocompass, 436
gyro suspension, 344
Kalman filter, 92
optical cavity, 331
See also Filter; Radio navaids
Turbulence:
shimmer, 578
wake, 659
Turn and bank indicator, 11, 400
TWT, travelling wave tube, 546
TXCO, temperature-controlled crystal oscillator, 233
UAV, unmanned airborne vehicle:
mission, 6
navigation of, 311
radar altimeter 497
vehicle, 5
UDRE, user differential range error, 250
UERE, user equivalent range error, 253
UHF, ultra-high frequency, 100
United Kingdom, 417, 437, 598, 605
United States:
Air Force, 197, 208, 245, 530, 692, 725, 735
Naval Air Engineering Center, 632, 633
Naval Research Laboratory, 637
See also FAA; Military; NWS; USCG
Unmanned airborne vehicles, see UAV
Update, see Fix
Uplink, see Data link
Upload, GPS, 207
URA, user range accuracy, 221
URE, user range error, 207
URO, user readout, 301
USCG, United Slates Coast Guard, 119, 145, 153, 175
USNO, US Naval Observatory, 207–208, 262
USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, see CIS
UT, universal time, 576
UTC, universal time coordinated:
GLONASS, 262
UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator, 28
Validity test, see Reasonability test
Vane:
angle of attack, 399
angle of sideslip, 399
pivoted, 395
swiveling, 417
Variance, 46. See also Allan variance; Statistics
Variation, magnetic, 437
VCO, voltage-controlled oscillator, 236
VDI, vertical deviation indicator, 613
VDOP, vertical dilution of position, GPS, 201, 253
celestial error, 558
gravity, 23
state, 1
Velocity:
dead reckoned, 29
Doppler-measured, 449 ff
GPS-measured, 255
illustrated, 30
inertially-measured, 313 ff
JTIDS, 285
phase, 193
PVU, 522
touchdown dispersion, 607
Vertical:
apparent, 23
astronomic, 23
defined, 23
deflection of the, 25
separation, 65
true, 23
Vertical gyroscope, see Gyroscope; Vertical
Vertical position, see Altitude
VFO, variable frequency oscillator, 524–525
VFR, visual flight rules:
clearance, 657
in controlled airspace, 645
described, 643 ff
transponder code, 665
VHF, very high frequency, 100
VHF, omnidirectional range, see VOR
Vibrating beam accelerometer, 322
Vibrating diaphragm sensor, 402
Vibrating string accelerometer, 322
Vibration:
accelerometer, 322
directional gyro, 446
effect on alignment, 384 ff
effect on oscillator, 233
gimballed platform, 362
strapdown system, 359
See also Acceleration
Vibropendulous error, 320
Victor airway, 646
Video, radar, 512
Visibility, 597, 645–646, 657. See also Ceiling
Visual charted procedures, 660
Visual separation, see Separation
VLF, very low frequency, 100
VMC, visual meteorological conditions, 651 ff
VMO, maximum operational velocity, 408
Von Karman, 415
VOR, VHF omnidirectional range:
approach fix, 600
block diagram, 125
high altitude, 646
low altitude, 646
radome, 125
terminal, 646
VOR/DME:
approach, 652
Doppler, 646
RNAV, 646
RNP, 663
VORTAC VOR-Tacan:
ATM, 646
description, 138
VSI vertical situation display, 427
VTOL, vertical takeoff and landing, 636. See also STOL
w, watt = joule/second
WAAS, wide-area augmentation system:
en-route, 15
landing, 252
WADGPS, wide-area DGPS, 252, 268
Wake turbulence:
aircraft, 659
ship, 631
Wander angle, see Azimuth; Wander
Wander azimuth, see Azimuth; Wander
Warm-up, INS, 381
Water:
scattering, 475
sea bias, 481
sea current, 484
sea state, 475
tidal offset, 484
Wave, electromagnetic:
guide, 161
Loran space, 141
See also Ground wave; Sky wave; Space wave
Wave-off, see Bolter
Watts Antenna Company, 618
Waypoint:
time of arrival, 675
Weapons:
control of, 17
miss distance, 522
Weather:
all-weather operations, 597
for ATM, 642, 672–673, 678, 682
briefing, 656
cyclonic winds, 12
GPS, 210
IMC, 9
runway visual range,
star visibility, 562
See also Ceiling; Lightning
history, 503
precipitation effect, 542
See also Display
Week number, GPS, 222
Weight of receivers:
direction finder, 117
DME, 131
Doppler radar, 490
GPS antenna, 245
marker beacon, 122
mechanical gyroscope, 345
optical gyroscope, 340
Tacan, 136
VOR, 126
Weighting factors, see Filter
Westinghouse Corporation, 637
WGS, see World Geodetic System
Whisky compass, 440
Wide-area DGPS, see WAAS
Wild point, 48
Wind:
aircraft carrier, 631
dead reckoning, 30
Doppler radar, 484
in-flight calculation, 408
LLWAS, 673
measured by radar, 540
shear, 16, 418–420, 540, 543, 673
steering, 41
Window:
atmospheric, 109
distortion, 577
radar PVU, 525
WMM, World Magnetic Model, 437
WMS, wide-area master station, 269
Wobbling modulation, 495
World Geodetic System:
gravitation, 187
World War II:
navigation, 12
WRS, wide-area reference station, 269
WWV radio, 575
WWV-H radio, 575
X-15 air data, 421
X-band, 101, 517, 538, 542, 550, 634
Yaw damper, 400
Z-beacon, 12
Z-count, 204
Zero crossings, Loran, 141
Zonal harmonics, see Spherical harmonics