NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1.Thrash, Todd M., and Andrew J. Elliot. “Inspiration as a Psychological Construct.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 4 (2003): 871–89. Thrash, Todd M., Emil G. Moldovan, Victoria C. Oleynick, and Laura A. Maruskin. “The Psychology of Inspiration.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8, no. 9 (2014): 495-510.

2.Thrash, Todd. Interview with author, May 18, 2016.

3.Ibid.

4.Survey Methodology: This survey was conducted online within the United States by Harris Poll on behalf of The Hedges Company from June 7–9, 2016 among 2,034 U.S. adults ages 18 and older. This online survey is not based on a probability sample and therefore no estimate of theoretical sampling error can be calculated.

5.Bingham, Tony. Email interview with author, July 1, 2016.

6.Grant, Adam M. Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success. New York: Viking, 2013.

7.Adam Grant, interview with author, May 14, 2016.

CHAPTER 1

1.“Item 10: I Have a Best Friend at Work,” Gallup.com, Gallup Business Journal, May 26, 1999.

2.Fiske, Susan T. “Divided by Status: Upward Envy and Downward Scorn,” nih.gov, June 24, 2015.

3.Kleef, Gerben A. Van, Christopher Oveis, Ilmo Van Der Löwe, Aleksandr Luokogan, Jennifer Goetz, and Dacher Keltner. “Power, Distress, and Compassion: Turning a Blind Eye to the Suffering of Others.” Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (2008): 1315–1322.

4.Dokoupil, Tony. “Is the Internet Making Us Crazy? What the New Research Says,” Newsweek, July 9, 2012.

5.“Trends in Consumer Mobility Report,” Bank of America, 2015.

6.Rainie, L., Zickuhr, K. “Americans’ Views on Mobile Etiquette.” Pew Research Center. August, 2015.

7.Misra, S., L. Cheng, J. Genevie, and M. Yuan. “The iPhone Effect: The Quality of In-Person Social Interactions in the Presence of Mobile Devices.” Environment and Behavior 48, no. 2 (2014): 275–98.

8.Davis, Lauren Cassani. “The Flight From Conversation.” The Atlantic, October 7, 2015; Price, Michael. “Alone in the Crowd.” American Psychological Association, June 2011.

9.Turkle, Sherry. “Connected, but Alone?” TED.com, February 2012. Accessed June 20, 2016. http://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together.

10.Savitsky, K., Gilovich, T. “The Illusion of Transparency and the Alleviation of Speech Anxiety.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39 (2003), 618–625.

CHAPTER 2

1.Eblin, Scott. Personal interview with author, December 11, 2015.

2.Mayo Clinic Staff, “Stress Symptoms: Effects on Your Body and Behavior.” Mayoclinic.com. July 19, 2013. Accessed January 8, 2016. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987.

3.Begley, Sharon. “The Science of Making Decisions.” Newsweek. February 27, 2011. Accessed January 8, 2016. http://www.newsweek.com/science-making-decisions-68627.

4.Capretto, Lisa. “Elizabeth Gilbert: Perfectionism Is ‘Just Fear in Really Good Shoes’ (VIDEO).” The Huffington Post. October 2, 2014. Accessed January 08, 2016. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/02/elizabeth-gilbert-oprah-root-of-every-problem_n_5914412.html).

5.Williamson, Marianne. A Return to Love: Reflections on the Principles of a Course in Miracles. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

6.Frankl, Viktor E. Man’s Search for Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press, 2006.

7.Argyris, Chris. “Double Loop Learning in Organizations.” Harvard Business Review. September 01, 1977. Accessed January 08, 2016. https://hbr.org/1977/09/double-loop-learning-in-organizations.; Argyris, Chris. “Teaching Smart People How to Learn.” Reflections: The SoL Journal 4, no. 2 (1991): 4–15.

8.Dearborn, Jenny. “How to Live in the Moment and Get Work Done at the Same Time.” Fast Company. August 29, 2014. Accessed January 08, 2016. https://www.fastcompany.com/3034910/work-smart/how-to-live-in-the-moment-and-get-work-done-at-the-same-time.

9.Cuda, Gretchen. “Just Breathe: Body Has a Built-In Stress Reliever.” NPR. December 6, 2010. Accessed January 08, 2016. http://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131734718/just-breathe-body-has-a-built-in-stress-reliever.

10.Schwartz, Tony. “For Real Productivity, Less Is Truly More.” Harvard Business Review, May 17, 2010. Accessed January 08, 2016. https://hbr.org/2010/05/for-real-productivity-less-is.

CHAPTER 3

1.Ottati, Victor, Erika D. Price, Chase Wilson, and Nathanael Sumaktoyo. “When Self-perceptions of Expertise Increase Closed-minded Cognition: The Earned Dogmatism Effect.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 61 (2015): 131–38. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103115001006)

2.Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.

3.Ariely, Dan. “The Fallacy of Supply and Demand.” In Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, 25–53. New York: Harper, 2008.

4.Ibid.

5.Halvorson, Heidi Grant. No One Understands You and What to Do About It. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015. 47–49.

6.Cialdini, Robert B. Influence: Science and Practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.

7.Levitin, Daniel. “How to Stay Calm When You Know You’ll Be Stressed.” Ted.com. September 2015. Accessed February 02, 2016. https://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_levitin_how_to_stay_calm_when_you_know_you_ll_be_stressed?language=en.

8.Dweck, Carol S. Mindset. London: Robinson, 2012.

CHAPTER 4

1.George, Bill. Authentic Leadership: Rediscovering the Secrets to Creating Lasting Value. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003.

2.Gardner, William L., Claudia C. Cogliser, Kelly M. Davis, and Matthew P. Dickens. “Authentic Leadership: A Review of the Literature and Research Agenda.” The Leadership Quarterly 22, no. 6 (2011): 1120–1145. Wang, Hui; Sui, Yang; Luthans, Fred; Wang, Danni; and Wu, Yanhong, “Impact of Authentic Leadership on Performance: Role of Followers’ Positive Psychological Capital and Relational Processes”. Management Department Faculty Publications: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2014. Paper 123.

3.“Most Admired Man and Woman.” Gallup.com. Accessed February 24, 2016. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1678/most-admired-man-woman.aspx.

4.Fry, Richard. “Millennials Surpass Gen Xers as the Largest Generation in U.S. Labor Force.” Pew Research Center. May 11, 2015. Accessed February 24, 2016. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/05/11/millennials-surpass-gen-xers-as-the-largest-generation-in-u-s-labor-force/.

5.Ibarra, Herminia. “The Authenticity Paradox.” Harvard Business Review. 2015. Accessed February 03, 2016. https://hbr.org/2015/01/the-authenticity-paradox.

6.Ibid.

7.Aronson, Elliott, Ben Willerman, and Joanne Floyd. “The Effect of a Pratfall on Increasing Interpersonal Attractiveness.” Psychonomic Science 4, no. 6 (June 1966): 227–228.

8.See also the work of Amy Cuddy, Deborah Gruenfeld, and Adam Grant for more on the blending of warmth with competency.

9.Merida, Kevin. “Gore and the Bore Effect.” Washington Post. June 7, 1999. Accessed February 24, 2016. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/gore060799.htm.

10.Booth, William. “From Stiff to Star: Al Gore’s Unlikely Hollywood Story.” Spokesman.com. February 25, 2007. Accessed February 24, 2016. http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2007/feb/25/from-stiff-to-star-al-gores-unlikely-hollywood/.

11.Hedges, Kristi. The Power of Presence: Unlock Your Potential to Influence and Engage Others. New York: American Management Association, 2012. 18–19.

12.Grant, Adam M. Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success. New York: Viking, 2013.

13.Halvorson, Heidi. No One Understands You and What to Do About It. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015. 11–14.

14.Brooks, Alison Wood, Francesca Gino, and Maurice E. Schweitzer. “Smart People Ask for (My) Advice: Seeking Advice Boosts Perceptions of Competence.” Management Science 61, no. 6 (2015): 1421–1435. Liljenquist, Katie. “Resolving the Impression Management Dilemma: The Strategic Benefits of Soliciting Others for Advice.” Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 2010. Accessed February 24, 2016. http://gradworks.umi.com/34/02/3402210.html.

15.“The World’s 100 Most Powerful Women.” Forbes. 2015. Accessed February 26, 2016. http://www.forbes.com/profile/indra-nooyi/.

16.“PepsiCo CEO Indra K. Nooyi Talks Personal and Professional Inspiration During BlogHer ‘11 Keynote.” YouTube. August 29, 2011. Accessed February 26, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NH3EdYvT4M.

17.George, Bill, Peter Sims, Andrew McLean, and Diana Mayer. “Discovering Your Authentic Leadership.” Harvard Business Review, February 2007.

CHAPTER 5

1.“JetBlue | Corporate and Social Responsibility.” JetBlue.com. Accessed March 03, 2016. https://www.jetblue.com/corporate-social-responsibility/.

2.Agence France-Presse. “Volvo Eyes ‘No-death’ Goal in Its New Cars by 2020.” Industry Week, December 2012. Accessed April 06, 2016. http://www.industryweek.com/product-development/volvo-eyes-no-death-goal-its-new-cars-2020.

3.Hoffman, Bryce G. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. New York: Crown Business, 2012.

4.Rosenthal, Robert, and Lenore Jacobson. Pygmalion in the Classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupils’ Intellectual Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.

5.Whiteley, Paul, Thomas Sy, and Stefanie K. Johnson. “Leaders’ Conceptions of Followers: Implications for Naturally Occurring Pygmalion Effects.” The Leadership Quarterly 23, no. 5 (2012): 822–834. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.03.006. Avolio, Bruce J., Rebecca J. Reichard, Sean T. Hannah, Fred O. Walumbwa, and Adrian Chan. “A Meta-analytic Review of Leadership Impact Research: Experimental and Quasi-experimental Studies.” The Leadership Quarterly 20, no. 5 (2009): 764–784. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.006.

6.For a succinct overview of research in this area see Livingston, J. Sterling. “Pygmalion in Management.” Harvard Business Review, January 2003. Accessed March 3, 2016. https://hbr.org/2003/01/pygmalion-in-management.

7.“Gallup Strengths Center.” About Clifton StrengthsFinder. Accessed March 03, 2016. https://www.gallupstrengthscenter.com/Home/en-US/About.

8.Finkelstein, Sydney. Superbosses: How Exceptional Leaders Master the Flow of Talent. UK: Portfolio Penguin, 2016. Finkelstein, Sydney. “Secrets of Superbosses.” Harvard Business Review, January/February 2016, 104–107.

9.Finkelstein, Sydney. Interview with author, May 5, 2016.

10.Wiseman, Liz, and Greg McKeown. Multipliers: How the Best Leaders Make Everyone Smarter. New York: HarperBusiness, 2010.

11.Wiseman, Liz. Interview with author, May 11, 2016.

CHAPTER 6

1.Goulston, Mark. Just Listen: Discover the Secret to Getting through to Absolutely Anyone. New York: American Management Association, 2010. 64.

2.Nichols, Ralph G., and Leonard A. Stevens. Are You Listening? New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957. Nichols, Ralph G., and Leonard A. Stevens. “Listening to People.” Harvard Business Review. 1957. Accessed March 01, 2016. https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people/ar/1.

3.Haas, J. W., and C. L. Arnold. “An Examination of the Role of Listening in Judgments of Communication Competence in Co-Workers.” Journal of Business Communication 32, no. 2 (1995): 123–139.

4.Charan, Ram. “The Discipline of Listening.” Harvard Business Review. June 21, 2012. Accessed March 01, 2016. https://hbr.org/2012/06/the-discipline-of-listening.

5.Bingham, Tony. Email interview with author, July 1, 2016.

CHAPTER 7

1.United States. National Park Service. “Roosevelt and Churchill: A Friendship That Saved The World.” National Parks Service. Accessed December 20, 2016. https://www.nps.gov/articles/fdrww2.htm.

2.Neumann, Roland, and Fritz Strack. “‘Mood Contagion’: The Automatic Transfer of Mood between Persons.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, no. 2 (2000): 211–223.

3.Barsade, Sigal G. “The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior.” Administrative Science Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2002): 644–675.

4.Barsade, Sigal. Interview with author, May 4, 2016.

5.Ibid.

6.Jin, Sirkwoo, Myeong-Gu Seo, and Debra L. Shapiro. “Do Happy Leaders Lead Better? Affective and Attitudinal Antecedents of Transformational Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 27, no. 1 (February 2016): 64–84.

7.Holmes, Jack. “The Dean Scream: An Oral History.” Esquire. January 29, 2016. Accessed April 15, 2016. http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a41615/the-dean-scream-oral-history/.

8.Vallerand, Robert J. “Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice.” The Role of Passion in Sustainable Psychological Well-being. March 21, 2012. Accessed April 15, 2016. http://psywb.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2211-1522-2-1. Vallerand, Robert J., Céline Blanchard, Geneviève A. Mageau, Richard Koestner, Catherine Ratelle, Maude Léonard, Marylène Gagné, and Josée Marsolais. “Les Passions De L’âme: On Obsessive and Harmonious Passion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 4 (2003): 756–767. Vallerand, Robert J. The Psychology of Passion: A Dualistic Model. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

CHAPTER 8

1.Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York: Harper, 2008.

2.Haidt, Jonathan. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review 108, no. 4 (2001): 814–834.

3.Haidt, Jonathan. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Pantheon Books, 2012.

4.Reporter. Directed by Eric Daniel Metzgar. Featuring Nicholas Kristof. HBO, 2009. Film.

5.Zak, Paul. “Why Your Brain Loves Good Storytelling.” Harvard Business Review. October 28, 2014. Accessed April 22, 2016. https://hbr.org/2014/10/why-your-brain-loves-good-storytelling/. Paul J. The Moral Molecule: The Source of Love and Prosperity. New York: Dutton, 2012.

6.Lin, Pei-Ying, Naomi Sparks Grewal, Christophe Morin, Walter D. Johnson, and Paul J. Zak. “Oxytocin Increases the Influence of Public Service Advertisements.” PLoS ONE. February 27, 2013. Accessed April 26, 2016. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584120/.

7.Cialdini, Robert B. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. New York: Collins, 2007.

8.Lindebaum, Dirk, and Deanna Geddes. “The Place and Role of (moral) Anger in Organizational Behavior Studies.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2015.

CHAPTER 9

1.Mehrabian, Albert. Silent Messages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1971.

2.Hedges, Kristi. The Power of Presence: Unlock Your Potential to Influence and Engage Others. New York: American Management Association, 2011. 25.

3.Carney, Dana R., Judith A. Hall, and Lavonia Smith LeBeau. “Beliefs About the Nonverbal Expression of Social Power.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 29, no. 2 (2005): 105–123.

4.DeSteno, David. “Who Can You Trust?” Harvard Business Review. March 1, 2014. Accessed May 10, 2016. https://hbr.org/2014/03/who-can-you-trust.

5.Ibid.

6.Aviezer, H., Y. Trope, and A. Todorov. “Body Cues, Not Facial Expressions, Discriminate Between Intense Positive and Negative Emotions.” Science 338, no. 6111 (2012): 1225–1229.

7.Shellenbarger, Sue. “Just Look Me in the Eye Already.” Wall Street Journal. May 28, 2013. Accessed May 7, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324809804578511290822228174.

8.Carney, D. R., A. J. C. Cuddy, and A. J. Yap. “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance.” Psychological Science 21, no. 10 (2010): 1363–1368.

9.Ranehill, E., A. Dreber, M. Johannesson, S. Leiberg, S. Sul, and R. A. Weber. “Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women.” Psychological Science 26, no. 5 (2015): 653–656.

10.Briñol, Pablo, Richard E. Petty, and Benjamin Wagner. “Body Posture Effects on Self-evaluation: A Self-validation Approach.” European Journal of Social Psychology 39, no. 6 (2009): 1053–1064.

11.Carney, D. R., A. J. C. Cuddy, and A. J. Yap. “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance.” Psychological Science 21, no. 10 (2010): 1363–1368.

12.Galinsky, Adam D., and Li44 Huang. “How You Can Become More Powerful by Literally Standing Tall.” Scientific American. January 4, 2011. Accessed May 10, 2016. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-you-can-become-more-p/.

13.Wenner, Melinda. “Smile! It Could Make You Happier.” Scientific American. September 1, 2009. Accessed May 10, 2016. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/smile-it-could-make-you-happier/. Kraft, T. L., and S. D. Pressman. “Grin and Bear It: The Influence of Manipulated Facial Expression on the Stress Response.” Psychological Science 23, no. 11 (2012): 1372–1378.

14.Schumacher, Elliot, and Maxine Eskenazi. “A Readability Analysis of Campaign Speeches from the 2016 U.S. Presidential Campaign.” Eprint ArXiv:1603.05739. March 2016. Accessed May 10, 2016.

15.Oppenheimer, Daniel M. “Consequences of Erudite Vernacular Utilized Irrespective of Necessity: Problems with Using Long Words Needlessly.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 20, no. 2 (2006): 139–156.

CHAPTER 10

1.Bonchek, Mark. “Purpose Is Good. Shared Purpose Is Better.” Harvard Business Review. March 14, 2013. Accessed May 27, 2016. https://hbr.org/2013/03/purpose-is-good-shared-purpose

2.Sinek, Simon. Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action. New York: Portfolio, 2009.

3.Thrash, Todd M., and Andrew J. Elliot. “Inspiration as a Psychological Construct.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 4 (2003): 871–889. Thrash, Todd M., and Andrew J. Elliot. “Inspiration: Core Characteristics, Component Processes, Antecedents, and Function.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87, no. 6 (2004): 957–973.

4.Hill, Patrick L., Anthony L. Burrow, Jay W. Brandenberger, Daniel K. Lapsley, and Jessica Collado Quaranto. “Collegiate Purpose Orientations and Well-being in Early and Middle Adulthood.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 31, no. 2 (2010): 173–179. Thrash, Todd M., Emil G. Moldovan, Victoria C. Oleynick, and Laura A. Maruskin. “The Psychology of Inspiration.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8, no. 9 (2014): 495–510. doi:10.1111/spc3.12127.

5.2015 Workforce Purpose Index by Imperative in partnership with NYU. https://www.imperative.com/index

6.Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. “Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-being.” American Psychologist 55, no. 1 (2000): 68–78.

7.Markon, Jerry. “Homeland Security Ranks Dead Last in Morale—Again—but Jeh Johnson’s Morale Is High.” Washington Post. September 29, 2015. Accessed May 27, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/09/29/dhs-disappointed-by-latest-low-morale-scores-vows-to-keep-trying/.

8.For the official record, you can review the task force findings: https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS-HSAC-Employee-Task-Force-Report-May-2015.pdf

9.Joyce, Mary Ellen. Interview with author, May 4, 2016.

10.Vallacher, Robin R., and Daniel M. Wegner. “Levels of Personal Agency: Individual Variation in Action Identification.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, no. 4 (1989): 660–671. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.660.

11.Grant, Adam. Personal interview with author, May 14, 2016.

CHAPTER 11

1.“2016 EDELMAN TRUST BAROMETER.” Edelman.com. Accessed June 07, 2016. http://www.edelman.com/insights/intellectual-property/2016-edelman-trust-barometer/. Motivational theory of role modeling

2.“Millennial Survey 2016 | Deloitte | Social Impact, Innovation.” Deloitte.com. Accessed June 07, 2016. http://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/millennialsurvey.html.

3.Morgenroth, Thekla, Michelle K. Ryan, and Kim Peters. “The Motivational Theory of Role Modeling: How Role Models Influence Role Aspirants’ Goals.” Review of General Psychology 19, no. 4 (2015): 465-83.

4.“Signature Leaders.” SignatureLeaders.com. Accessed June 07, 2016. http://signatureleaders.com/.

5.Seymour, Carol. Interview with author, March 3, 2016.

CHAPTER 12

1.Treasurer, Bill. Courage Goes to Work: How to Build Backbones, Boost Performance, and Get Results. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2008.

2.Malcolm, Hadley. “REI Closing on Black Friday for 1st Time in Push to #OptOutside.” USA Today.com. November 17, 2015. Accessed July 20, 2016. http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/10/26/rei-closing-on-black-friday-for-first-time-in-its-history/74627872/.

3.Morrison, Maureen. “McDonald’s Names Atif Rafiq Its First Chief Digital Officer.” Advertising Age. October 3, 2013. Accessed July 27, 2016. http://adage.com/article/news/mcdonald-s-names-atif-rafiq-chief-digital-officer/244556/.

4.Rafiq, Atif. Interview with author, July 27, 2016.

5.Ibid.

CONCLUSION

1.Shenk, Joshua Wolf. “What Makes Us Happy?” The Atlantic. June 2009. Accessed June 14, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/what-makes-us-happy/307439/.