278 • Glossary
Moser-Wellman’s Mental Skills of Creativity: A model of ve think-
ing skills developed by Annette Moser-Wellman for developing
a creative idea: Seer, Observer, Alchemist, Fool, and Sage.
metaphor: Combining description with an idea, problem, thing, etc. that
seems unrelated.
methodism: An overemphasis on compliance with a process, pro-
cedure, technique, etc. at the expense of experimenting with
something new.
mind mapping: Advocated by Tony Buzan; a technique used to identify
and expand upon concepts and their relationships to one another
in a graphic format.
modeling: A technique used to capture how an idea or object works using
symbols to reect components, their relationships, states, signals,
and roles.
Momentum: One of six behaviors identied by Dave Allan etal.; involves
giving an idea a sense of urgency and direction.
monitoring and controlling process: One of the six project management
processes; involves collecting and assessing information about
the performance of a project and taking the necessary corrective
actions to improve that performance.
Multiple Intelligences: Developed by Howard Garner, this model
identies individual intellectual proclivities that represent one’s
frame of mind.
Myers-Briggs: Based upon the work of Carl Jung, this psychological
model oers an assessment for identifying sixteen patterns of
behavior regarding individual personalities.
nihilism: Viewpoint involving radical thinking that seeks to destroy
widely accepted premises of a paradigm.
nominal group technique (NGT): A variant of brainstorming that takes
a structured and methodical approach using criteria to select one
or more ideas.
nonlinear thinking: Looking at the world as a series of complex relation-
ships that occur simultaneously and proportionally.
normal science: Puzzle solving that does whatever it can to suppress
novel ideas by requiring the use of accepted and known rules and
procedures.
observation: A technique used to open perspective by visiting and watch-
ing an individual or organization execute its activities to learn or
enhance creative ideas.
Glossary • 279
Observer: Developed by Annette Moser-Wellman, one of the ve think-
ing skills that compiles data and information to generate one or
more ideas.
osite: A technique that involves taking a group, such as a project team,
away from the work environment to address burning problems
and issues.
Organizational Engineering: A model predicated on the behavior styles
of how people process and respond to information, known as
strategic style, which consists of a method and mode; the four
styles are Reactive Stimulator, Relational Innovator, Hypothetical
Analyzer, and Logical Processor.
organizing process: One of the six project management processes;
involves identifying and putting in place the infrastructure for
eectively and eciently managing a project.
Pareto chart: A chart used to identify the causes of problems predicated
on the theory that a small quantity of issues, problems, etc. will
cause 80 percent of the eects.
People Styles: Best described by Robert Bolton, this behavioral model
emphasizes people’s behavior patterns and habits, and their
eect on relationships through two variables: assertiveness and
responsiveness.
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle: Also known as the Deming Wheel, a
technique that focuses on continuous incremental improvement
using a repetitive cyclic approach involving planning, executing,
measuring, and analyzing.
planning process: One of the six project management processes; requires
determining the roadmap for achieving the goals and objectives
of the project.
preparation phase: One of the ve phases of the traditional creativity
life cycle requiring learning as much as possible about a certain
topic.
problem solving: e process of coming up with a targeted, unambiguous
solution to a problem or solution.
product life cycle: e phase used to manage the technical output of
aproject.
project: A temporary endeavor to achieve a specic result, such as
developing a product or delivering a service for the rst time.
project life cycle: e processes used to manage the work eort of
aproject.
280 • Glossary
project management process: One of the six processes applied during
the entire product life cycle or a specic phase for managing the
work.
psychosclerosis: A term developed by Daniel Goleman for describing
rigid thinking.
reactive stimulation: One of the four strategic styles identied in
Organizational Engineering that takes information only to the
extent needed aer selecting an option.
realness: One of the six behaviors identied by Dave Allan etal.; involves
expressing an idea in dierent ways.
Red Hat inking: One of six thinking styles identied by Edward de
Bono to symbolize addressing a problem or issue through the use
of feelings to select facts and data.
reductive hypothesis: A concept developed by Dietrich Dorner that
adanger exists in reducing the operations of a system, from a
conceptual perspective, resulting in incomplete assessments.
reengineering: An overall radical approach that seeks to identify a more
ecient and eective process than the one that currently exists.
Relational Innovator: One of the four strategic styles identied in
Organizational Engineering that likes to investigate problems and
explore ideas to create something innovative.
relearning: Viewing the world under a dierent paradigm that means
adhering to a dierent set of assumptions and beliefs.
reverse thinking: Taking a perspective that is opposite of the prevailing
thoughts.
right-brain thinking: Using the side of the brain that accepts ambiguity,
intuition, and emotion; associated with synthesis.
role playing: A technique that entails putting a person in another indi-
vidual’s position to understand the thoughts, emotions, values,
beliefs, etc., and then using that information to attain greater
insight.
Sage: Developed by Annette Moser-Wellman, one of the ve thinking
skills that develops a vision and uses it to align everything else
toit; anything irrelevant goes to the wayside.
Seer: Developed by Annette Moser-Wellman, one of the ve thinking
skills that visualizes an idea or multiple ones through imagination.
Semi-structures: Developed by Keith Sawyer, a blend of structure and
order that enables innovation without falling into a chaotic
state.
Glossary • 281
shiing perspectives: e ability to see a problem or issue from multiple
vantage points to help step beyond the restrictions of a prevailing
viewpoint.
signaling: One of the six behaviors identied by Dave Allan etal.; involves
merging a creative idea with logic by performing preparatory
work before its implementation.
simile: Comparing dissimilar ideas, problems, things, etc., but including
the use of like or as.
Six inking Hats: Developed by Edward de Bono, this creativity
approach involves pretending to wear one of several colored hats
to assume one of these thinking styles: White, Red, Black, Yellow,
Green, and Blue.
stage gate: A checkpoint at the end of each phase in the creative life cycle
to evaluate ideas.
stakeholder: An individual or organization that has an interest in the
outcome of a project.
statistical process control (SPC): A technique that plots discrete data
points over time to reveal any anomalies exceeding specic
ranges.
storyboarding: A variant of brainstorming that is used to capture, link,
and evaluate ideas by applying creative and critical thinking.
synectics: A technique that requires suspending judgment and using
analogies to develop ideas to address a problem or issue.
synthesis: Putting together all the components of an object of study aer
analysis is complete.
traditional creativity life cycle: A ve-phase approach toward developing,
analyzing, and implementing a new idea; the ve phases are prep-
aration, concentration, incubation, illumination, and verication
and production.
transactional leadership: Performing routine managerial tasks that keep
the group functioning.
transformational leadership: From a creativity standpoint, taking risks
that challenge the status quo.
tree diagram: A quality tool to display data and information at various
levels of abstraction, from general to specic detail.
trend chart: Also known as a run chart, this tool enables plotting data
over time to reveal a pattern of behavior.
unlearning: Removing the constraints that inhibit thinking to ensure
that false assumptions and beliefs do not inhibit thinking.
282 • Glossary
verication and production phase: One of the ve phases in the traditional
creativity life cycle where an idea is tested and implemented.
Von Oech’s four creative types: A model, developed by Roger von Oech,
consisting of four roles for developing, evaluating, and imple-
menting a creative idea; these roles are Explorer, Artist, Judge,
and Warrior.
Warrior: One of four key roles identied by Roger von Oech; takes an
idea and puts it into the real world.
White Hat inking: One of six thinking styles identied by Edward
de Bono to symbolize addressing a problem or issue with facts
anddata.
workow analysis: Capturing or revising a process to determine key
elements of information and primary controls regulating their
behavior to identify opportunities for creative solutions.
Yellow Hat inking: One of six thinking styles identied by Edward de
Bono to symbolize addressing a problem or issue using a positive
perspective on an idea, such as looking at its benets and future
possibilities.
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