Index
a
- absolute temperature in Kelvin 34
- absorbance 2, 189, 228, 232
- absorber 100, 104, 107, 123, 124, 244, 245, 251, 253
- absorption coefficient 173, 180
- absorption oscillator 172, 173
- activating stage 56
- active display area 154
- active layer 110, 221, 245
- active‐matrix 1, 14, 16, 23–25, 79, 154–158, 161, 162, 167, 234, 256
- active‐matrix backplanes 10, 19, 21, 106, 107, 150, 247
- adhesion 13, 103, 142, 143, 221, 262
- adhesive 103
- Advanced Color ePaper (ACeP) 6
- aggregation of particles 44
- alignment
- ambient light 19, 75, 80, 84, 85, 95, 133, 158, 159, 169, 201, 206, 209, 234, 263, 271, 273, 274, 275, 278
- amplitude 32, 38, 45, 47, 54, 118, 133, 134, 136, 137, 144, 183, 243, 247, 259, 263
- analyzer 176, 178, 184
- anchoring 114, 173, 175, 177
- anchoring energy 134, 143, 173, 174, 178, 179, 180, 190
- angle of refraction 77
- angular dependence 177, 244
- angular distribution 80
- angular performance 78
- angular reflection 271, 272
- angular selective tube 81
- anisotropic 114, 132, 158, 159, 172, 173, 189
- anisotropic intermolecular interactions 172
- anisotropy 132, 133, 135, 136
- anneal 147, 216, 217
- annular Lambertian light source 80
- anti‐glare 273, 275
- anti‐glare mirror 228
- anti‐parallel 175
- anti‐reflection (AR) coating 149, 273
- AOT (sodium docusate or sodium bis [2‐ethylhexyl] sulfosuccinate) 35
- apparent brightness 5, 79
- artificial intelligence (AI) 59, 168
- ASIC 97
- assemble 25, 175, 187, 190, 217
- asymmetric sinusoidal grating 138
- atomic‐force microscopy (AFM) 245
- autostereoscopic 3D, 184, 186, 190
- auxiliary lighting 158–163
- azimuthal anchoring 174, 178–180, 190
- azo‐dye 172–175, 190
b
- backflow 215, 216
- backlight 85, 95, 153, 157, 160, 163, 167, 208, 209, 276, 283
- backplane 10, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23–25, 53, 54, 58, 61, 62, 65, 69, 89, 93–96, 106, 107, 149, 150, 153, 214, 247, 249, 256–258, 260–262, 264–266
- backscattering 100
- bad area 220
- baffle blocks light 274
- bandgap 104, 234
- bandwidth 100, 103, 104
- battery 94, 95, 125, 163, 166, 168, 200, 203, 225, 226, 232, 246, 263
- Bayer matrix 62, 63
- Bi‐directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) 273
- binary computer‐generated hologram (CGH) 263
- binary devices 251
- binary display 229
- binder 18, 21
- bipolar pulses 118, 137
- bipolar waveform 55
- bi‐primary color 7
- birefringence 100, 132, 135, 145, 149, 159, 171, 173
- bistability 18, 32, 47–50, 71, 99, 101, 126, 132–134, 171, 190, 234, 247, 254
- bistable 8–10, 17, 18, 99–126, 131–150, 171, 175, 186, 234, 235, 243, 245, 247, 256, 257
- bistable nematic (BiNem) 132, 171
- bistable pretilts of the nematic director 132
- bit shift 66
- Bjerrum length 34
- black matrix 89, 93
- black matte 274
- black particles 60, 75, 80, 89, 90
- black state 56, 65, 81, 149, 207, 237, 238, 251, 262, 273, 279
- blanking 145
- blazed grating 138
- Bluetooth low energy (BLE) 168
- Boltzmann constant 34
- Boltzmann distribution 36
- bonding ledges 142
- bounce‐back effect 58
- boundary condition 36
- Bragg reflection 10, 100
- brightness 2–6, 10, 11, 14–16, 19–21, 67, 68, 70, 75, 78–82, 85–87, 89, 91, 95, 97, 109, 149, 198, 200, 202, 245–247, 251, 263, 280
- bright state reflection 82
- broadband visible light 245
- Brownian motion 48
- built‐in electric field 32, 58
- buoyancy 48, 49
- buried microheater 248, 250, 251, 256
- buried microheater PCM devices 248
c
- carrier mobility 214, 257
- cathode ray tubes 1, 12
- cell
- chalcogenide‐based PCM 243
- charge compensation 228, 230, 232
- charge control agents 11, 12
- charge controlling agent (CCAs) 31
- charged absorptive particles 78
- charged inversed micelles 44
- charge neutrality 34
- charges depleted 36
- charging mechanism 31, 33–35, 44
- charging mediated by inversed micelles 44
- charging of particles 31, 34
- chip‐on‐glass (CoG) 259
- chiral dopant 99, 101, 107, 108, 179, 190
- chirality 100, 101, 135
- cholesteric liquid crystals (ChLC) 10, 99–126, 132, 225
- chroma 67–70, 199, 239
- chromaticity coordinate 61
- chromism 225
- chromogenics 225
- CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram 186, 254
- CIELAB color space 67–69
- cis‐trans isomerisation 172
- Clear Ink EPD 10
- CLEARink 72, 75–97
- CMY subtractive color 231
- cold cathode fluorescent tube 280
- collisions 34, 44
- color coordinates 49, 88, 147, 234, 279, 280
- color filter 6, 7, 49, 69, 70, 81, 86, 87, 79, 93, 99, 104, 149, 159, 184, 186, 200, 230, 234, 275, 280, 281
- color filter array (CFA) 69, 81, 86, 87, 280
- color gamut 4, 60, 64, 87–89, 97, 103, 105, 165, 168, 199, 210, 213, 234, 251, 252, 254, 277, 280, 281
- color meter 274, 278
- color palette 229
- color performance 7, 49, 50, 89, 97, 186, 280
- color reproduction 4, 69, 271, 280
- color saturation 6, 7, 54, 199, 251, 262
- color space 4, 6, 67–69, 88, 199, 234, 279, 280
- Commission International de l’Eclairage (CIE) 279
- common electrode (COM) 55, 154
- complementary MOS (CMOS) 61, 153
- complex refractive index 243, 244, 247
- concave 138, 139
- conductive polymer 110, 117, 229
- conductivity 33, 34, 226, 234, 236, 248
- conjugate 234
- constant‐voltage signal 54
- continuity equation 35, 36
- continuous state 134
- contour artifacts 64
- contrast
- convex 138, 139
- convolutional neural network 59
- coulombic forces 48
- counter electrode system 228
- counter ferrocene derivative 230
- counterions 46
- counter material 226, 228, 231, 232
- critical angle 77, 78, 85
- critical micelle concentration (CMC) 34
- cross‐hatch artifact 64
- crosslinking 143, 172, 177
- cross polarizer 171, 176
- crystalline solid 132
- crystallization and amorphization pulses 258
- crystallization time 244, 246–248, 255
- current density 38, 39, 71
- current‐driven system 226
- curved displays 274
- cut‐off filter 105, 109
- cycle count 247, 249, 255, 262, 266
- cycling lifetime 245, 262
d
- Dammann gratings 173
- damping oscillation 54
- darkest focal conic state 118
- dark pupil effect 78
- dark state 14, 21, 81, 82, 84, 85, 89, 90, 92, 106, 118, 171, 177, 188, 190, 221
- data signal (SI) 144, 153, 165, 166
- data voltage 144
- DC balance 24, 31, 32, 56, 57, 60, 144
- DC balancing 92
- DC voltages 39, 43, 45, 46, 92, 215, 232
- dead pixels 220
- Debye‐Huckel theory 36
- defect
- defined particle distribution 31
- deformation 133–136, 138, 180
- degradation mechanism 283
- depletion flocculation effect 48, 49
- deposition 11, 141, 143, 216–219, 236, 237, 244, 255, 258, 260, 262
- developer 96, 225, 232–234
- device architecture 89, 91, 93–95, 247
- dichroic 188, 189
- dielectric
- di‐electrophoresis 72
- diffraction 62, 145, 149, 159, 262–264
- diffuse illumination 101, 117, 150, 274, 278, 279
- diffuser 82, 147–149, 260
- diffuse reflective 75, 76, 277
- diffuse reflector 75
- digital dithering 61–64, 69
- digital memory device 153
- digital micromirror device (DMD) 181
- digitizer 109, 120, 125
- dimensionless concentration 36, 38
- dimensionless voltage 36, 38
- N,N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF) 175
- direct binary search 62
- direct drive 17, 19, 99, 214, 222
- display quality parameters 271
- display stage 56, 61
- dodecane 42, 43, 45, 46
- double layers 12, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 217, 228, 232
- double logarithmic chart 279
- drapability 103
- drift and diffusion 31, 35–38
- drift velocity 35
- drive current 12, 66, 67
- drive frequency 118
- driver ICs 94, 142–144, 153, 156, 157, 164, 167, 259
- drive waveforms 89
- driving method 31, 49, 57, 69–72, 162–164
- driving waveform 6, 7, 10, 31–33, 49, 53–72, 281
- droplet 78, 102, 111, 113, 118, 201, 202, 204–209, 214–216, 219
- dry film resist 209, 216, 217
- dual‐frequency 173
- dual‐layer display 149, 262
- durability 5, 131, 171, 230
- duty ratio 232
- dye 2, 10, 12, 14–16, 18–20, 104, 172–175, 188–190, 199, 205, 207, 209, 210, 221, 225, 229, 230, 232–234, 244, 247
- dye‐doped 188–189
- dye‐sensitized solar cell 230
e
- easy axis 175, 183
- eBook 25
- EC device 225, 226, 228–230, 234, 237
- EC efficiency 228–230, 234, 236
- edge seal regions 142
- effective surface area 230
- effective thermal mass 248–250, 258
- E Ink 1, 6, 10, 17–20, 23–25, 47, 60, 75, 78, 81–83, 89, 93, 132, 247
- E Ink eReader display 93
- Einstein relation 35
- elastic distortion 133, 136
- electrical addressing 104–105, 144–145
- electrical double layer 12, 43
- electrical field 47, 101, 104, 180
- electrical impedance 248–250, 258
- electrically addressable unit 209, 212
- electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) 159, 171
- electrical response 118
- electric double layer 228, 232
- electric field 11, 13, 14, 31, 32, 34–39, 43–46, 48, 53, 55, 58, 60, 66, 75, 89, 90, 100, 105, 115, 132, 133, 135, 136, 161, 190, 201, 205, 216, 226
- electric‐optic response 54, 65, 68, 69
- electric signals 144
- electrochemical capacitor 228
- electrochemical deposition 141, 237
- electrochemical redox reaction 10, 225
- electrochromic 8, 10, 12, 131, 225–239, 262, 271
- electrochromism 225
- electrode 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 31, 32, 34–36, 38–41, 43, 54, 55, 58, 71, 89, 119, 124, 133, 137, 141–144, 149, 153, 154, 156–163, 174, 181, 186, 201, 205–208, 225, 226, 228–234, 236–238, 245, 247, 277
- electro‐fluidic effect 204
- electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow 40
- electrolytic damage 144
- electronic addressing 247
- electronic paper (e‐paper) 1–26, 71, 131, 139, 144, 149, 150, 171, 190, 204
- electronic shelf‐edge labels 132, 246, 263
- electronic skin 99, 109
- electron transfer rate 230
- electro‐optic material 273
- electrophoretic display (EPD) 1, 6, 7, 11–17, 24, 31–50, 53–72, 75, 89–94, 144, 155, 171, 247, 252, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282
- electrophoretic particles 14, 21, 31, 33, 54, 57, 85, 90
- electrophotographic system 225
- electrostatic energy 34, 35
- electrostatic induction 71
- electrowetting 131, 197, 200–202, 204–206, 209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217–221, 262
- electrowetting display 10, 197–222
- embossing 25, 138, 141–143
- emissive display 2, 4, 6, 12, 17, 75, 95, 197, 200, 206, 230, 271, 274, 279, 281, 282, 283
- emitter 281
- energy‐conservation smart automobile system 226
- energy harvest 71
- energy pulse 243
- erasable gel pen 225, 232
- erased image 120
- erase waveform 24, 31, 55, 56, 60, 90, 118
- erasing stage 55, 60
- eReader 25, 72, 81, 82, 93, 94, 99, 123, 124, 171, 197, 198, 204, 246, 254
- error‐diffusion 62–67, 164
- evanescent wave 77, 90
- excess heating 249
- exposure
- extinction coefficient 207
f
- Fabry‐Perot nanocavity structure 229
- failure mechanisms 217, 220–221
- failure mode 103
- fast response 247, 257
- FDTD simulation 239
- ferroelectric 132, 173, 247
- ferroelectric chiral Smectic C liquid crystals 132
- field‐induced charging 44
- filaments 248
- fill‐align‐seal 96
- flash memory 58
- flat panel display 16, 153, 171, 186, 200
- flexibility 104, 126, 131, 171, 190, 225, 228, 274
- flexible
- flexible‐on‐glass (FOG) 153
- flexoelectric polarization 135, 145
- flexo‐printing 142
- flickering 17, 31, 50, 56, 72, 154, 155, 162, 163, 281
- fluoran 232, 234
- fluorescent tubes 280, 281
- fluorocarbon 43
- flux 35
- focal conic texture 100, 102, 104–106, 109, 113–115, 117, 118
- fork gratings 173
- FPGA 93, 258, 259, 261
- frame rate 7, 17, 65, 94, 156, 200, 202, 246
- frames per second 200
- frame time 135, 144, 257
- free radical polymerization (FRP) 110
- frequency 44, 45, 62, 71, 72, 92, 110, 118, 154, 155, 157, 162, 163, 166, 168, 171, 173, 215, 232, 246, 248, 263
- Fresnel equations 77
- Fresnel lens 173
- Fresnel reflections 207
- frictional forces 48
- front light 7, 94–96, 160, 271
- frustrated total internal reflection (fTIR) 77
- full‐color 31, 47, 49–50, 64, 65, 69, 70, 87, 93, 99, 108, 131, 149, 163, 172, 184–187, 190, 199, 202, 204, 210, 211, 222, 225, 229, 231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 247, 251, 262–264, 266
- fully bistable reflective displays 243
- functional groups 44
- functional monomers 44
- fundamental mechanisms 10, 31–50
g
- gamut 4, 60, 64, 87–89, 97, 103–105, 165, 168, 199, 210, 213, 234, 251, 252, 254, 277, 279, 280, 281
- Gaussian distribution 54
- Gaussian scattering profile 147
- gel electrolyte 231, 233, 234, 236, 237
- generation rate constant 35
- Gen lines 95
- geometric optical effects 272
- ghost image 31, 32, 55, 59, 60, 72, 92, 281
- ghosting 13, 31, 32, 60, 89, 92, 97, 217, 283
- ghosting effect 217
- glare 4, 5, 75, 81, 82, 278
- glare angle 75, 82
- glass‐electrode 231
- glass transition temperature 247
- Global DC Balance 31, 32, 56, 57
- goggles 183–185, 190
- Gooch‐Tarry minimum 146, 147
- Gouy‐Chapman theory 36, 43
- graphics adapter 282
- grating amplitude 133
- gratings 10, 131–150, 173
- gravitational forces 48
- graygrey scale 271
- gray level 4, 6, 23–25, 31, 54–60, 90–93, 172, 180, 182, 189, 190, 272, 279
- grayscale deviations 31
- grayscales 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 31–33, 53–56, 58, 59, 61–69, 71, 89, 90, 92, 106, 157–158, 180–185, 189, 190, 199, 202, 214–216, 232, 272, 279
- guest‐host 188, 189
h
- halftone 4–6, 8, 24, 62–64, 66
- half‐wave optical switch (λ/2) 159
- haze 100, 123, 273
- HDMI 93
- heat uniformity 249–251, 261
- helical axis 99, 100, 105
- helical twisting power (HTP) 101
- Helmholtz layer 43
- hemispherical shaped micro‐lenses 78
- Herschel Bulkley model 48
- high contrast 85, 90, 93, 123, 159, 168, 202, 244, 245, 251, 262
- highest negative curvature 133
- highest positive surface curvature 134
- high reflected brightness 86
- high‐resolution 19, 21, 23, 138, 144, 159, 172, 186, 210, 211, 263, 264
- high‐resolution panels 23
- high‐throughput compositional gradient approaches 255
- historical dependence 56
- homeotropic alignment 101, 132, 134, 143
- homogenous equilibrium situation 40
- horizontal distance 278
- Horizontal Driver (H‐Driver) 154
- HSB color space 67–69
- hue 147, 199
- human eye 2, 62, 163, 198, 199
- humidity range 283
- hybrid aligned nematic 134, 135
- hydrodynamic radius 35
- hydrophobic surface 201, 205, 206, 209, 215–220
- hysteresis 106, 215
i
- illuminance values 274, 278
- illumination 5, 45, 84, 101, 117, 147, 150, 172, 243, 244, 246, 251, 265, 271, 273, 278–279, 281
- image
- imaging chip 275
- incandescent light source 280
- incidence angle 82, 83
- incident light 132, 145, 147, 148, 172, 175, 189, 190, 263, 272
- incoming light 75, 76, 199, 219
- Independently Movable Colored Particles (IMCP) 49
- indium tin oxide (ITO) 110, 174, 237, 245
- individual charged colloidal particles 44
- infinite plane waves 77
- infrared region 228
- inkjet 4, 143, 182, 234, 236
- inkjet printer 4, 182
- inner Helmholtz plane 43
- inorganic material 228, 247
- in‐plane switching 175
- in‐situ 18, 71, 101, 178
- instantaneous electrical power 249
- instrumentation 99
- integrated circuits (ICs) 259
- intensity modulation 251
- interdigitated lateral p‐n diode design 257
- internal residual charge 56
- Internet of Things (IoT) 168, 263
- inversed electrorheological effect 47
- inverse micelles 31, 33–41, 43, 44, 58
- invisible shaking 58
- ionic liquid 226, 230
- irradiation
- iso‐alkane aliphatic hydrocarbons 47
- isolate the pixel 144
- isotropic
k
l
- Lambertian
- Large Format Writing Surface 124–125
- latching 133, 135–139, 144, 145, 149
- leakage current 33, 202, 214
- lens 78, 80–83, 85–87, 90, 97, 173, 184, 186, 190, 204, 274
- lenticular lens 184, 186, 190
- Lewis acidbase reactions 44
- lifetime 17, 31, 89, 150, 200, 220, 245, 247, 255, 262, 271, 281, 282, 283
- light‐absorbing particles 78
- light absorption 207
- light intensity 81, 207, 225
- light modulating medium 244
- lightness 2, 4, 23, 198, 199, 206, 209, 280
- light printer 181, 182, 186, 190
- light spectrum 199, 205, 209
- light trap 275
- lightweight 2, 103, 131, 186
- line‐ahead blanking 145
- line buffer 66
- liquid crystal (LC) 154
- liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 1, 10, 11, 23, 24, 86, 99–126, 132, 153, 171–190, 226
- liquid lenses 204
- Local DC balance 31, 32, 56, 57
- Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) 237
- look‐up table 33
- Loo‐Up Tables (LUTs) 93
- lossy layer 244
- lower tilt 134
- lowest significant bit (LSB) 157
- low‐pass spatial filter 62
- low power consumption 12, 48, 71, 91, 126, 153, 166, 168, 200, 202, 204, 214, 215, 234
- low‐power ePaper 91
- low power wide area network (LPWAN) 168
- low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) 153
- luminance 2, 4–7, 10, 18, 67–69, 81, 82, 84, 86, 157, 198, 206, 251, 252, 254, 262, 271–283
m
- matrix‐addressed pixels 256
- matte surface 273
- Mauguin regime 177
- Maxwells equation 100
- measurement device 271, 274, 277, 280
- mechanical interaction 54
- mechanical robustness 103, 203
- mechanical shock 138, 263
- melting temperature 247–250, 255, 258, 262
- melt‐quench re‐zamorphization 246
- memory 10, 12–14, 22, 25, 31, 55, 56, 58, 59, 82, 153–169, 225, 226, 232–234, 237, 243–246, 248, 252, 256, 264
- memory effect 13, 14, 22, 55, 56, 59, 226, 233, 237
- memory in pixel (MIP) 10, 82, 153–169, 247
- MEMs 8, 75
- merit function 63, 66, 67
- mesogens 176
- metal complexes 229
- metallic reflector 75
- metastable
- metasurfaces 245
- metrology 5, 10
- microcapsules 11, 18–22, 24, 62, 89
- micro‐chamber 47
- microcontrollers (MCUs) 153, 166
- microcup 25, 60, 62, 89
- microfluidics 114, 197
- microlens 78, 87
- microlens array 78, 80, 82, 83
- microstructure 78–80, 85, 158, 159
- minimal electrical 92
- modern display evaluation 280
- modulation transfer function 62
- molar absorptivity 207, 210
- molecular volume 173
- monochrome displays 83, 92, 93, 222, 279
- monochrome images 92, 93, 279, 281
- monolayer 21, 41, 172
- morphology 110–114, 116, 117, 239
- mosaic filter 280
- most significant bit (MSB) 157
- Mott‐Gurney law 38
- multi‐colored writing 124
- multi‐domain 172, 173
- multi‐flash transition 31
- multilevel voltages 54
- multi‐particle 90
n
o
- Ocean Optics Spectrophotometer 88
- One Drop Fill (ODF) 96
- opaque state 205
- operating voltage 12, 19, 150
- optical contrast 21, 243, 245–249, 255, 262, 266
- optical coupling 92
- optical detector 273
- optical drift 92
- optical gain 5, 75, 79–82, 85, 97
- optically lossy 244
- optically rewritable (ORW) 10, 171–190
- optical response 47, 48, 53, 54, 90, 136, 137, 150
- optical states 89–93, 237, 238
- optical transition 281
- optical tweezers 44, 45
- order parameter 136, 173, 178
- organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) 1, 158, 226
- orientational elastic constant 132
- orientation axis 172
- oscillator 166, 172, 173
- oscilloscope 281
- overflow 217, 219, 220
- oxygen plasma 216
p
- paintbrush 64
- panel electronics 282
- paper‐like 15, 75, 78, 86, 88, 89, 95, 97, 131, 147, 150, 171, 226, 236
- paper‐like displays 1, 7, 87, 95, 147, 197, 225, 226
- parallax 210–211, 263
- parallel polarizer 133
- particles
- passive cooling time 248
- passive matrix 143, 144, 149, 150, 214, 232, 256
- passive matrix display 99, 141, 143, 214, 237
- passive solar system 226
- pattern‐alignment 172
- PenTile 87, 88
- periodic pattern 159
- personal digital assistants (PDAs) 158
- phase‐change 75, 254
- phase change material 10, 243–265
- phase retardation 173, 174
- phase retarder 181
- phase transition material 10
- phosphate 143
- phosphors 281
- photo addressing 99, 107
- photoaligned 138, 173–176, 178–181, 187, 190
- photoalignment 10, 171–186, 190
- photochemical
- photochromism 225
- photodegradation 172
- photodiode 45, 281
- photolithographic 138, 139
- photolithography‐defined 92
- photomask 108, 175, 182, 183, 189, 230
- photopolymer 104, 138, 141–143, 146
- photoresist master 139, 141
- photosensitive 171, 172
- photo‐stable 171, 175, 187, 190
- physical desorption 44
- physical models 10, 204
- physical vapor deposition (PVD) 260
- pigment 2, 4, 6, 7, 11–16, 18, 19, 22, 24, 31, 34, 36, 44, 47, 49, 199, 207, 210, 252
- pitch 99–101, 104, 107, 118, 133, 134, 144, 158, 159, 198, 199, 208–216, 222, 263–265
- pixel
- pixels per inch (ppi) 25, 182, 190
- pixel‐wise halftone 62, 63
- planar conic texture 100, 104–106, 109, 113, 114, 117, 118
- plasma display panel (PDP) 226
- plasma displays 1
- plastic electrode 231
- plateau 47
- point of nucleation 138
- point spread function (PSF) 62
- Poisson‐Boltzmann equation 36
- Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equation 40
- Poisson’s equation 36
- polar anchoring 175
- polar heads 34
- polariser free liquid crystal 262
- polarization azimuth 181, 182
- polarization effect 216
- polarization plane 171, 172, 175, 178, 181–183, 185, 189, 190
- polarization rotator 181, 190
- polarized light 132, 138, 145, 159, 171, 172, 175, 177, 182, 183, 190
- polarizer 8, 99, 100, 104, 105, 133, 145, 147, 149, 159, 164, 168, 171, 176–178, 181, 184, 186, 188, 189
- polar solvent 34, 201, 205, 206, 214, 216, 219, 221
- poly‐domain planar texture 103
- polyimide 132, 172, 173, 175–177, 190
- polymer chains 20
- Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (PDLC) 102
- polymeric network 103, 110, 111, 114–116, 118
- polymerization 19, 44, 104, 108, 110, 111
- Polymerization Induced Phase Separation (PIPS) 110, 111
- polymer morphology 111–114, 116
- polymer sheet 216
- Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Textures (PSCT) 101
- polysilicon layer 257
- porous carbon 228
- power consumption 12, 49, 71, 85, 89–91, 93–95, 126, 153, 154, 156, 157, 162, 164–168, 171, 175, 190, 200, 202–204, 214, 215, 234, 246, 248, 254, 283
- pressure addressing 107
- printing standards 206, 280, 281
- prismatic retroreflective 78
- process flow 142, 175, 176, 218
- progressive line blanking 145
- protective release liner 141
- proton donor 232–234
- prototypes 7, 9, 23, 78–80, 89, 93, 103, 131, 149, 150, 172, 188, 221, 222, 230, 234, 259–263
- pseudo‐plastic fluid 48
- pulse amplitude 118
- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) 32, 54
- pulse width modulation (PWM) 32, 54, 90, 214, 215
q
r
- radical 110, 231, 233
- random‐access memory (RAM) 58
- reactive mesogen (RM) 176
- real time clock (RTC) 166, 167
- rear electrode 22
- recombination rate constant 35
- reconfigurable radio‐frequency (RF) devices 248
- recrystallize 243
- red, green and blue (RGB) 86, 184, 200, 225, 229, 234
- redox 10, 225, 228, 233, 234, 237
- reflectance 4, 5, 15–17, 53, 65, 69, 81, 82, 102, 106, 114, 117, 118, 131, 158–161, 165, 177, 182, 236, 272–274, 276–280, 282, 283
- reflected brightness 75, 78, 80, 81, 86, 87, 91
- reflected color 4, 103, 243–245, 252, 262
- reflected wave 77, 103
- reflection spectrum 244, 247, 251
- reflective display 1, 2, 4–7, 10–12, 17, 75–81, 84, 85, 97, 109, 131, 147, 149, 153, 160, 197–202, 204, 206–209, 215, 220, 222, 225, 226, 228, 231, 239, 243, 245–258, 260, 262, 263, 271–274, 276–281, 283
- reflective efficiency 147
- reflective polarizer 147, 176, 188
- reflectivity 2, 4–5, 10, 14–16, 31, 50, 78, 81, 100, 102–104, 118–120, 146–150, 159, 160, 206–209, 214, 232, 243, 244, 251, 252, 262, 265
- refracted 76, 77
- refractive index 76–78, 80, 85, 89, 90, 100, 132, 146, 243, 244, 247, 256
- relative humidity 173
- relative reflectivity 16, 81, 208
- reliability analysis 220
- reorientation 133, 172–174, 190
- replication process 138–140
- reset pulse 13, 24, 31, 91, 92, 216
- reset waveform 118
- resolution 2–4, 6, 14, 19, 21, 23, 24, 45, 53, 61, 69, 86–89, 96, 103, 106, 131, 138, 144, 157, 159, 172, 182, 186, 190, 198, 199, 209–211, 214, 216, 222, 232, 236, 247, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263, 264, 279
- response time 11, 14, 15, 53, 54, 66, 71, 89, 90, 145, 150, 204, 215, 216, 226, 228, 230, 248, 281
- retardation 147, 160, 173, 174
- retroreflection 75, 76, 78, 79, 82
- retroreflection peak 75, 78
- retroreflective 5, 75, 76, 95
- retroreflective displays 78–80, 82, 84, 85
- reverse micelle 58
- reversible switching 245, 248, 264
- reversibly switch nanoscale areas 245
- rewriting 172, 173, 176–181, 188, 190
- RGBW 86, 88, 93, 280, 281
- rheological behavior 31
- roller 141, 143
- roll‐to‐roll processing 111
- rotational diffusion 172
- rotational polarizer 181
- rotational viscosity 180, 181
- rubbing 132, 135, 146, 172
- ruggedness 103, 104, 109, 126, 258
s
- sampling sphere 271, 274–277
- saturation 6, 7, 54, 67–71, 86, 173, 199, 245, 251, 262
- scatter 82
- scattering 5, 6, 12, 89, 100, 104, 114, 117, 118, 145, 147, 148, 158–159, 225, 228, 262
- scatters light 2, 4
- screening field 36, 39
- screen printing method 230
- SD1, 172, 173–181, 187, 190
- SD card 93
- sealing layer 6
- seams 139
- self‐powered 71–72
- semi‐diffuse 80, 81, 84
- semi‐directional 80
- semimetallic 247
- semi‐metallic materials 244
- semi‐retroreflective display 78–80, 84, 85
- semi‐retro‐reflective gain 79
- semi‐specular gain 79
- semi‐transparent writing tablet 122–125
- sensors 66, 109, 168, 169, 263
- separation of charges 34
- Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) 166
- serpentine heater design 250
- serpentine parsing 62
- shaking pulses 31
- sharpness 198
- shear force 48, 114
- shutter 104, 155, 171, 228, 251, 253, 262, 263
- shutter mode 49
- signage 25, 76, 99, 100, 239
- silane 143
- silicone binder 18
- sinusoidal electric field 44
- SiPix 25
- size distribution 33, 57
- slip‐plane 46
- slow axis 145
- smart window 226–228, 237, 239
- Smectic A 132
- Snell’s law 77
- software development kits (SDK) 168
- solid‐electrolyte contact angle 204
- solid‐state reflective display (SRD®) 248–263
- solubility forces 48
- solvatochromism 225
- solvent 31, 33, 34, 43, 44, 47–49, 53, 110, 143, 175, 201, 205, 206, 214, 216, 219, 220, 225, 229, 231, 236
- Solvent Induced Phase Separation (SIPS) 110
- space charge 38, 40, 58, 228
- spacer 110, 111, 143, 175, 186–188, 217, 245, 247, 251
- spatial gray level 180
- Specification for Newsprint Advertising Production (SNAP) 281
- Specification for Web Offset Publications (SWOP) 281
- specular component included (SCI) 118
- specular excluded (SCE) 274, 275
- specular reflective 75, 76
- specular stray light 275
- spherical cap 207, 274
- spin‐coat 175, 218
- spot lights 276
- square resistance 217
- SRAM circuit 154, 155
- stabilized 13, 101, 102, 105, 115, 139, 175, 176, 229
- stable 13, 15, 19, 20, 22, 24, 44, 45, 49, 89, 91, 94, 100, 101, 105, 106, 133, 138, 144, 172, 173, 175, 187, 190, 204, 221, 235, 247, 252, 254, 282
- stacking layer 99
- stamp print 187
- standard Floyd–Steinbergs 62–65, 67
- standard planarization/passivation layers 262
- steep side 138
- stereoscopic 3D, 183, 190
- stern capacitance 43
- stern layer 41–44
- Stokes equation 53
- Stokes’ law 35
- strain 75, 101, 136, 226, 230
- strobe‐extension 145
- strobe voltage 144
- structured film 138
- sub‐micron 80, 138, 173, 264
- sub‐microsecond 246
- sub‐millisecond 248
- sub‐pixel 6, 85–89, 92, 93, 108, 154, 157–158, 162, 251–254, 264
- substrate 49, 50, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 108–111, 113, 116, 118, 123, 126, 139, 141–144, 171, 172, 175–178, 181, 183, 186–188, 205, 206, 208, 211, 212, 214, 216–221, 229, 230, 234, 236, 244, 247, 250, 259, 260, 262–264
- substrate deflection 116
- subtractive color mixing process 4, 231, 232
- super twisted nematic 1, 11
- supporting electrolyte 231
- surface energy 201
- surface relief grating 132, 134
- surface tension 21, 201, 205–207, 209, 210, 218, 221
- surface type 209
- surfactant
- surfactant‐mediated charge desorption 44
- switchable absorber layer 245
- switching energy 248–250, 256, 266
- switching event 24, 133
- switching mechanism 135, 159, 160, 243
- switching power 94, 95, 247, 255, 256, 262
- switching speed 8, 16, 50, 89–91, 202, 209, 212, 221, 271, 281
- switching stability 228, 230, 234, 236
- switching threshold 12
- switching time 12, 16, 17, 209, 210, 234, 281
- system‐on‐glass (SOG) 153
t
- temperature 34, 35, 48, 57–59, 65, 66, 69, 101, 110, 111, 132, 138, 147, 149, 150, 153, 180, 186, 188, 200, 219–221, 234, 244–250, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 262, 263, 283
- temperature compensation 57
- temperature‐dependent 65, 69
- Temperature Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) 110
- thermal energy 34
- thermal mass 248–250, 258, 262
- thermal switching 243, 245, 262
- thermal writable card 232
- thermochromism 225
- thermodynamic
- thermo‐optic medium 247
- thin‐film transistor (TFT) 14, 93, 132, 144, 153, 181, 186, 214, 256
- 3‐color EPD 60, 62
- 3D, 134, 138, 172, 183, 184, 186, 190, 272, 280
- three‐dimensional driving 71, 72
- three primary colors 225, 229, 231, 232
- threshold voltage 40, 105, 106, 180
- tilt 79, 114, 132–134, 138, 139, 146, 147, 178, 180
- tilted‐planar homogenous alignment 132
- time resolution 61, 69
- timing controller 25, 58, 153
- titanium dioxide 2, 18, 19, 21, 230
- tone‐mapping 69, 70
- topological defects 133, 134, 138
- total internal reflection (TIR) 14, 16, 76, 77, 80
- tracing paper 99, 123, 124
- trans‐cis isomerization 107
- transflective displays 208, 209
- transient current 36, 38–41
- transition time 65, 66
- transmittance 71, 160, 162, 163, 177–180, 184, 186, 214, 234
- transmitted wave 60, 76, 77, 100
- transparent displays 124, 207–209, 235
- transparent non‐switching spots 220
- triboelectric effect 71
- triboelectric nanogenerator 71
- twist angle 175, 177–180, 182, 183, 190
- twisted nematic (TN) 1, 11, 12, 132, 135, 171, 180, 281
- twist elastic constant 105, 178, 180, 190
- twist elastic energy 179, 190
- twist state 180
- two‐dimensional display 205
- two‐field addressing 144, 145
- two‐particle system 19, 20, 22
u
v
- vacuum permittivity 34
- van der Waals forces 13, 22, 48
- vapor deposition process 143
- vertical alignment (VA) 134, 159
- Vertical‐Driver (V‐Driver) 154
- vertically aligned nematic (VAN) 134, 135, 181
- vertically stacked architecture 209
- vertical tilt 134
- video‐speed refresh rates 262
- view‐angle independence 244
- viewing angle 2, 4–5, 75, 79, 81–84, 101, 102, 138, 146, 150, 158, 159, 168, 177, 190, 252, 263, 271, 283
- viewing cone 117
- viewing properties 146, 147
- viologen derivative 229, 230
- viscosity
- visible light 90, 107, 245
- visible spectrum 6, 209
- visual appearance 244, 245, 249, 251–253, 277
- visual quality 12, 251
- voltage drop 43, 44, 143
- voltage holding period 154
- voltage polarity 43, 154
- voltage‐reflectance (V‐R) curve 158
- voltage response 118, 145
- voltage threshold 13, 14
- voltage waveform 31, 32, 56, 90, 209
w
- wavelength 71, 76, 77, 90, 100–103, 107, 133, 173, 239, 244, 245, 247, 251, 263
- weakly indirect transition 31
- white particles 6, 49, 50, 60, 75, 89, 90
- white state
- window function 62
- wire‐grid polarizer 178
- writing force 116, 121
- writing profiles 120
- writing tablet 99–126
- written line 17, 113, 115, 118
z
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