¹ Irwin, Neal. “Quantitative Easing Is Ending. Here’s What It Did, in Charts,” New York Times, October, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/30/upshot/quantitative-easing-is-about-to-end-heres-what-it-did-in-seven-charts.html, (Accessed May 25, 2017).

² http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/current/default.htm, accessed May 1, 2017.

³ Ibid.

⁴ “Economic Research,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, at research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/USNUM, accessed on May 1, 2017; “Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, May 1, 2017, at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h8/current/

⁵ http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/private-pensions/Pension-Markets-in-Focus-2016.pdf, accessed May 1, 2017.

⁶ “Electronic Funds Transfer,” Financial Management Service, at http://fms.treas.gov/eft/index.html, accessed April 20, 2017.

⁷ https://www.atmia.com/regions/asia/china-corner/, accessed May 1, 2017.

⁸ Sherland, Shane M. “The Past, Present, and Future of Subprime Mortgages,” Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research and Statistics and Monetary Affairs: Federal Reserve Board (Washington, DC; November 2008); Gerrity, Michael. “MBA Reports Mortgage Loan Delinquencies, Foreclosure Starts Decrease in Q2,” World Property Channel, August 26, 2010, at http://www.worldpropertychannel.com/us-markets/residential-real-estate-1/real-estate-news-mortgage-bankers-association-national-delinquency-survey-delinquency-rate-for-mortgage-loans-foreclosure-actions-bank-foreclosures-loan-default-rates-3077.php

⁹ Bitner, Richard. “Confessions of a Subprime Lender,” Newsweek (March 12, 2008), at http://www.newsweek.com/id/121512/page/1; Cowen, Tyler. “So We Thought. But Then Again… ” New York Times, January 13, 2008, at http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/business/13view.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=Tyler+Cowen&oref=login&oref=slogin; Frank, Robert H. “Don’t Blame All Borrowers,” Washington Post (April 27, 2008), at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/25/AR2008042502783.html

¹⁰ Ely, Bert. “Don’t Push Banks to Make Bad Loans,” Wall Street Journal, February 2, 2009, p. A17; Aversa, Jeannine. “Banks Aren’t Budging on Tight Lending Standards,” HuffingtonPost.com, February 2, 2009, at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/banks-arent-budging-on-ti_n_163325.html; Simon, Jeremy M. “LendingStandards Keep Tightening, Fed Says,” CreditCards.com, May 4, 2009, at http://www.creditcards.com/credit-card-news/2009-q1-senior-loan-officers-survey-lending-standards-tighten-1276.php; King, Danny. “Banks Tighten Mortgage Standards for FHA-Insured Loans,” Daily Finance, November 17, 2010, at http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/credit/banks-tighten-mortgage-standards-for-fha-insured-loans-fico-score/19722792/; Nutting, Rex. “Most Banks Tighten Credit Standards Further, Fed Says,” Market Watch, May 4, 2009, at http://www.marketwatch.com/story/most-banks-tighten-credit-standards-further; “TransUnion: National Mortgage Loan Delinquency Rate Continues Downward Track in Third Quarter,” Yahoo! Finance, November 13, 2012, at http://finance.yahoo.com/news/transunion-national-mortgage-loan-delinquency-110000585.html

¹¹ Fidelity Bank Press Release, May 2017, https://www.fidelitybankonline.com/Our-News/Fidelity-Bank’s-LifeDesign-Approach-Results-in-a-B, accessed May 25, 2017.

¹² “Ask Dr. Econ: Is the Fed Still in the Business of Processing Checks?” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 1st Quarter, 2012, at http://www.frbsf.org/education/activities/drecon/2012/Dr-Econ-q1.html, accessed on May 1, 2017; Jacob, Katy, Littman, Daniel, Porter, Richard D., and Rousse, Wade. “Two Cheers for the Monetary Control Act,” Chicago Fed Letter (June 2010, Number 275): The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, at http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/chicago_fed_letter/2010/cfljune2010_275.pdf; Bauer, Paul W., and Gerdes, Geoffrey R. “The Check Is Dead! Long Live the Check! A Check 21 Update,” Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, September 21, 2009, at http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/commentary/2009/0609.cfm; Savage, Jim. “Federal Reserve Banks Complete Check Processing Infrastructure Changes,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, March 2, 2010, at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/other/20100302a.htm

¹³ “Open Market Operations,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, February 6, 2013, at http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/openmarket.htm#2006

¹⁴ Goldman, David. “CNNMoney.com’s Bailout Tracker,” CNNMoney.com, at http://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/, accessed on April 21, 2011; Griffith, John. “7 Things You Need to Know About Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,” Center for American Progress, September 6, 2012, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/housing/report/2012/09/06/36736/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-fannie-mae-and-freddie-mac/

¹⁵ Crittenden, Michael R. “Regulators See Risk in U.S. Bank Stakes,” Wall Street Journal, April 24, 2009, at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124051525463449225.html; Christie, Rebecca. “Treasury May Keep U.S. Bank Stakes After Buyback (Update 3),” Bloomberg.com, April 17, 2009, at http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a9F3N8vvrHgY; Goldman, David. “CNNMoney.com’s Bailout Tracker,” CNNMoney.com, April 21, 2011, at http://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/; Jickling, Mark. “Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in Conservatorship,” CRS Report for Congress, September 15, 2008, at http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/110097.pdf

¹⁶ “U.S. Authorities Fine Arab Bank,” Al Bawaba (August 18, 2005), p. 1; Osborne, Paul R. “BSA/AML Compliance Provides Opportunity to Improve Security and Enhance Customer Experience,” ABA Bank Compliance, July/August 2005, p. 4.

¹⁷ Webb, Jason. “American Express Bank Forfeits $55 Million for Bank Secrecy Act Violations,” Associated Content, August 7, 2007, at http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/339208/american_express_bank_forfeits_55_million.html?cat=17; “Banco Popular de Puerto Rico Enters into Deferred Prosecution Agreement with U.S. Department of Justice,” U.S. Department of Justice, January 16, 2006, at http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/January/03_crm_024.htm; Union Bank of California Enters into Deferred Prosecution Agreement and Forfeits $21.6 Million to Resolve Bank Secrecy Act Violations,” U.S. Department of Justice, September 17, 2007, at http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2007/September/07_crm_726.html; Sparshott, Jeffrey. “Web Money Gets Laundering Rules,” Wall Street Journal, March 23, 2013, pp. C1, C2.

¹⁸ Sidel, Robin. “Banks Make Smartphone Connection,” Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2013, pp. C1, C2.

¹⁹ “ACH Payment Volume Exceeds 20.2 Billion for 2011,” NACHA, April 12, 2012, at https://www.nacha.org/node/1130; “Supporting the Nation’s Payment System,” The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, April 22, 2011, at http://www.philadelphiafed.org/about-the-fed/who-we-are/payment-system.cfm; “Intro to the ACH Network,” NACHA: The Electronic Payments Association, at http://nacha.org/c/intro2ach.cfm, accessed on April 22, 2011; “NACHA Reports 18.76 Billion ACH Payments in 2009,” NSF Check Processing, April 7, 2010, at http://www.nsfcheckprocessing.com/achnetwork.htm

²⁰ Jacob, Katy, Littman, Daniel, Porter, Richard D., and Rousse, Wade. “Two Cheers for the Monetary Control Act,” Chicago Fed Letter (June 2010, Number 275): The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, at http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/chicago_fed_letter/2010/cfljune2010_275.pdf; Bauer, Paul W., and Gerdes, Geoffrey R. “The Check Is Dead! Long Live the Check! A Check 21 Update,” Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, September 21, 2009, at http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/commentary/2009/0609.cfm; Savage, Jim. “Federal Reserve Banks Complete Check Processing Infrastructure Changes,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, March 2, 2010, at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/other/20100302a.htm

²¹ Kaste, Martin. “Consumers Opt for Debit Over Credit Cards,” NPR, June 28, 2009, at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105974724

²² “About Smart Cards: Introduction: Primer,” Smart Card Alliance, accessed April 22, 2011, at http://www.smartcardalliance.org/pages/smart-cards-intro-primer

²³ “Summary Measures of the Foreign Exchange Value of the Dollar,” Federal Reserve Statistical Release H:10, accessed May 1, 2017 at http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/H10/Summary/

²⁴ Randow, Jana, and Black, Jeff. “ECB Cuts Interest Rates to Record Low as Recession Lingers,” Bloomberg.com, May 2, 2013, at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-02/ecb-cuts-key-interest-rate-to-record-low-as-recession-lingers.html

²⁵ Amadeo, Kimberly. “Value of the U.S. Dollar,” About.com, at http://useconomy.about.com/od/tradepolicy/p/Dollar_Value.htm, accessed on May 1, 2017.

²⁶ Trade Memo, Office of the United States Trade Representative, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/japan-korea-apec/japan, accessed May 26, 2017.

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