7 ± 2 rule, 105–7, 665

abstract artifacts, 401

abstraction, 247–8

accessibility, 483

ACM see Association for Computing Machinery

ActiMates™, 200

ACTIVBoards, 156

activities, 421, 428–9

see also lifecycle models

activity theory (AT)

field studies, 668–9, 670–3, 678

theoretical frameworks, 399–405

actors, 510–13

adaptive software development (ASD), 454

adjacency pairs, 138–9

advanced graphical interfaces, 240–51, 549

advisory systems, 67–8

adware, 342

aesthetic design, 687, 700, 705

affective aspects, 180–215

agents, 202–7, 213–14

anthropomorphism, 180, 199–202, 214

apologizing, 194–5

clarity, 193–4

conversational interactions, 206–7

deceptive technologies, 198–9

emotional design model, 180, 207–10

error messages, 189–3

evaluation, 602–5

expressive interfaces, 180, 182–8

gimmicks, 189, 191

negative emotions, 180, 188–95, 208–9

persuasive technologies, 195–7

pleasure model, 180, 210

positive emotions, 182–8, 208–9

software upgrades, 193

technology as experience frameworks, 180

waiting, 193

affinity diagrams, 374, 376–8

affordance, 33

agents see virtual agents

agile development, 454–8

aides-memoire, 109–10

air traffic management (ATM), 434–5

alternative

courses, 510–11, 513

solutions, 417, 429, 433–44, 495, 503

ambient

devices, 698–9

intelligence, 7

sounds, 281

systems, 301–2, 616–19

Ambient Wood project, 301–2

analysis of data see data analysis

analytical evaluation

DECIDE framework, 628

Fitts' Law, 684, 713–15

GOMS model, 684, 706–13, 715

heuristic evaluation, 684, 686–702, 715, 718–22

inspections, 684, 686–706

keystroke level model, 708–12, 715

Nielsen, Jakob, 718–22

predictive models, 684

principles, 590, 592, 593–5

walkthroughs, 684, 702–6

animations, 182, 184

ANMs see auxiliary nurse midwives

annotating, 125, 127–9

anonymity, 637–8

anthropology, 631

anthropomorphism, 180, 199–202, 214, 285

anti-aliasing, 235–6

apologizing, 194–5

Apple icons, 182, 184

appliances, interfaces, 264–5

appropriation, 401

artifacts

field studies, 670, 671–3

theoretical frameworks, 400, 401–2

artist-designer approach, 489–91

ASD see adaptive software development

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 633–4, 641

asynchronous

chat environments, 606–7

communication, 153–4

AT see activity theory

At home with Bob, 188–9

The Atlantic Systems Guild, 522–6

ATM see air traffic management; automated teller machines

attention

design implications, 98

goals, 95

information presentation, 95–7

sliced, 97–8

attentive environments, 270–1

audio recordings

data analysis, 356–9, 378–81

data gathering, 293–7, 333

transcription, 356–7, 358, 378–81

audio–video links, 146–7, 169

augmented reality interfaces, 216, 277–81

autism, 531, 532

AutoCAD, 222–3

automated phone systems, 69–70

automated teller machines (ATM)

cognitive frameworks, 131–2

data analysis, 376–8

requirements, 497

automatic prototyping techniques, 575

auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs), 595–600

avatars

3D gaming, 80

collaborative technologies, 152–3

evaluation, 606

lip-synch applications, 99

virtual reality/environments, 246–7

averages, 360–72

awareness mechanisms, 166–71

axial coding, 389, 392–3

Babble, 170, 171

back channeling, 136, 138

Bang and Olufsen, 669

bar graphs, 363, 364–5, 368, 372

beatbugs, 7

behavioral level processes, 207–8, 209

beta tests, 455

bias

evaluation, 640

interviews, 300, 303

participant selection, 663, 664

BioBLAST®, 241–2

BiReality, 159–60

blank space, 98–9, 310–11, 692

blind users, 256–7, 266–7

blogging, 50

Blue Eyes project, 270–1

Bluetooth, 61

Blumberg, Bruce, 204

Bly, Sara, 349–52

bookmarking, 48–9

Braille-based cell phones, 8, 266–7, 552

brainstorming, 417, 437, 439, 503–4

breakdowns, 395–6

briefing sessions, 700

browsers

interface metaphors, 63

memory, 102

budgetary constraints, 624, 632

calculators, virtual, 62–3

call

boxes, 8

centers, 396–9, 403–5

routing, 259

caller-led speech, 259

cameras see photography

CAQDAS Networking Project, 387

card-based prototypes, 534, 561–6, 575

cascading menus, 232–3

case-based reasoning, 434

cash machines see automated teller machines

categorization, 373, 378–83, 386–7

CAVE systems, 75–7, 245

CD-ROMs, 241–3

cell phones

Braille-based, 8, 266–7, 552

conceptual models, 542

cuddly, 204–5

design principles, 8, 40

design process, 441

evaluation, 588–9, 600–2, 632

field studies, 668

functionality, 40

gaming, 249, 250

heuristic evaluation, 697–8

interfaces, 265–9

physical design, 552

problem spaces, 49–50

prototypes, 570

transparency, 119

challenge levels, 602–5

chat rooms

affective aspects, 201

asynchronous, 606–7

evaluation, 637

social mechanisms, 152–3

synchronous, 606–7

check boxes, 313, 317

clarity, 193–4

class diagrams, 500–2

ClearBoard, 157

ClipArt, 240

clippings, 349–50, 351

Clippy, 188–90

closed questions

data analysis, 358, 361

data gathering, 299–300, 304, 308, 309–11

closely-knit teams, 167–9

closing sessions, 307

CMC see computer-mediated communication

co-opting, 419–20

coffee and donut tests, 616

COG, 182

cognition, 92–133

annotating, 125, 127–9

attention, 94, 95–8

cognitive tracing, 125, 127–9

computational offloading, 125, 126–8

conceptual frameworks, 92, 122

distributed, 129–31

experiential, 94–110, 113–14

external, 125–9

frameworks, 116–33

gulf of execution/evaluation, 121–2

information processing, 123–5

language processing, 113–14

learning, 94, 110–13

memory, 94, 101–10, 125–6, 128–9

mental models, 116–19

perception, 94, 99–101

reflective, 94, 110–13, 114–16

theory of action, 116, 119–22

transparency, 118–19

cognitive

load, 700

mechanisms, 177–8

tracing, 125, 127–9

walkthroughs, 592, 702–5

collaborative immersive games, 602–5

collaborative technologies

asynchronous communication, 153–4

awareness mechanisms, 166–71

co-located settings, 149–52

communication, 134, 141–60, 161–2, 177

computer-mediated communication, 152–60

coordination mechanisms, 141–3, 161–6

data gathering, 350

different locations, 143–8, 169

ice-breaking, 150–2

learning, 154–6, 177

overseeing/overhearing, 167–9

prototypes, 565–6

schedules, rules and conventions, 162, 164

Sellen, Abigail, 176–9

shared external representations, 163, 168

social mechanisms, 134, 136–71, 177–8

synchronous communication, 152–3

technology-mediated social phenomena, 172–4

color use, 692–3

color-blindness, 483

command interfaces, 220–4, 286

command-based interactions, 73, 75, 79–81

ComMotion, 128, 129

communicability, 673

communication

asynchronous, 153–4

co-located settings, 149–52

collaborative learning, 154–6

collaborative technologies, 134, 141–60, 161–2, 177

computer-mediated, 152–60

conversational mechanisms, 136–41

coordinators, 141–3

different locations, 143–8, 169

formal, 140–1, 161

ice-breaking, 150–2

informal, 140–1, 146–8

non-verbal, 136, 161–2

pathways, 395–6

social mechanisms, 134, 136–71

synchronous, 152–3

technology-mediated social phenomena, 172–4

verbal, 161–2

component systems, 574

compositional thread, 211–13

compound sentences, 304

compromises, 536–8, 539

computational offloading, 125, 126–8

computer games see gaming

computer-based tracking systems, 398–9

computer-mediated communication (CMC), 152–60

computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), 10

conceptual frameworks, 92, 122

conceptual models

available information, 551

bad designs, 62–3

best practice examples, 54–8

concepts, 51–2

conversing, 64, 67–70

coupling, 82–3

design principles, 540

design spaces, 44, 51–83

expanding, 550–1

exploring, 64, 75–82

frameworks, 84–7

functions, 550

initial development, 542–9

instructing, 64–7

interactions, 64–83, 546–8

interface metaphors, 44, 51–2, 58–63, 543–6

interfaces, 548–9

manipulating, 64, 70–6, 79–81

mappings, 52–3

models, 84–7

presentation, 549

problem spaces, 44, 46–51

process-oriented, 545–6, 547

product-oriented, 545–6

prototypes, 528, 539–51, 576–7

relationships, 52

theories, 84–7

user experiences, 540–2

Winograd, Terry, 89–91

confidentiality, 634, 636, 657

conflict, 523

conscious requirements, 524

consent, 292–3, 635–7, 654

consistency

analytical evaluation, 687, 689, 693, 721

user experience, 32–3, 34

console interfaces, 284

constraints

conceptual models, 61

evaluation, 621, 624, 632

prototypes, 575–6

requirements, 517–18, 525

user experience, 31–2

construction, 528, 530–9

consultants, 13–15

consumption habits, 375

content analysis, 382

context principle, 498

context of use, 479

context-aware environments, 55, 75, 77–8, 79–81

context-sensitive

information, 129

menus, 261

contextual

design, 540, 578–82

information, 310

inquiry, 421, 457, 498–9, 578–82

menus, 232–4

control, 686

controlled environments

data analysis, 358–9

data gathering, 321–2, 334–8, 344

evaluation, 588–9, 590, 594

usability testing, 644–66, 677–8

controlled experiments, 590

convenience sampling, 318

conventions

collaborative technologies, 162, 164

real-world/system-oriented, 686

convergence, 36–7

conversation

analysis, 382

conceptual models, 546, 548

interactions, 201–2, 206–7

interfaces, 259–60

mechanisms, 136–41

conversing, 64, 67–70, 548

Cook's Collage, 109–10

cool-off periods, 307

cooperative inquiry, 301

coordination mechanisms

coordinators, 141–3

designing collaborative technologies, 164–6

schedules, rules and conventions, 162, 164

shared external representations, 163, 168

verbal/non-verbal communication, 161–2

copyright, 440–1

Crampton Smith, Gillian, 467–70

creativity, 433–5, 551

Crickets, 71–3

critical

incidents, 373, 383–6

mass, 607

Cruiser, 147

Crystal, 454

CSCW see computer-supported cooperative work

cuddly cell phones, 204–5

cultural aspects

data analysis, 374–8

design process, 17–19, 432

evaluation, 598–9, 600–2

field studies, 674–6

interface design, 186–8

menu design, 230–1

prototypes, 536–7, 553–4, 568

requirements, 481–2

cultural probes, 490–1

cursor icons, 120

customer support centers, 396–9, 403–5

Cybelle, 304–6, 360–1

data analysis

activity theory, 399–405

categorization, 373, 378–83, 386–7

critical incidents, 373, 383–6

cultural aspects, 374–8

distributed cognition, 385, 394–9, 404–5

evaluation, 640–1

field studies, 670–8

graphical representation, 362–6, 368, 371–3, 387, 394

grounded theory, 385, 389–94

interpretation, 354

interviews, 357–9, 393–4, 403

numerical analysis, 356–7

observation, 358–9, 368–72, 384

presentation, 354, 405–9, 500–4

qualitative data, 354, 356–9, 372–86

quantitative data, 354, 356–72

question design, 360–1

questionnaires, 358–9

recurring patterns or themes, 373–8

requirements, 500–4

rigorous notations, 405–6

storytelling, 406–7

summarizing findings, 407–8

theoretical frameworks, 388–405

tools, 386–8

usability, 379–83

usability testing, 657–60

data gathering, 290–352

bias, 300, 303

Bly, Sara, 349–52

children, 300–1

combining techniques, 342–6

controlled environments, 334–8, 344

degree of participation, 326–7

diary studies, 294, 328, 338–40

envisioning future settings, 325–26

ethnography, 330–4, 349–50

evaluation, 588–95, 596, 603–5, 632–3

field studies, 321–4, 667–8, 670–8

focus groups, 302–3, 308, 309, 343

goals, 292, 324

information, 294

interaction logs, 340–2

interviews, 290, 298–308, 343

observation, 290, 321–44

participants, 292–3, 344–5

physiological data, 603–5, 633

pilot studies, 292–4, 319

problematizing existing settings, 325–6

product development, 346–7

qualitative data, 356–9

quantitative data, 356–9

questionnaires, 290, 294, 293, 308–21, 343

recording methods, 293–7

requirements, 484, 489–500

resources, 345

study focus, 342–4

think-aloud technique, 335–8

triangulation, 293

usability testing, 646, 652, 656–7

validation, 317

data logs

data analysis, 358–9, 368–72, 386

ethics, 639

keystroke loggers, 342, 646

software, 340–2

usability testing, 646

data requirements, 479, 486–7, 500–1

databases, 398–9

DC see distributed cognition,

debriefing sessions, 701

debugging, 122, 447

deception, 639

deceptive technologies, 198–9

DECIDE framework, 624–43

approaches, 628–9

constraints, 632

data analysis, 640–1

equipment, 631–2

ethics, 624, 626, 633–9

expertise, 632

facilities, 630–2

goals, 626–8

methodology, 628–9

practicalities, 629–30

presentation of data, 640–1

questions, 627–8

users, 630–1

decision-making, 114–16

demographic information, 310

DENIM, 572

design patterns, 565–7

design principles, 29–38

alternative solutions, 417, 429, 433–44

application, 34–7

attention, 99

command interfaces, 224

communication, 41–2

conceptual models, 540

consultants, 13–15

good/poor design, 2–6

icons, 235–40

interaction design, 8–15, 17–38

interface metaphors, 61–2

language processing, 114

learning, 112–13

memory, 106–7, 110

menus, 230–5

multidisciplinary teams, 11–13

perception, 101

process of interaction design, 17–19

realism/abstraction, 247–8

reflective cognition, 115

Salomon, Gitta, 40–2

upgrades, 112

usability, 4, 20–5, 27–8, 35–6

user experience, 15–17, 20–38

user-centered design, 425

virtual reality/environments, 246–7

web-based interfaces, 255–6

what to design, 5–8

windows, 226–30

design process, 412–70

activities, 421, 428–9, 444–65

alternative solutions, 417, 429, 433–44

brainstorms, 417, 437, 439

co-opting, 419–20

copyright, 440–1

Crampton Smith, Gillian, 467–70

empirical measurement, 425, 427

evaluation, 416, 429, 448

expectation management, 418–9, 420

human-centered design, 462–3

human–computer interaction, 448, 458–64

initial sketches, 414–16

inventions, 432–4

iterative design, 425, 428

lifecycle models, 444–65

multidisciplinary teams, 420, 422, 462, 468–70

needs, 428–9, 432–3

ownership, 419–20, 423

practicalities, 430–44

prototypes, 417–18, 420, 442, 460

requirements, 416, 418, 428–9, 432

software development, 422–3, 424, 445–7, 449–58

stakeholders, 430–1, 442–3

tasks, 425–7

trade-offs, 416–17

user-centered design, 412, 425–8, 430–3, 455–7, 464

users, 417–27, 430–3, 442–3, 470

design spaces

bad designs, 62–3

best practice examples, 54–8

concepts, 51–2

conceptual models, 44, 51–83

conversing, 64, 67–70

exploring, 64, 75–82

frameworks, 84–7

instructing, 64–7

interaction types, 64–83

interface metaphors, 44, 51–2, 58–63

manipulating, 64, 70–6, 79–81

mappings, 52–3

models, 84–7

relationships, 52

theories, 84–7

Winograd, Terry, 89–91

designer's models, 85

dialog boxes

affective aspects, 186–8

cognitive frameworks, 120

interfaces, 227

DiamondTouch, 272, 273

diaries

field studies, 668–9

observation, 294, 328, 338–40

different-participant design, 663, 664

digital cameras, 239

Digital Desk, 277

digital ink, 262, 263

digitizer tablets, 455

direct manipulation, 71–3, 79–81

direct observation

controlled environments, 334–8, 344

evaluation, 632–3

field studies, 323–34, 343

requirements, 495

disabilities

Braille-based cell phones, 8, 266–7, 552

cognitive, 113, 483, 487–9

physical impairment, 483, 552

requirements, 483

discourse analysis, 383, 385

display surfaces, 565–6

distributed cognition (DC)

collaborative technologies, 129–31

data analysis, 385, 394–9, 404–5

documentation, 687

domestic

robots, 284

technologies, 328–30, 374–5

DOS, 224

Down Syndrome, 487–9

download times, 193

Drift Table, 272, 274

drop-down menus, 319–21

DVD players, 24–5

dynalinking, 111–13, 244

dynamic

icons, 184

information, 276, 278–9

dynamic systems development

method (DSDM), 452–3

Dynamo system, 149

dyslexia, 113, 483

e-tickets, 627

ecological validity, 641

effectiveness, 21, 414, 443–4

efficiency, 21, 414, 443–4, 687

email

questionnaires, 317–21

social mechanisms, 140, 142

embedded adjacency pairs, 139

emergency exits, 686, 690

emoticons, 182, 184–5

emotional

design model, 180, 207–10

thread, 211–13

see also affective aspects

empirical measurement, 425, 427

engagement, 602–5

environmental requirements, 479, 486–7

envisioning future settings, 325–26

ergonomics, 11

error messages

affective aspects, 190, 191–3

analytical evaluation, 687

design tips, 192

ESM see experience sampling method

eSPACE project, 563, 565

essential use cases, 472, 501, 514–15

establishing requirements see requirements

ethics

DECIDE framework, 624, 626, 633–9

informed consent, 292–3, 635–7, 654

ethnography

data analysis, 374–8, 385, 387, 394, 401–2

data gathering, 330–4, 349–50

evaluation, 626, 628

requirements, 496

evaluation, 584–622

affective issues, 602–5

ambient systems, 616–19

case studies, 595–620

combined approaches, 592–5, 614–16

communicability, 673

constraints, 621, 624, 632

controlled environments, 588–9, 590, 594

data analysis, 640–1

DECIDE framework, 624–43

definitions, 590

design process, 416, 429, 448

equipment, 631–2

ethics, 624, 626, 633–9

expertise, 632

facilities, 631–2

field studies, 588–95, 628, 677

formative, 589, 590

function, 586–8

inspections, 684, 686–706

lifecycle stage, 589–90, 594, 605–14, 620

methodology, 595, 596, 620, 628–9

observation, 321, 334

opportunistic, 593

participant selection, 677

practicalities, 626, 629–33

predictive, 590

predictive models, 684

presentation of data, 640–1

prototypes, 528, 589, 602, 608

questions, 626, 627–8

requirements, 497

stopping testing, 612–14

summative, 589, 590

users, 584, 590, 594, 616, 630–1

walkthroughs, 684, 702–6

see also analytical evaluation; heuristic evaluation; usability testing

evaluation–redesign cycles, 472, 528

event languages, 574

evolutionary

prototyping, 538–9

upgrading, 112

Excel spreadsheets, 55, 56

expanding menus, 232–3, 234

expectation management, 418–9, 420

experience sampling method (ESM), 667–8

experiential

cognition, 94–110, 113–14

design, 9

prototyping, 541–2

experimental design, 661–6, 680–1

expertise, 632, 666

exploring, 64, 75–82, 548

expressive interfaces, 180, 182–8

external

cognition, 125–9

representations, 163, 168

testing, 446

eXtreme programming (XP), 454–8

EyeToy, 261

facilitators, 302–3

feasibility stage, 428–9

feature teams, 446

feedback

affective aspects, 184, 195–8, 214

cognition, 118, 120–1

cognitive walkthroughs, 703

collaborative technologies, 178

data analysis, 390

data gathering, 351

evaluation, 593, 594, 600, 614–15, 624

heuristic evaluation, 690

informal, 561, 563, 614–15

interaction types, 73

interviews, 308

lifecycle models, 448, 449, 457

persuasive technologies, 195–7

prototypes, 552, 561

questionnaires, 319

tangible interfaces, 277

user experience, 29, 30–1

field studies

activity theory, 669, 670–3, 678

communicability, 673

conducting, 327–30

cultural aspects, 674–6

data analysis, 384, 670–8

data gathering, 321–34, 343, 644, 667–78

degree of participation, 326–7

envisioning future settings, 325–26

ethnography, 330–4, 349–50

evaluation, 588–95, 628, 677

experience sampling method, 667–8

home technologies, 328–30

interaction design, 333–4

participant selection, 677

planning, 327–30

problematizing existing settings, 325–6

prototypes, 674–6

stopping, 324

structuring frameworks, 324–6

usability testing, 673–4

web design, 677–8

file locking, 164

file management, 105, 224

financial modeling, 54

first person greetings, 201–2

Fitts' Law, 684, 713–15

flaming, 154, 194

Flash, 535

flat menus, 232, 234

flexibility, 687

Flickr, 50

floor control, 164–5

Flow Blocks, 275–6

focus groups

data analysis, 393–4

data gathering, 302–3, 308, 309, 343

requirements, 492, 496–7

focus principle, 498–9

fonts, 661–2

formal

communication, 140–1, 161

language-based tools, 574

formative evaluation, 589, 590

forms, 227–8

frameworks, 84–7

fraud, 198–9

freedom, 686

frustrating interfaces, 180, 188–95

FTWs see future technology workshops

functional requirements, 477, 478, 486–7, 526

functionality, 40, 434

future technology workshops (FTWs), 492–4

futurefit, 493

futuristic scenarios, 507, 508

gaming

affective aspects, 202

cell phones, 249, 250, 286–7

challenge levels, 602–5

cognition, 92

data analysis, 369–72

design principles, 27

engagement, 602–5

evaluation, 602–5

EyeToy, 261

interaction types, 79

mixed reality interfaces, 280–1

problem spaces, 49

virtual reality/environments, 246

general valve theories, 117–18

generic icons, 553–4

gesture-based input, 260–4

gimmicks, 189, 191

global positioning systems (GPS), 321–2

global websites, 554

goals

attention, 95

data gathering, 292, 324

DECIDE framework, 626–7

requirements, 484–7, 506–7

usability, 20–5, 35, 38, 414, 485–7, 506

usability testing, 653

users, 418, 426

see also user experience goals goals, operations, methods and selection rules (GOMS), 515, 684, 706–13, 715

Google, 98, 99

GPS see global positioning systems

granularity, 394

graphical authentication, 109

graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

attention, 98–9

conceptual models, 55–7, 65, 73–4, 548–9

design principles, 37

design process, 422–3

icon design, 235–40

interactions, 218, 285

learning, 111

memory, 102, 106–7

menu design, 230–5

reflective cognition, 115

tangible interfaces, 276–7

window design, 226–30

grounded theory, 385, 389–94

group discussion, 496–7

GroupSystem, 155

GUIs see graphical user interfaces

gulf of execution/evaluation, 121–2

hand-writing recognition, 571

Hawthorne effect, 641

HCI see human–computer interaction

head up displays (HUDs), 278

health warnings, 197–8

Hello.Wall, 617–19, 628

help facilities

analytical evaluation, 687

interaction types, 67–8

heuristic evaluation

information design, 699–700

interactive products, 697–700

interface metaphors, 59

navigation support, 692–3

Nielsen, Jakob, 718–22

online communities, 695–6

principles, 590, 592, 594, 596, 684

problems, 701–2

stages, 700–1

usability, 687–9, 695–6, 718–20

web design, 689–96, 715, 718–22

hierarchical task analysis (HTA), 472, 515–19, 520

high-fidelity prototypes, 535–6, 576

HighFly, 636–7

history lists, 48–9

home technologies, 328–30, 374–5

horizontal

interfaces, 569–70

prototyping, 537

HTA see hierarchical task analysis

HUDs see head up displays

human factors, 11

human-centered design, 458, 462–3

human–computer interaction (HCI)

affective aspects, 185

conceptual models, 85

design principles, 11, 27

field studies, 673

lifecycle models, 448, 458–64

memory, 106

performance measures, 680

prototypes, 565–7

Shneiderman, Ben, 680–3

see also interfaces

The Hunting of the Snark, 280–1

HutchWorld

case study, 605–14, 619–20

DECIDE framework, 627, 638

field studies, 668

heuristic evaluation, 696

Hydra, 145

hyperlinks, 692

hypermedia applications, 556

HyperMirror, 157, 159

hypertext, 574

hypotheses, 661–2, 666

ICDL see International Children's Digital Library

ice-breaking, 150–2

icons

affective aspects, 182, 184

creating palettes, 237–8

cultural aspects, 598–9

cursors, 121

design principles, 235–40

dynamic, 184

emoticons, 182, 184–5

evaluation, 598–9

generic, 553–4

interaction, 225

logo-based, 237–8

rollover functions, 240

IDE see interactive development environment

identifying needs see needs

IDEO, 13, 14, 436–7

ideo-pleasure, 210

illum commuting jacket, 7

imagineering, 492

implementation, 538–9

in-car navigation, 384, 555–6

inception stage, 428

incident diaries, 669

index cards, 535, 560–7, 576

indirect observation

data gathering, 338–42, 344

diary studies, 338–40

interaction logs, 340–2

requirements, 495

individualism, 482

informal

communication, 140–1, 146–8

feedback, 561, 563, 614–15

information

architects, 15

data gathering, 294

design, 699–700

presentation, 95–7, 98–100

processing, 123–5

visualization, 128, 249–52

informed consent, 292–3, 635–7, 654

initial sketches, 414–16

innovation

brainstorming, 503–4

requirements, 503–4

inspections

heuristic evaluation, 684, 686–702

walkthroughs, 684, 702–6

instant messaging, 136–7, 148

Institutional Review Boards (IRB), 634–6

instructing, 64–7, 548

inter-rater reliability, 378–9

interaction

analysis, 385–6

conceptual models, 546–8

logs, 340–2

profiles, 370, 372–3

types, 64–83

interactive

graphical tools, 574

installations, 279–80

system design, design principles, 9

television, 243

toys, 195–6, 202–7

interactive development environment (IDE), 705

interfaces, 216–88

1980s, 220–40

1990s, 240–65

2000s, 265–85

advanced graphical interfaces, 240–51

anthropomorphism, 285

appliances, 264–5

attentive environments, 270–1

augmented reality, 216, 277–81

builders, 574

command-based, 220–4, 286

conceptual models, 548–9

design principles, 9, 15, 27–8

evaluation, 608

expressive, 180, 182–8

frustrating, 180, 188–95

gesture-based input, 260–4

horizontal, 570–1

icon design, 235–40

information visualization, 249–51

interactive installations, 279–80

menu design, 230–1

metaphors, 44, 51–3, 58–63, 543–6

mixed reality, 216, 277–81, 286

mobile, 265–9, 285

multimedia, 241–4, 286

multimodal, 269–72, 286

paradigms, 218–19

pen-based input, 260–4

porting, 249, 250

prototypes, 570–2

realism/abstraction, 247–8

requirements, 480–1

robotic, 284–5, 286

shareable, 272–5, 286

speech-based, 258–60, 270, 286

tangible, 216, 275–7, 286

tools, 572–6

touchscreens, 260–4

ubiquitous computing, 218–19

usability testing, 646–7

virtual reality/environments, 244–9, 286

wearable computing, 216, 281–4, 286

web-based, 251–8, 285

WIMPs, 216, 218, 224–40

window design, 226–30

see also disabilities; graphical user interfaces

internal

consistency, 687, 689, 693, 721

locus of control, 686, 690

testing, 446

International Children's Digital Library (ICDL), 674–6

Internet fraud, 198–9

interpretation principle, 498

interviews

bias, 300, 303

children, 300–1

conducting, 307

contextual inquiry, 498–9

data analysis, 357–9, 393–4, 403

data gathering, 290, 298–308, 343

enrichment, 308

evaluation, 606–7

field studies, 668–9

focus groups, 302–3, 308, 309, 343

online, 308

planning, 304–7

question development, 304–7

requirements, 492, 496–9

semi-structured, 299–300, 306

structured, 299, 309

telephone, 307, 309

unstructured, 298

usability testing, 646

introductions, 307

inventions, 432–4

iPods, 16–17

IRB see Institutional Review Boards

ISO, 13407 458, 462–3

iteration

conceptual models, 540

interaction design, 425, 428

requirements, 472, 474, 500, 501

Ivrea, 467–70

JAD see joint application development

Java, 60, 574

joint application development (JAD), 452, 453

Jordan's pleasure model, 180, 210

jump-to options, 320–1

keyboard shortcuts, 221–2

keystroke

level model, 708–12, 715

loggers, 342, 646

Kismet, 182, 183

KordGrip interface, 480–1

lab-in-a-box, 649–50, 678

language processing, 113–14

language-based tools, 575

LCD see learner-centered design

learnability, 22–3, 443–4

learner-centered design (LCD), 122, 244

learning

artifacts, 671–3

cognition, 94, 110–13

collaborative technologies, 154–6, 177

scenarios, 510

library catalog systems

prototypes, 548, 549, 562–4

requirements, 505–15, 516

licensing agreements, 440–1

lifecycle models, 444–65

agile development, 454–8

Crampton Smith, Gillian, 467–70

dynamic systems development method, 452–3

human-centered design, 462–3

human–computer interaction, 448, 458–64

interaction design models, 448–9, 462–3

ISO, 13407 458, 462–3

joint application development, 452, 453

parallel interaction design, 455–8

rapid applications development, 449, 450–3

software development, 449–58

spiral lifecycle model, 449–50, 451

star lifecycle model, 458–9

synch and stabilize process, 445–7

usability engineering, 460–2

user-centered design, 455–7, 464

waterfall lifecycle model, 449, 450

Likert scales, 313–16, 361

linguistic integrity, 522

lip-synch applications, 99

listening, 113–14

Living Memory Box, 496, 497

local websites, 554

logging see data logs

logos, 237–8, 646–7

long term orientation (LTO), 482

low-fidelity prototypes, 531–5, 536, 538–9, 577

LTO see long term orientation

Lycos, 336–7

McCarthy's technology as experience framework model, 180

Macintosh desktop interface, 73–4

Magic Cap, 248–9

main sessions, 307

Manifesto for Agile Software Development,, 454

manipulating, 64, 70–6, 79–81, 548

mappings, 52–3

maps, 279

marble answering machine, 3–4

Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), 331–2

Marti, Stefan, 204–5

masculinity–femininity, 482

massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMPORGs), 369–72

matched-pairs design, 663, 664

mean, 360, 364–5

media experiences, 375

Media Space, 145

median, 360, 364–5

mediation, 401, 402

medical applications

augmented reality interfaces, 278

conceptual models, 541–2

design process, 439

evaluation, 595–600, 605–14, 619–20, 638

field studies, 668

problem spacers, 46–7

web design, 650–60, 678, 689–91

MedlinePlus, 650–60, 678, 689–91

memorability, 23, 24–5, 443–4

memory

7 ± 2 rule, 105–7, 665

context, 102

design implications, 106–7, 110

filtering process, 101–2

load, 107–10, 125–6, 128–9

recognition/recall, 102, 105–7, 109–10, 687

short-term, 105–7

strategies, 103

memos, 390, 392–3

mental models, 116–19

menus

cognitive frameworks, 120–2

context-sensitive, 261

contextual, 232–4

design principles, 230–5

expanding, 232–3, 234

flat, 232, 234

heuristic evaluation, 690, 692

interaction, 225

online questionnaires, 317, 319–21

scrolling, 228–9, 232

MERs see Mars Exploration Rovers

metaphors see interface metaphors

Microsoft design process, 419–20, 421, 445–7

milestones, 446–7

Milgram, Stanley, 639

Miller's 7 ± 2 rule, 105–7, 665

minimalist design, 687

minus scenarios, 555–6

mixed reality interfaces, 216, 277–81, 286

MMPORGs see massively multiplayer online role-playing games

mnemonics, 103

mobile

interfaces, 265–9, 285

record-keeping devices, 595–600

MobiLearn, 510

mockups, 569, 598

mode, 360, 364–5

model-based prototyping, 575

modifying existing products, 528

MoFax, 698

MOOs see multi-user role-playing

more is more mentality, 118, 269, 688

mouse design, 646–7

MUDs see multi-user role-playing

multi-apping, 97–8

multi-user role-playing (MUDs/MOOs), 143–5, 369–72

multidisciplinary teams

collaborative technologies, 179

design principles, 11–13

design process, 419–20, 422, 462, 468–70

requirements, 504

multimedia interfaces, 241–4, 286

multimodal interfaces, 269–72, 286

multinational companies, 554

N6387

National Library of Medicine (NLM), 650–60, 678, 689–91

navigation, 46–7, 692–3

needs

design process, 422, 428–9

identifying, 474, 499–500, 519

users, 681–2

negative emotions, 180, 188–95, 208–9

negative questions, 310

NetMeeting, 648

neutral probes, 300

Nielsen, Jakob, 718–22

NLM see National Library of Medicine

Nokia, 600–1, 632, 668

non-functional requirements, 477–8, 525–6

non-verbal communication, 136, 161–2

normal courses, 510–11, 513

Norman's emotional design model, 180, 207–10

note-taking

data analysis, 358–9

data gathering, 294–7, 332

numerical analysis, 356–7

Nvivo, 387

object-oriented software engineering (OOSE), 460, 510, 574

objectivity, 389

observation, 290, 321–44

conducting, 327–30

controlled environments, 321–2, 334–8, 344

data analysis, 358–9, 368–72, 373, 384, 401–2

degree of participation, 326–7

diary studies, 328, 338–40

direct, 323–38, 343–4

envisioning future settings, 325–26

ethnography, 330–4, 349–50

evaluation, 321, 334, 596, 601–2, 607, 632–3

field studies, 321–34, 343

goals, 324

home technologies, 328–30

indirect, 338–42, 344

interaction design, 333–4

interaction logs, 340–2

planning, 327–30

problematizing existing settings, 325–6

requirements, 495

socialization, 333

stopping, 324

structuring frameworks, 324–6

think-aloud technique, 335–8

Observer Video-Pro, 387–8

Olympic Messaging System (OMS)

design process, 425

evaluation, 614–16, 619–20, 627

OMS see Olympic Messaging System

one-stop car shop, 559–60, 561

online

communities, 695–6

interviews, 308

questionnaires, 317–21

surveys, 496–7

OOSE see object-oriented software engineering

open coding, 389, 391–2

open questions

data analysis, 358, 360–1

data gathering, 298–300, 304, 308, 311–12

open source software, 440–1

operating systems, 65

Opinionizer, 150–2, 668

opportunistic evaluation, 593

organizational

culture, 537

requirements, 479

orphan pages, 692

outliers, 362–4

over-specification, 58

overhearing, 167–9

overseeing, 167–9

ownership, 419–20, 423

PalmPilot, 477–8, 530

Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 274–5, 349–52

parallel interaction design, 455–8

PARC see Palo Alto Research Center

PARCTAB system, 274

participant observers, 326–7, 330–1

participatory design, 567–9

partnership principle, 498

passive observers, 326–7

passwords

design principles, 23–4

graphical authentication, 109

memory, 107–9

patents, 440–1

patient support systems, 605–14

patterns, design, 565–7

PD see power distance

PDAs see personal digital assistants

pen-based input, 260–4

percentages, 357, 360–72

perception

design implications, 101

information presentation, 99–100

white space, 98–9

performance measures, 646, 656–8, 661, 680

peripheral awareness, 167

permissions, 638

personal digital assistants (PDAs)

conceptual models, 75, 77

interfaces, 265–6

personal information management (PIM), 103

personas, 481, 484–5, 509, 519

persuasive technologies, 195–9

pet robots, 284–5

phishing scams, 198–9

photo sharing applications, 50

photography

attentive environments, 270–2

data analysis, 358–9

data gathering, 294–7, 333

photo diaries, 601–2

requirements, 490

physical

artifacts, 401

design, 528, 551–4, 567–73

impairments, 483, 552

see also tangible interfaces

physical–digital interaction, 70–1

physio-pleasure, 210

physiological data, 603–5, 633

pie charts, 363

pilot studies, 292–4, 319

PIM see personal information management

planning, 114–16

Playmates Toys, 200

pleasure model, 180, 210

pluralistic walkthroughs, 705–6

plus scenarios, 555–6

Pocket Pikachu, 195–6

pointers, 225

Pondworld, 111–12

pop-ups

affective aspects, 195

menus, 317

portable usability laboratories, 335

Portholes, 169–70

porting interfaces, 249, 250

positive emotions, 182–8, 208–9

positive questions, 310

power distance (PD), 482

power relationships, 639

Powerpoint, 536

predictive evaluation, 590

predictive models

Fitts’ Law, 684, 713–15

GOMS model, 684, 706–13, 715

keystroke level model, 708–12, 715

problems and limitations, 712–13

predictive text, 228, 268

Presence Project, 489–91

presentation

conceptual models, 549

data analysis, 354, 405–9, 500–4

evaluation, 640–1

information, 95–7, 99–100

requirements, 500–4

primary users, 430

privacy, 637–8

probes

cultural, 490–1

interviews, 300

neutral, 300

problem spaces, 44, 46–51

problem-solving, 114–16

problematizing existing settings, 325–6

process-oriented conceptual models, 545–6, 547

product development

data gathering, 346–7

design principles, 8–9

design process, 412, 422–3

product-oriented conceptual models, 545–6

productivity, 722

project

drivers, 525

failure, 475

issues, 524, 526

team leaders, 422–3

Project Ernestine, 712

propagation of representational states, 395–6, 397–9

props, 308, 496, 500

prototypes, 528–82

compromises, 536–8, 539

conceptual models, 528, 539–51, 576

construction, 528, 530–9

cultural aspects, 537, 553–4

data gathering, 308, 309

definition, 530

design patterns, 565–7

design process, 417–20, 442, 460

evaluation, 528, 589, 602, 608

field studies, 674–6

function, 530–1

high-fidelity, 535–6, 576

Holtzblatt, Karen, 580–82

implementation, 538–9

index cards, 535, 560–7, 576

low-fidelity, 531–5, 536, 538–9, 576

modifying existing products, 528

participatory design, 567–9

physical design, 528, 551–4, 567–73

requirements, 493–4, 496, 500, 528, 539–51

scenarios, 531–4, 540–2, 554–60, 575–6

sketches, 531, 532–4

tool support, 528, 572–5

Wizard of Oz, 535, 614

proxy-users, 418

psycho-pleasure, 210

pull-down menus, 317–18

qualitative data

activity theory, 399–405

affinity diagrams, 374, 376–8

analysis, 354, 356–9, 372–86

categorization, 373, 378–83, 386–7

content analysis, 382

conversation analysis, 383

critical incidents, 373, 383–6

cultural aspects, 374–8

data gathering, 356–9

discourse analysis, 383, 385

distributed cognition, 385, 394–9, 404–5

ethnography, 374–8, 385, 387, 394, 401–2

evaluation, 594

grounded theory, 385, 389–94

interaction analysis, 385–6

interviews, 357–9, 393–4, 403

observation, 358–9, 368–72, 373, 384, 401–2

presentation, 405–9

questionnaires, 358–9

recurring patterns or themes, 373–8

theoretical frameworks, 385, 388–405

tools, 386–7

usability, 379–83

quality, 442

quantitative data

analysis, 354, 356–72

data gathering, 356–9

data logs, 358–9, 368–72

evaluation, 594

graphical representation, 362–6, 368, 371–3

interviews, 357–9

Likert scales, 361

observation, 358–9, 373

presentation, 405–9

question design, 360–1

questionnaires, 358–9

semantic differential scales, 366–8

tools, 387

questionnaire for user interaction satisfaction (QUIS), 310–11, 315–16, 656

questionnaires, 290, 308–21, 343

administering, 316–17

data analysis, 358–9

data validation, 317

evaluation, 596, 609, 628, 630

format, 313–16

incentives, 293

online, 317–21

ranges, 313

rating scales, 313–16

requirements, 493–5, 496

structure design, 310–12

templates, 319–20

usability testing, 646

QUIS see questionnaire for user interaction satisfaction

QWERTY keyboards, 266, 268–9

RAD see rapid applications development

radio buttons, 319–21

radio frequency identification (RFID), 70

ranges, 313

rapid applications development (RAD), 449, 450–3

Rapid CD, 582–3

rapid prototyping, 460

rating scales, 313–16

Rea, 206

reading, 113–14, 177–8

real-world conventions, 686

realism, 247–8

reasoning, 114–16

recall, 687

recognition/recall, 102, 105–7, 109–10, 687

record-keeping, 504

recording data, 294–7

recurring patterns or themes, 373–8

reflective

cognition, 94, 110–13, 114–16

level processes, 207–8, 209–10

reliability

evaluation, 640

testing, 616

remote control devices, 4–6, 14

representational states, 130, 395–6, 397–9

requirements, 472–526

accessibility, 483

aims, 474

alternative solutions, 495, 503

artist-designer approach, 489–91

brainstorming, 503–4

class diagrams, 500–2

complex tasks, 518–19

conceptual models, 539–51

constraints, 517–18, 525

contextual inquiry, 498–9

cultural aspects, 481–2

data, 479, 486–7, 500–1

data analysis, 500–4

data gathering, 484, 489–500

definition, 476–7

design process, 416, 418, 428–9, 432

documentation, 495, 496–7

environmental, 479, 486–7

essential use cases, 472, 501, 514–15

evaluation, 497

function, 475

functional, 477, 478, 486–7, 526

future technology workshops, 492–4

goals, 484–7, 506–7

graphical representation, 516–17

hierarchical task analysis, 472, 515–19, 520

identifying needs, 474, 499–500, 519, 524

innovation, 503–4

interpretation of data, 500–4

non-functional, 477–8, 525–6

notation, 502–3

personas, 481, 484–5, 509, 519

presentation, 500–4

prototypes, 493–4, 496, 500, 528, 539–51

Robertson, Suzanne, 522–6

scenarios, 472, 501, 505–10, 519–20

sequence diagrams, 501–2

task description, 504–15

types, 477–89, 520

usability, 485–9, 506

use cases, 472, 501, 510–15

user characteristics, 481, 484, 486–7

retrofit, 493

revolutionary upgrading, 112

RFID see radio frequency identification

rigorous notations, 405–6

RNIB see Royal National Institute for the Blind

Robertson, Suzanne, 522–6

robotic interfaces, 284–5, 286

rocker dials, 266, 267

role-playing

games, 143–5, 369–72

requirements, 493

rollover functions, 240

Roman numerals, 126–7

Roomware furniture, 272–4

Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB), 552

rules

collaborative technologies, 162, 164

interface metaphors, 59, 61

safety

design principles, 21

design process, 414, 443–4

navigation systems, 46

Salomon, Gitta, 40–2

same-participant design, 663, 664

scales, rating, 313–16

scams, 198–9

scatter diagrams, 363–6, 372–3

scenarios

prototypes, 531–4, 540–2, 554–60, 576–7

requirements, 472, 501, 505–10, 519–20

storyboarding, 558–60

schedules

coordination mechanisms, 162, 164

design process, 446

evaluation, 624, 632

scope of data, 640–1

screen capture tools, 386

screen readers, 257

scripting languages, 574

scrollbars, 60, 226

scrolling menus, 228–9, 232

SCRUM, 454

search engines

affective aspects, 201

cognition, 98, 99, 105, 119–20

data gathering, 336

interaction types, 67–9

interface metaphors, 58

transparency, 119–20

secondary users, 430

security

graphical authentication, 109

memory, 107–9

see-through displays, 281

selective coding, 389, 393

self-documenting, 294

self-monitoring, 197–8

self-selecting populations, 318

Sellen, Abigail, 176–9

semantic differential scales, 313–16, 366–8

semi-structured interviews, 299–300, 306

semiotic engineering, 673

sensitivity, 389

sensual thread, 211–13

SensVest, 282–3

sequence diagrams, 501–2

shareable interfaces, 272–5, 286, 549

shared

external representations, 163, 168

resources, 397–8

visualizations, 565–6

Shneiderman, Ben, 680–3

short-term memory, 105–7

shortcuts, 690

sign language, 262

Silas T. Dog, 204

simplicity, 34–5, 251, 253

Six Sigma, 583

SketchBook Pro, 455–6

sketches

design process, 414–16

prototypes, 531, 532–4, 567

requirements, 504

sliced attention, 97–8

Smalltalk, 535

smart homes, 77–8

SmartBoards, 272, 273

Smartphone, 507

Smartskin, 272

SMS texting

conversational mechanisms, 148

interfaces, 267–8

Snake, 249, 250, 286–7

sociability, 695–6

sociable robots, 284

social mechanisms

activity theory, 401

asynchronous communication, 153–4

awareness mechanisms, 166–71

co-located settings, 149–52

collaborative learning, 154–6

collaborative technologies, 134, 136–71, 177–8

computer-mediated communication, 152–60

conversational mechanisms, 136–41

coordination mechanisms, 141–3, 161–6

different locations, 143–8, 169

ice-breaking, 150–2

overseeing/overhearing, 167–9

requirements, 479

schedules, rules and conventions, 162, 164

Sellen, Abigail, 176–9

shared external representations, 163, 168

synchronous communication, 152–3

technology-mediated social phenomena, 172–4

verbal/non-verbal communication, 136, 161–2

socio-pleasure, 210

soft displays, 264

softkeys, 266

software bots, 201

software development

agile development, 454–8

Crampton Smith, Gillian, 467–70

design principles, 9

design process, 422–3, 424, 445–7, 449–58

lifecycle models, 449–58

prototypes, 535

requirements, 477

software upgrades, 112, 193

sound effects, 184

spaghetti code, 538

spatio-temporal thread, 211–13

speaking, 113–14

specialization, 36–7

specification documents, 446

speculation, 457

speech act theory, 142

speech-based interfaces, 258–60, 270, 286

speech-recognition, 67, 555, 557–8

spiral lifecycle model, 449–50, 451

splash pages, 195

spoken messages, 184

Spotlight search tool, 104, 105

spreadsheets

conceptual models, 54–6

data analysis, 360, 362–6, 386

SPSS see Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

SpyCam, 493

spyware, 342

stabilization, 445–7

stakeholders

design process, 430–1, 442–3

requirements, 499–500, 522–5

Star interface, 55–7, 91, 224, 235

star lifecycle model, 458–9

Star Wars Galaxies (SWG), 369–72

state charts, 501

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), 387

storyboarding, 530, 531, 558–60, 579

storytelling, 406–7

see also scenarios

structured

interviews, 299, 309

tasks, 608–9

summarizing findings, 407–8

summative evaluation, 589, 590

SWG see Star Wars Galaxies

Swim, 13–14, 40–2

Symbian, 507

synch and stabilize process, 445–7

synchronous

chat environments, 606–7

communication, 152–3

system

functionality, 60, 62

images, 85

monitors, 342

system-oriented conventions, 686

t-tests, 663–4, 681

Tablet PC, 455

tabletop interfaces, 570–1

tangible interfaces, 216, 275–7, 286, 549

task

allocation, 550

analysis, 472, 515–19, 520, 581

development, 653

performance, 596

team leaders, 422–3

TechBox, 436–7

technical environment, 479

technology as experience frameworks, 180

technology-mediated social phenomena, 172–4

telephone interviews, 307, 309

telephone response information system (TRIS), 712

tensions, 403

tertiary users, 430

text messaging see SMS texting

text-based

data, 387

interactions, 79–80

theoretical frameworks, 388–405

activity theory, 399–405

distributed cognition, 385, 394–9, 404–5

grounded theory, 385, 389–94

theories, interaction, 84–7

theory of action, 116, 119–22

thermostats, 117–18

think-aloud protocols

data analysis, 358–9, 378, 379–83

data gathering, 335–8

Third Age suit, 542

throwaway prototyping, 538–9

thumbnails, 253

Tickertape, 170, 171

ticketing machines, 67

time codes, 387–8

time-boxing, 451–2

timepieces, 464–5

TiVo remote control device, 4–6, 14

togetherness, 375

tool support

prototypes, 528, 573–6

usability testing, 683

toolbars, 60, 714–15

touchscreens, 260–4, 571

tracking systems, 398–9

Tracksys, 649–50

trade-offs, 416–17

training-wheels learning, 111

transcription

data analysis, 356–7, 358, 378–81

design process, 424

transparency, 118–19

travel planners

conceptual models, 544–5, 550, 561

design process, 414–16, 431, 435, 443–4

physical design, 570–2

scenarios, 558–60

task description, 505–15

treemaps, 250–2

triangulation, 293

TRIS see telephone response information system

trust, 635

try-to-destroy-it tests, 616

turn-taking, 138

tutors, 201

UA see uncertainty avoidance

Ubi-finger, 262–3

UbiComp see ubiquitous computing ubiquitous computing (UbiComp), 218–19

UCD see user-centered design

UED see user environment design

UIMS see user interface management tools

UML see unified modeling language

uncertainty avoidance (UA), 482

unconscious requirements, 524

underwater PCs, 479–81

unified modeling language (UML), 406

uniform resource locators (URLs), 48–9, 52–3

universal usability, 682–3

UNIX, 221, 224

unstructured interviews, 298

upgrades

affective aspects, 193

design principles, 112

evaluation, 589

software, 112, 193

URLs see uniform resource locators

Urp, 276

usability

criteria, 25

data analysis, 379–83

design principles, 4, 20–5, 27–8, 35–6

design process, 414, 433, 455, 457

engineering, 15, 443, 460–2, 591

evaluation, 587–8, 590, 610–11

goals, 20–5, 35, 38, 414, 485–7, 506

heuristic evaluation, 687–9, 695–6, 718–20

laboratories, 321–2, 334–5, 590, 647–9

pen-based interfaces, 261–2

prototypes, 570, 580

requirements, 485–9, 506

testing, 455, 457

universal, 682–3

wearable computing, 283

web-based interfaces, 251, 253–5

usability testing, 644–66, 677–8

data analysis, 657–60

data gathering, 646, 652, 656–7

evaluation, 590–1, 593–5, 602, 605–14, 628–9, 659

experimental design, 661–6, 680–1

field studies, 673–4

goals, 653

heuristic evaluation, 719

hypotheses, 661–2, 666

mobile testing equipment, 649–50

participant selection, 653, 662–3, 664

prototypes, 580

questions, 653

Shneiderman, Ben, 680–3

task development, 653

test procedure, 653–6

tool support, 683

web design, 650–60, 665–6

use cases

card-based prototypes, 561–6, 575

design process, 472

scenarios, 559

task description, 501, 510–15

use-oriented scenarios, 557

user environment design (UED), 579–81

user experience

architects, 15

conceptual models, 540–2

consistency, 32–3, 34

constraints, 31–3

design principles, 15–17, 20–38

design process, 414, 433

evaluation, 586, 587–8

feedback, 29, 30–1

goals

design principles, 25–9, 35, 38

evaluation, 603

prototypes, 570

requirements, 485, 486, 506

problem spaces, 48

requirements, 484–7, 506

usability, 20–5, 27–8, 35–6

user interface management tools (UIMS), 574

user testing, 590, 596

see also usability testing

user-centered design (UCD)

design principles, 4, 9

design process, 412, 425–8, 430–2, 455–7, 464

users

artist-designer approach, 489–91

behavior, 426

characteristics, 426, 481, 484, 486–7

cognition, 92–133

collaborative technologies, 176–9

consultation, 426

context, 426

control, 686

cultural differences, 18–19

design process, 417–27, 430–2, 442–3, 470

error messages, 687

evaluation, 584, 590, 594, 616, 630–2

freedom, 686

frustrating interfaces, 180, 188–95

goals, 418, 426

identifying, 430–2

models, 85

needs, 681–2

participatory design, 567–9

profiles, 481

roles, 514–15

tasks, 425–7

what to design, 5–8

see also interfaces; requirements

userzoom, 649–50

utility, 22, 443–4

UTOPIA project, 567

validation of data, 317

validity, evaluation, 640, 641

VBIC see Virtual Business Information Center

VCRs, 24–5

vending machines, 65–7

verbal communication, 161–2

vertical prototyping, 537

video

data analysis, 358–9, 384–6, 387–8

data gathering, 294–7, 333

usability testing, 647–8

videoconferencing

collaborative technologies, 157, 159

usability testing, 648

videophones, 157–8

VideoWindow System, 146–7

virtual

calculators, 62–3

environments, 75, 76, 244–9, 286

pets, 195–6, 202–7

reality, 244–9, 286

virtual agents

affective aspects, 202–7, 213–14

conceptual models, 68, 79–81

data analysis, 360–1

data gathering, 304–6

design principles, 19, 26

Virtual Business Information Center (VBIC), 634–6

Virtual Zoo project, 245

visceral level processes, 207–8, 209

visibility, 29–30, 686

VisiCalc, 54–6

vision statements, 446

Visual Basic, 535, 574

voice

mail systems, 2–4

recognition, 67, 555, 557–8

voice user interfaces (VUIs), 258–60

Volere process, 476–7, 500–1, 510, 519

VUIs see voice user interfaces

waiting, 193

walkthroughs, 684, 702–6

warm-up

exercises, 504

sessions, 307

WaterBot, 196, 197

waterfall lifecycle model, 449, 450

WCAG see Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

wCommerce, 507

wearable computing, 216, 281–4, 286

web browsers

interface metaphors, 63

memory, 102

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), 256

web design

affective aspects, 212–13

blind users, 256–7

consultants, 14

cultural aspects, 553–4

design principles, 9, 34–6

design process, 441

evaluation, 584

field studies, 677–8

heuristic evaluation, 689–96, 715, 718–22

perception, 98–9

prototypes, 576

requirements, 519

usability testing, 650–60, 665–6

Web Fun Central, 487–9

web portals, 60

web-based

interfaces, 251–8, 285

questionnaires, 317–21

Webboard, 390–3

WebLog, 340–1

WetPC, 479–81

white space, 98–9, 311, 692

whiteboards, 166

WIMPs see windows, icons, menus, pointer interfaces

windows

design, 224, 226–30

managers/toolkits, 574

windows, icons, menus, pointer interfaces (WIMPs), 224–40

conceptual models, 548–9

icon design, 235–40

interactions, 216, 218

menu design, 230–5

window design, 226–30

Windows operating system, 435–6

Winograd, Terry, 89–91

WinWin spiral model, 450

wireless technology, 61

Wizard of Oz prototypes, 535, 614

wizards, 201

Woggles, 203

word games, 504

work-arounds, 418

XP see eXtreme programming

Yahoo! 566–7

ZORKI, 143–5